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1.
为了探明水稻胚乳发育的过程和糊粉层形成的机理, 用光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察了水稻糊粉层细胞和内胚乳细胞在颖果发育过程中的结构变化,用能谱仪分析了胚乳细胞中元素的种类和相对含量。结果表明, 糊粉层细胞是由胚乳表层细胞转化而来的。糊粉层细胞中的P、K、Mg和Ca等矿质元素含量要明显高于内胚乳细胞。发育初期糊粉层细胞中富含线粒体、圆球体和小液泡;发育中后期小液泡积累蛋白质和矿质元素而形成糊粉粒。在发育中后期,内胚乳细胞随着细胞内淀粉体的充实,细胞核发生形变而衰亡;而糊粉层细胞的核在发育过程中不消亡。糊粉层的形成与表层细胞积聚矿质和脂类等“灌浆废物”(指非内胚乳细胞的贮藏物)有关。因而,转运灌浆物质多的胚乳背部,其糊粉层细胞的层数要比腹部和侧部多。谷物胚乳发育分为游离核期、细胞化期、分化期和成熟期四个时期。 相似文献
2.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):84-93
AbstractWe examined the nature of protein bodies affected by nitrogen application in developing rice endosperm using scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Protein body type II, Pb-II, was observed at the first week after heading independent of nitrogen application, whereas protein body type I, Pb-I, was not observed in either the low nitrogen or non-fertilized group. However, in the high nitrogen group, Pb-I was also observed at 1 week after heading. Pb-I was formed by enlargement of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, but Pb-II had a close relationship with the Golgi apparatus and was accumulated in the envelope-like vacuole. The smallest protein body, Pb-III, about 0.6-0.8 μm in diameter, appeared at 2 weeks after heading, and the amounts of this protein body increased substantially at 3 weeks after heading. This protein body also originated from endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Pb-I was observed only in cytoplasm, but, Pb-II appeared in both the endoplasmic reticulum and envelope-like vacuole. The amount of protein bodies in the rice endosperm cell varied with the cultivar and amount of nitrogen applied. In cv. Koshihikari (Japonica), the application of much nitrogen increased the amount of protein bodies not only in the subaleurone, but even in the fifth layer from the aleurone layer. However, in cv. Belle patna (Indica), the application of much nitrogen increased the amount of protein bodies up to the sixth ayer of aleurone layer, and caused the accumulation of a few protein bodies even in the central part of endosperm. It was concluded that storage protein transported by Golgi vesicles and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) plays an important role in the accumulation of reserve substances in rice seed. Development of mitochondria and RER was enhanced by the application of nitrogen. 相似文献
3.
The activities of endogenous (R-type) and exogenous acting (D-type) protein inhibitors ofalpha-amylase and the activities ofalpha- and total amylase were determined in milling fractions of rye. High D-type amylase inhibitor activities were detected in the embryo (255 IU/g) and in the endosperm fraction (64·9 IU/g), low inhibitor activities were found in the aleurone layer fraction (25·9 IU/g). The highest R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activity was found in the aleurone layer fraction (32·6 IU/g), and the lowest value in the epidermis containing fraction (5·0 IU/g). The D- and R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities varied with growing conditions. D-type amylase inhibitor activities were found to be high in those samples which grew under drought conditions and low in samples cultivated under wet and cool weather. Higher R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities were found in rye genotypes cultivated under wet conditions and lower values under dry weather. There were small variations inalpha-amylase inhibitor activities between sprout-stable and sprout-sensitive rye genotypes. The D- and R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities of all varieties were stable during 72 h of germination. Similar soil conditions will therefore lead to differentialalpha-amylase inhibitor activities depending on weather conditions during growth. 相似文献
4.
