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1.
We investigated changes in hemostatic function after infusion of 6% dextran 70 (high molecular weight dextran) at 2 rates. Six healthy dogs underwent 3 regimens: 20 ml of dextran/kg of body weight administered in 1 hour (trial A), 20 ml of dextran/kg administered in 30 minutes (trial B), and 0.9% sodium chloride solution as a control administered over 1 hour to achieve hemodilution equivalent to that for 20 ml of dextran/kg (trial C). Before and at 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours after the start of trials A and B, we measured PCV, total solids (TS) concentration, amount of von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag), factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII:C), prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), platelet retention in a glass bead column, and buccal mucosa bleeding time (BMBT). Values were not obtained at 8 and 24 hours for trial C. Saline-induced changes in hemostasis were significant (P less than 0.05) from baseline throughout the sample collection period. Significant differences (P less than 0.05) between trial A and control were observed for vWf:Ag, VIII:C, BMBT, APTT, TS, and PCV values at 2 hours, and for VIII:C at 4 hours. Significant differences (P less than 0.05) between trial B and control were observed for APTT, TS, and PCV values at 2 hours, and for vWf:Ag, VIII:C, BMBT, APTT, TS, and PCV values at 4 hours. During trials A and B, mean values of analytes infrequently deviated from reference intervals, and clinical signs of bleeding were not observed in any dog.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of anesthesia, surgery, and intravenous administration of fluids on plasma concentrations of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), concentration of total solids (TS), PCV, arterial blood pressure (BP), plasma osmolality, and urine output in healthy dogs. ANIMALS: 22 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURE: 11 dogs did not receive fluids, and 11 received 20 ml of lactated Ringer's solution/kg of body weight/h. Plasma ADH adn TS concentrations, PCV, osmolality, and arterial BP were measured before anesthesia (T0) and after administration of preanesthetic agents (T1), induction of anesthesia (T2), and 1 and 2 hours of surgery (T3 and T4, respectively). Urine output was measured at T3 and T4. RESULTS: ADH concentrations increased at T1, T3, and T4, compared with concentrations at T0. Concentration of TS and PCV decreased at all times after administration of preanesthetic drugs. Plasma ADH concentration was less at T3 in dogs that received fluids, compared with those that did not. Blood pressure did not differ between groups, and osmolality did not increase > 1% from To value at any time. At T4, rate of urine production was less in dogs that did not receive fluids, compared with those that did. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Plasma ADH concentration increased and PCV and TS concentration decreased in response to anesthesia and surgery. Intravenous administration of fluids resulted in increased urine output but had no effect on ADH concentration or arterial BP. The causes and effects of increased plasma ADH concentrations may affect efficacious administration of fluids during the perioperative period in dogs.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of a single intravenous (IV) fluid bolus on the hydration of an avian patient, using packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma total solids (TS) to estimate hydration. PROCEDURE: Ten birds were allocated randomly to one of three groups, and administered 30 mL/kg or 50 mL/kg intravenous fluid, or were part of a control group and did not receive IV fluid. Blood was collected before the IV fluid bolus was administered, and at 1 minute, 3 hours and 6 hours after administration of the fluid. Samples were used to determine PCV and TS and results were compared between groups and between the different time points. RESULTS: Administration of 30 mL/kg or 50 mL/kg compound sodium lactate solution caused a statistically significant decrease in PCV. Within 3 hours, the PCV was not significantly different to the initial value or to the PCV of control birds. Administration of 30 mL/kg compound sodium lactate solution did not result in a significant decrease in TS. However, administration of 50 mL/kg produced a significant decrease in TS, which was still significantly less than controls 6 hours after the fluid was administered. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that an intravenous bolus of fluid may be safely administered to an anaemic bird, since PCV is significantly decreased for less than 3 hours. Up to 50 mL/kg of fluid may be administered as an intravenous bolus to a bird, to produce significant haemodilution that persists for up to 6 hours.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of preanesthetic administration of acetylpromazine or morphine and fluids on urine production, arginine vasopressin (AVP; previously known as antidiuretic hormone) concentrations, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), plasma osmolality (Osm), PCV, and concentration of total solids (TS) during anesthesia and surgery in dogs. ANIMALS: 19 adult dogs. PROCEDURE: Concentration of AVP, indirect MAP, Osm, PCV, and concentration of TS were measured at 5 time points (before administration of acetylpromazine or morphine, after administration of those drugs, after induction of anesthesia, 1 hour after the start of surgery, and 2 hours after the start of surgery). Urine output and end-tidal halothane concentrations were measured 1 and 2 hours after the start of surgery. All dogs were administered lactated Ringer's solution (20 ml/kg of body weight/h, i.v.) during surgery. RESULTS: Compared with values for acetylpromazine, preoperative administration of morphine resulted in significantly lower urine output during the surgical period. Groups did not differ significantly for AVP concentration, Osm, MAP, and end-tidal halothane concentration; however, PCV and concentration of TS decreased over time in both groups and were lower in dogs given acetylpromazine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preanesthetic administration of morphine resulted in significantly lower urine output, compared with values after administration of acetylpromazine, which cannot be explained by differences in AVP concentration or MAP When urine output is used as a guide for determining rate for i.v. administration of fluids in the perioperative period, the type of preanesthetic agent used must be considered.  相似文献   