《Journal of Cereal Science》2005,41(1):23-29
Rice oil bodies enclosed by unique structural proteins, oleosins, are found in the embryo and the aleurone layer, but not the starchy endosperm where starch and storage proteins are accumulated. To examine oleosin promoter specificity, a sesame storage protein, 2S albumin, was expressed in transgenic rice seeds under the control of a rice oleosin promoter. In all transgenic rice seeds, the sesame 2S albumin was found exclusively in the bran fraction after milling. Immunological staining revealed that the sesame 2S albumin was also located in the embryo and the outermost cells of the starchy endosperm. Furthermore, immunogold labeling showed that the transgenic 2S albumin was deposited in both type-I and type-II protein bodies of the outermost cells of the endosperm as well as in the type-II protein bodies of the embryo. The methionine and cysteine contents in the bran from four homozygous transgenic lines were elevated by 24–38 and 50–62%, respectively, compared with those of wild-type plants. The results suggest that the rice oleosin promoter is bran-specific and could be used to add value to rice bran, an abundant by-product of rice polishing, by genetic engineering. 相似文献
5.
《Journal of Cereal Science》2003,38(2):217-227
Proteome analysis in the pI 4–7 range of aqueous extracts from whole barley seeds results in complex 2D-gel spot patterns that represent proteins from all seed tissues. Proteins were extracted from dissected aleurone layer, embryo and endosperm for separate analysis of these components and comparison with single seed extracts. The analysis showed that while the starchy endosperm comprises approximately 85% of the mature seed dry weight, it contributes less than 50% of the soluble protein to seed extracts. Although the aleurone layer and embryo are minor components of the seed in terms of dry weight, their proteins contribute significantly to the 2D-gel pattern. Distinct but overlapping patterns were observed for the dissected tissues. While whole seed gels contained about 850 spots, endosperm, aleurone layer and embryo gels had about 575, 850 and 1000 spots, respectively, representing a total increase of at least 15%. Protein patterns were also reduced in complexity and this enrichment of subsets of proteins facilitated identification by mass spectrometry of proteins of interest in mature seed tissues and developing endosperm. These techniques can therefore be used with advantage to describe the proteomes of dissected seed tissues. 相似文献
6.
Soumitra Paul Nusrat Ali Swapan K Datta Karabi Datta 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2014,69(3):203-208
Low level of iron in staple food crops is one reason for the predominance of iron-deficiency anemia in developing countries. Most of the iron in rice grains accumulates in the outer aleurone layer and embryo, which are removed during milling, and the edible endosperm contains very low amounts of iron. In an effort to increase iron nutrition, we report here the transgene introgression of a high-iron trait into a high-yielding indica rice cultivar. The ferritin gene from soybean (soyfer1) was introduced into rice plants through interbreeding between soybean ferritin-overexpressing transgenic IR68144 and the high-yielding cultivar Swarna. The stable integration of the soyfer1 gene was confirmed in the BC2F4 generation, and the hybrid seeds showed 2.6-fold soybean ferritin gene expression over the recurrent parent Swarna. The hybrid milled seeds revealed a 2.54-fold increase in iron and 1.54-fold increase in zinc compared to Swarna. Agronomic data and an SSR marker analysis of the hybrid rice plants were taken into account for NIL character identification. 相似文献
7.
The development of pericarp, seed coat, starchy endosperm and aleurone of the rice caryopsis was investigated, histochemically and structurally, from the time of flowering to maturity. The results showed that during its growth, the maximum length of the caryopsis was attained first, followed by width and then thickness. Histochemical examination of the caryopsis showed that starch was mainly accumulated in the endosperm, but the endosperm showed no metabolic activity, while embryo and pericarp contained a few starch grains, and embryo and aleurone were strongly active. Aleuronic cells contained many aleurone grains and spherosomes, and aleurone in the dorsal region developed earlier and contained more layers of cells. Amyloplasts in endosperm contained many starch granules and were spherical at early stages but polyhedric at late stages. The protein bodies appeared later than amyloplasts, and the number of protein bodies in subaleurone was greater than those in the starchy endosperm. The white-belly portion of endosperm might be relative to the status of amyloplast development. 相似文献
8.