5.
Objective: To determine the effect of gastrointestinal (GI) decontamination on the incidence of prolonged prothrombin time (PT) in dogs after anticoagulant rodenticide ingestion. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Urban emergency room. Animals: One hundred and fifty‐one client‐owned dogs. Measurements: Dogs presented to the emergency room within 6 hours of ingestion of an anticoagulant rodenticide and had a PT measured within 2–6 days of toxicant ingestion before initiating vitamin K therapy were included. Dogs were categorized as treated or untreated based on the institution of vitamin K therapy following PT testing. The signalment, body weight, type of rodenticide ingested, time elapsed between ingestion and initial presentation, method(s) of GI decontamination, and the times elapsed between both toxicant ingestion and initial hospital presentation until determination of PT were recorded. The PT results were recorded as well as any treatment received following the recheck examination. Any reported incidents of bleeding or untoward effects between exposure and reexamination were recorded. Main results: Of 151 dogs, only 11 dogs (8.3%) developed prolonged PT requiring vitamin K supplementation. None of the 11 dogs with prolonged PTs exhibited signs of bleeding or required transfusion therapy. No differences in age, weight, or time elapsed between treated and untreated patients were found. Conclusions: The incidence of prolonged PT is low in dogs receiving GI decontamination within 6 hours of anticoagulant rodenticide ingestion. Delaying vitamin K therapy until a PT has been assessed 48–72 hours after initial exposure appears to be safe and sensitive in dogs following anticoagulant rodenticide ingestion.  相似文献   

6.
Background: Scores allowing objective stratification of illness severity are available for dogs and horses, but not cats. Validated illness severity scores facilitate the risk‐adjusted analysis of results in clinical research, and also have applications in triage and therapeutic protocols. Objective: To develop and validate an accurate, user‐friendly score to stratify illness severity in hospitalized cats. Animals: Six hundred cats admitted consecutively to a teaching hospital intensive care unit. Methods: This observational cohort study enrolled all cats admitted over a 32‐month period. Data on interventional, physiological, and biochemical variables were collected over 24 hours after admission. Patient mortality outcome at hospital discharge was recorded. After random division, 450 cats were used for logistic regression model construction, and data from 150 cats for validation. Results: Patient mortality was 25.8%. Five‐ and 8‐variable scores were developed. The 8‐variable score contained mentation score, temperature, mean arterial pressure (MAP), lactate, PCV, urea, chloride, and body cavity fluid score. Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) on the construction cohort was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.87–0.94), and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.84–0.96) on the validation cohort. The 5‐variable score contained mentation score, temperature, MAP, lactate, and PCV. AUROC on the construction cohort was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.79–0.86), and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.72–0.84) on the validation cohort. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Two scores are presented enabling allocation of an accurate and user‐friendly illness severity measure to hospitalized cats. Scores are calculated from data obtained over the 1st 24 hours after admission, and are diagnosis‐independent. The 8‐variable score predicts outcome significantly better than does the 5‐variable score.  相似文献   

7.