Carole Antoine Valrie Lullien-Pellerin Joël Abecassis Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2004,40(3):688
Bran (branml) obtained by roller milling of soft (Scipion) and hard (Baroudeur) wheat cultivars was further ball-milled for increasing times and the observed particle size distribution expressed as a dispersion index. Bran (branhi) and aleurone layers were also hand-isolated from the same grains and the pattern of size reduction during ball-milling were compared with branml. Branml and branhi were found to fracture more rapidly than isolated aleurone layers due to the presence of the highly friable pericarp and the possible mechanical constraints due to tissues surrounding the aleurone layer. Previously identified markers of the aleurone layer cell contents (phytates) and cell walls (p-coumaric acid) were used to determine their water extractabilities from ball-milled samples and the state and degree of dissociation of the aleurone layer, either as an isolated tissue or within branml and branhi. The results suggest that ball-milling rapidly induces fractures in walls of cells in the aleurone layer. The partial opening of the cells in the aleurone layer allowed extraction of most (≈70%) of the water-extractable phytates, even though their mean particle size was much larger than the dimensions of the cells. A further increase in extractability of phytates was observed when the particle size was reduced below the aleurone cell dimensions. Although much less soluble, p-coumaric acid followed a similar trend to phytates. The different behaviour of branml and branhi was consistent with a weakening effect of the tissues in the former, probably due to the previous milling process. The bran and aleurone layers from both wheat varieties exhibited a similar behaviour. 相似文献
9.
By using the laser scanning confocal microscope and plastic （Leica 7022 historesin embedding kit） semi-thin sectioning technique, comparative studies on the development of endosperm were carried out between autotetraploid and diploid rices. About one third of the ovaries in the autotetraploid showed normal endosperm development as those in the diploid. In these ovaries, one of the polar nuclei would fuse with the sperm nucleus, and the primary endosperm nucleus formed and underwent the first division in 4 hours after pollination; the anticlinal wall began to grow centripetally between the free nuclei starting from the wall ingrowths of the embryo sac near the micropylar end, and some of the phragmoplasts formed transformed into periclinal walls. In addition, some of the cell wall situated in the middle of the endosperm appeared to originate from phragmoplasts, whereas others seemed to develop randomly without the obvious formation of phragmoplasts. Cellulose began to accumulate in the wall of aleurone cell layer at 6 days after pollination. The cellulose wall of the cells of the aleurone cell layer appeared to have completely formed within 7 to 8 days after pollination. On the other hand, about two thirds of the ovaries in the autotetraploid showed abnormality in endosperm development with various types, such as non-fertilization, abnormal fertilization, endosperm development-delay and non-synchronization in the development of cellulose wall of cells of the aleurone layer. These abnormalities usually resulted in decreased seed setting in autotetraploid rice. 相似文献
10.
【目的】阐明水稻糊粉层细胞、亚糊粉层细胞与中心胚乳贮藏细胞的结构特性。【方法】采用光镜、透射电镜与扫描电镜对水稻胚乳组织进行观察研究。【结果】糊粉层细胞分化过程中,大液泡变成小体积蛋白贮存液泡,蛋白贮存液泡又转变成糊粉粒。颖果背部比腹部有更多层糊粉层,但背部糊粉层细胞内糊粉粒的形成与积累速度却较慢。亚糊粉层细胞起初含有一些脂质体,后来脂质体消失,而其内部淀粉体与蛋白体逐渐增多。中心胚乳贮藏细胞含有淀粉体与蛋白体,蛋白体以液泡型蛋白体为主,它们可以相互融合而变大。中心胚乳贮藏细胞内的淀粉积累速度明显快于亚糊粉层细胞内的。成熟颖果的中心胚乳贮藏细胞内淀粉体最为密集,背部和侧部的亚糊粉层细胞内淀粉体排列较疏松,腹部的亚糊粉层细胞内淀粉体最为稀疏。【结论】水稻颖果背部与腹部的糊粉层细胞和亚糊粉层细胞的结构差异可能与养分吸收与转运有关;中心胚乳贮藏细胞内淀粉体发育速度快于亚糊粉层细胞。 相似文献
11.