Objective

To examine the accuracy of using body fluids macroscopically suspected to contain erythrocytes to determine the blood type in dogs and cats by use of an immunochromatographic cartridge (ICC), compared to systemic blood as the reference standard.

Design

Prospective study.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Thirty client-owned dogs and 8 cats.

Interventions

Dogs and cats with a sanguineous or serosanguineous body fluid (SBF) that also required a blood sample were eligible for inclusion. PCV and blood type were determined in all blood and fluid samples. For body fluids with a low PCV and discordant blood type results compared to systemic blood, sample concentration and repeat blood typing from the fluid was performed when enough sample was available.

Measurement and Main Results

Body fluid samples consisted of 16 pleural (11 dogs; 5 cats), 12 peritoneal (10 dogs; 2 cats), and 4 canine pericardial effusions, 3 urine samples, and 1 each of feces and epistaxis from dogs and a seroma sample from a cat. Median (range) manual PCV of blood and fluid samples was 34% (14%–66%) and 6% (0.5%–70%) for dogs and 28% (14%–48%) and 14% (0.5%–19%) for cats, respectively. Dogs were correctly classified as being DEA 1 negative, DEA 1 positive, and DEA 1 weak positive when using body fluid for blood typing 13 of 14, 4 of 9, and 5 of 7, respectively. All reference blood type to fluid blood type (FBT) discordant results had a body fluid PCV equal to or below 2%. Subsequently concentrated body fluid samples had a PCV above 8% and repeat FBT matched reference blood type (RBT). All cats were classified as type A by all RBTs and FBTs.

Conclusions

Body fluids containing erythrocytes may be utilized to blood type dogs if sufficiently concentrated and type A cats.  相似文献   

8.
Abnormalities appeared a few hours after groups of 14-day-old chicks (Gallus domesticus) were injected intravenously with 15 mg/kg of endotoxin (LPS) from Salmonella gallinarum. Clinical illness without mortality was accompanied by significant (P less than 0.05) falls in body temperature, bursa weight, the main haematological parameters, serum iron (SI) and transferrin saturation (TS) and a significant increase in unsaturated iron-binding capacity. All responses, apart from bursa weight, SI values and total and differential white-cell counts, returned to normal within 24 to 48 h. LPS given daily for three consecutive days did not cause changes in the main haematological parameters during the 48 h period following the third injection. However body and bursa weight and heterophil counts were significantly depressed, whereas body temperature, SI and TS were affected biphasically, being first depressed and then raised above normal. Chicks injected with LPS daily for six consecutive days showed broadly similar responses but a persistent microcytosis was also present.  相似文献   

9.
Blood constituents and vascular volume indices were determined in 5 standing horses by use of 2-period crossover experimental design. Horses were either administered hypertonic (2,400 mosm/kg of body weight, i.v.) or isotonic (300 mosm/kg, i.v.) saline solution. Each solution was administered at a dosage of 5 ml/kg (infusion rate, 80 ml/min). Samples for determination of PCV, plasma volume, blood volume, plasma osmolality, total amount of plasma protein and plasma concentrations of protein, Na, K, and Cl were collected at 0 hour (baseline, before fluid infusion) and 0.5 hour (at the end of fluid infusion), and subsequently, at 0.25- or 0.5-hour intervals for 4.5 hours. All horses were given the predetermined dose of fluids by 0.5 hour after beginning the saline infusion. Values of P < or = 0.05 were considered significant. Administration of hypertonic saline solution was associated with decreased mean body weight by 4.5 hours, but weight change after isotonic saline administration was not significant. Other than body weight and plasma protein concentration, between-trial difference (treatment effect) was not observed for any measured variable or index. The F values indicated that increasing the number of horses would have not changed these results. A time effect was evident across both trials, so that mean (+/- SD) plasma volume increased (12.3 +/- 1.07%) and mean plasma protein concentration (-12.1 +/- 1.03%) and PCV (-11.9 + 0.67%) decreased proportionately and transiently in association with administration of either fluid at that volume. Other time effects included increased plasma osmolality and Na and Cl concentrations. Blood volume estimates and total amount of plasma protein remained unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