Bianca Kyriacou Katie L. Moore David Paterson Martin D. de Jonge Daryl L. Howard James Stangoulis Mark Tester Enzo Lombi Alexander A.T. Johnson 《Journal of Cereal Science》2014
Cereal crops accumulate low levels of iron (Fe) of which only a small fraction (5–10%) is bioavailable in human diets. Extensive co-localization of Fe in outer grain tissues with phytic acid, a strong chelator of metal ions, results in the formation of insoluble complexes that cannot be digested by humans. Here we describe the use of synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) and high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) to map the distribution of Fe, zinc (Zn), phosphorus (P) and other elements in the aleurone and subaleurone layers of mature grain from wild-type and an Fe-enriched line of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The results obtained from both XFM and NanoSIMS indicated that most Fe was co-localized with P (indicative of phytic acid) in the aleurone layer but that a small amount of Fe, often present as “hotspots”, extended further into the subaleurone and outer endosperm in a pattern that was not co-localized with P. We hypothesize that Fe in subaleurone and outer endosperm layers of rice grain could be bound to low molecular weight chelators such as nicotianamine and/or deoxymugineic acid. 相似文献
12.
While cultivated rice, Oryza sativa, is arguably the world’s most important cereal crop, there is little comparative morphological information available for the grain of rice wild relatives. In this study, the endosperm of 16 rice wild relatives were compared to O. sativa subspecies indica and O. sativa subspecies japonica using scanning electron microscopy. Although the aleurone, starch granules, protein bodies and endosperm cell shapes of the cultivated and non-cultivated species were similar, several differences were observed. The starch granules of some wild species had internal channels that have not been reported in cultivated rice. Oryza longiglumis, Microlaena stipoides and Potamophila parviflora, had an aleurone that was only one-cell thick in contrast to the multiple cell layers observed in the aleurone of the remaining Oryza species. The similarity of the endosperm morphology of undomesticated species with cultivated rice suggests that some wild species may have similar functional properties. Obtaining a better understanding of the wild rice species grain ultrastructure will assist in identifying potential opportunities for development of these wild species as new cultivated crops or for their inclusion in plant improvement programmes. 相似文献
13.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(1):41-49
AbstractWe investigated 321 varieties to identify the aleurone traits that are closely related to the lipid content of rice. Brown rice seeds were cut crosswise near the center with a razor blade and the cut surface was stained with Oil Red O, and then observed under integrated fluorescence microscope (BZ9000). We found wide variations among varieties in the area stained, but the japonica group contained many varieties with a large stained area. We selected 17 representative varieties covering the whole range of stained areas and confirmed the thickness of aleurone layer using Kawamoto’s film method (micro-thin sections that were created with cryomicrotome). Aleurone traits were examined under a light microscope and measured. We found a strong correlation between the area of the aleurone layer and the stained area (r = 0.799***) and between the thickness of the aleurone layer and the thickness of the stained region (r = 0.543*). The area of the stained region therefore provides a fast and effective indicator for selecting varieties for the thickness of the aleurone layer. We also measured the amount (mg per 100 seeds) and proportion of triacylglycerols (TAGs) to 1 g of seed (mg g-1) in brown rice seeds without embryos. The amount and proportion of TAG to 1 g of seed were both significantly correlated with the area, average thickness and percentage of aleurone layer. This suggests that the aleurone traits will be good indicators for the selection of varieties with high levels of TAG. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Cereal Science》2002,36(2):199-208
The three major botanical components (starchy endosperm, aleurone layer and pericarp) of eight durum wheat samples exhibited significantly different compositions and concentrations in phenolic acids. The starchy endosperm, the aleurone layer and the pericarp were respectively characterised by a low content in ferulic acid (FA), a high content intrans -sinapic acid (t -SA), and a high content in ferulic acid dehydrodimers (DHD). These three chemical markers can be exploited to differentiate the three grain botanical parts within milling fractions and to evaluate the milling efficiency, particularly the separation between bran and endosperm. The histological dissociation of the wheat grain generated by the milling process can be investigated further into details using the three phenolic acids markers. A separability index (S i) was proposed in order to quantify the ease of dissociation of endosperm from bran. Differences in S i values between wheat varieties grown under various agricultural conditions demonstrated the relevant variability of this character. The structural and molecular factors implied in the control of tissue dissociation are discussed in details. 相似文献
15.
四个不同粒重水稻品种颖果发育的比较 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以粒重差异较大的4个水稻品种为供试材料,采用树脂切片、酶解胚乳细胞和显微观察等方法,比较研究了品种间在颖果生长、胚乳细胞增殖、果皮和胚乳结构等方面的差异,探讨了影响颖果生长的因素。 大粒品种颖果发育时间较小粒品种长,其胚乳细胞数、胚乳干质量及单个胚乳细胞平均干质量均高于小粒品种。在粒重相近的情况下,籼稻颖果发育和淀粉积累快于粳稻。与小粒品种相比,大粒品种子房壁细胞中淀粉粒多,子房壁细胞生长的持续时间长,果皮及背部维管束衰亡迟。 小粒品种胚乳外层细胞在花后7 d已转化成糊粉层细胞,大粒品种胚乳外层细胞要在花后10 d才转化成糊粉层细胞。 大粒品种的库容大和生理活性期长是其颖果能显著增大的生理原因。 相似文献
16.
小麦WFZP基因编码的乙烯响应因子是植物中特有的转录因子，参与果实成熟、花叶器官衰老、脱落和种子发育等过程。为探明 wfzp基因突变对小麦颖果发育的影响，以甲基磺酸乙酯诱变的两个 wfzp基因突变体（ wfzp1和 wfzp2）和野生型小麦品种济麦22为材料，运用树脂超薄切片和显微观察技术观察小麦WFZP基因突变体颖果的形态结构发育特征。结果显示， wfzp突变体颖果发育有如下特征：（1）在颖果发育早期，两个突变体的外果皮发育进程较快，中果皮降解时间提前； wfzp1内果皮管细胞消失较快，与 wfzp1突变体相比， wfzp2突变体的管细胞发育缓慢；（2）两个突变体胚乳细胞的分化和发育明显较快，细胞中淀粉和蛋白体的积累量明显增多，细胞的充实度高，尤其在 wfzp2突变体中表现较为明显；（3）两个突变体胚乳传递细胞与糊粉层传递细胞的生长分化进程加快。研究结果为进一步探究乙烯响应转录因子调控小麦颖果发育提供了形态学参考。 相似文献
17.
【目的】结合代谢组和转录组技术,分析香稻和非香稻不同发育时期籽粒中γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）和2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉（2AP）代谢通路主要化合物和基因的动态变化,为高含量GABA和2AP的水稻育种提供理论依据。【方法】本研究收集优质香籼稻美香占2号和优质籼稻黄华占花后8 d（乳熟期）、花后15 d（蜡熟期）、30 d（完熟期）的脱壳籽粒和花后40 d收获的籽粒的精米,对各样本采用LC-MS/MS和RNA-seq技术进行代谢产物检测和转录表达分析,分析两个水稻品种GABA和2AP代谢通路相关化合物的空间分布以及含量变化特征。【结果】代谢组数据PCA分析表明两个水稻品种乳熟期籽粒和花后40 d收获的籽粒的精米明显分离,蜡熟期和完熟期籽粒分离不明显。代谢组共鉴定出623种代谢物,四个时期差异代谢物合计161个。GABA和2AP通路中9个代谢物被检出,两个水稻品种的相关代谢物变化趋势相似,其中腐胺主要定位于籽粒的糊粉层,而亚精胺在内胚乳特异累积。转录组共检出3.3万个左右基因,其中检出GABA通路18个酶中的14个酶对应的基因有较高的表达水平,除Badh2外其他基因均不是差异表达基因,同一基因在两份水稻材料中的表达水平和变化趋势相似,GAD1、GABA-T1、DAO4和PAO4在相应同源基因中表达水平较高。黄华占籽粒中L-精氨酸和腐胺的代谢在蜡熟期已基本结束,美香占2号在籽粒整个发育期具有持续较强的多胺降解水平。美香占2号籽粒具有合成2AP的物质基础,多胺降解途径和谷氨酸-脯氨酸转化通路同时有助于2AP的积累。【结论】水稻籽粒GABA代谢以降解为主,GABA-T1和GABA-T2共同调控GABA的降解。GABA相关代谢物主要集中在糊粉层,黄华占籽粒中代谢物分布和基因表达特征与美香占2号相似,美香占2号籽粒成熟过程中具有持续较高的线粒体活性。 相似文献
18.
Wheat bran tissue fractionation using biochemical markers 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Carole Antoine Stphane Peyron Valrie Lullien-Pellerin Joël Abecassis Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2004,39(3):467
Phenolic acid analysis of hand-isolated outer grain layers and endosperm led to the identification of markers of pericarp and aleurone layers, respectively. A new dehydrotrimer of ferulic acid (DHT) was found to be concentrated in the outer pericarp of wheat bran whereas p-coumaric (p-CA) acid was mainly in the aleurone layer. Phytates were also used as a marker of aleurone layer and starch as a marker of starchy endosperm. Biochemical markers constitute an original method for determining the histological composition of any technological bran fractions. A pin milling process was applied to coarse bran produced by a conventional milling process. Three different fractions (B1, B2 and B3) were obtained by sieving the bran products and then the smallest bran particle fraction (B3) was air-classified to obtain two particle size fractions (B3a and B3b with a D50 of 83 and 7 μm, respectively). The biochemical composition of these fractions was used to calculate the distribution of tissues according to the sieving process. The dissociation behavior of individual bran tissues upon mechanical fractionation was investigated in relation to particle size and discussed according to their mechanical properties. 相似文献
19.
玉米中的opaque突变体改变了胚乳的蛋白特性,导致胚乳表现柔软且不透明的粉质状。粉质胚乳的高赖氨酸营养特性引起人们的极大关注,研究人员先后发现了13个opaque胚乳突变体,只有o2的分子机理研究较为清楚,对提高赖氨酸含量的作用最大。为了研究胚乳中储藏物质合成、装配、转运的调控机理,从而将这些有益突变基因应用于农业生产,研究人员继而发现了多个胚乳修饰的主效位点及基因(Opm)。本文综述玉米opaque突变体及相关基因的研究进展,对当前育种中利用该类基因培育优质蛋白玉米(QPM)的研究状况进行分析,为高赖氨酸玉米的分子标记辅助选择(MAS)和基因聚合育种提供参考。 相似文献
20.
Assessment of dehulling efficiency to reduce deoxynivalenol and Fusarium level in durum wheat grains
G. Ríos L. Pinson-Gadais J. Abecassis N. Zakhia-Rozis V. Lullien-Pellerin 《Journal of Cereal Science》2009,49(3):387-392
The potential of dehulling to reduce mycotoxin level in two durum wheat grain samples naturally infected by Fusarium and showing contrasting levels of deoxynivalenol was examined using a pearling process. Curve plots expressing mycotoxin decrease against grain mass removal were shown to display a biphasic behavior. A sharp reduction of the deoxynivalenol level was observed at the first pearling steps (i.e. a 45% loss of deoxynivalenol for a 10% grain tissue removal) followed by a slower decrease to reach a level below 30% of remaining mycotoxin when about 35% of the grain tissue was removed. The same type of effect was also observed for reduction of Fusarium in grains analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Changes in the slope of the curves corresponding either to mycotoxin or fungi loss were found to be located between testa and aleurone layers or in the aleurone tissue, which is in accordance with the current knowledge of the fungi penetration in wheat grains. Furthermore the pearling process was proved to be more efficient than milling to reduce the grain deoxynivalenol content. These results were related to the different ways used by these distinct technologies for grain fractionation. 相似文献