10.
Objective – To examine serum sodium, glucose, and tonicity in cats with diabetic ketosis. Design – Retrospective study. Setting – A university‐based referral hospital. Animals – Cats admitted to the ICU during the period 1998 to 2002 with a diagnosis of diabetic ketosis. Interventions – None. Routine clinical management of diabetes and associated conditions. Measurements – Serum biochemistry assessments. Main Results – Abnormalities of glucose, sodium and serum tonicity (ST) were common in the study group. Serum sodium but not glucose correlated closely with ST. A subset of cats treated with intravenous insulin and an isotonic sodium‐containing solution for 72 hours showed a significant decrease in glucose from admission values at 48 and 72 hours (but not at 24 hours). Serum sodium, potassium, and ST were not significantly different from admission values at any time over the 72‐hour period. However, the relative contribution of individual osmolytes varied over the course of treatment. Although glucose decreased >120% from admission values over the 72‐hour treatment period, the approximately 5% rise in serum sodium that occurred offset the osmotic effect of falling glucose and the overall ST change was <3%. Conclusions – The incidence of osmotic‐mediated neurologic complications during treatment of cats with diabetic ketosis is low in part because the minimal fluctuation in ST during treatment likely prevents the development of osmotic gradients between serum and central nervous system tissues. The use of isotonic sodium‐containing fluids in the treatment of feline diabetes acts to minimize large osmotic shifts by adding sodium to the serum compartment as the glucose concentration falls.  相似文献   

11.
Objective – To investigate the association between blood lactate concentration, measured at admission and following 12–36 hours of treatment, and age, diagnosis, and survival in neonatal foals. Design – Retrospective, observational study. Setting – Two equine referral hospitals. Animals – One hundred and twelve foals ≤96 hours of age were included. Interventions – Arterial or venous blood samples were obtained from all foals at admission and surviving foals at 12–36 hours. Measurements – The lactate concentration (LAC) was recorded at 2 time points: admission (LAC‐Admission) and 12–36 hours following treatment (LAC‐24 hours). Main Results – LAC decreased by 0.05 mmol/L for each increased hour of age at presentation. Premature/dysmature foals demonstrated increased odds of nonsurvival of 55% for each 1 mmol/L increase in LAC‐Admission while foals with major diagnoses of neonatal encephalopathy (NE), enteritis and ‘Other’ had increased odds of nonsurvival of 52%, 113%, and 247%, respectively, for each 1.0 mmol/L increase in LAC. Blood‐culture positive foals had significantly lower LAC than blood culture negative foals. LAC‐Admission and LAC‐24 hours were significantly larger in nonsurviving foals. LAC‐Admission of >6.9 mmol/L and LAC‐24 hours >3.2 mmol/L, respectively, correctly classified 85.6% and 94.1% of cases as survivors or nonsurvivors. No differences were found when the 24‐hour change in LAC was investigated in terms of outcome, age at admission, or major diagnosis; however, LAC‐24 hours remained significantly associated with survival. Conclusions – Admission or persistent hyperlactatemia is associated with a nonsurvival. Younger foals, premature/dysmature foals, and foals with neonatal encephalopathy had the largest LAC.  相似文献   

12.
BACKGROUND: Blood samples collected from farm animals for hematology testing may not reach the laboratory or be examined immediately upon collection, and in some cases may need to be transported for hours before reaching a laboratory. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the artifactual changes that may occur in PCV, hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, and cell counts in bovine, caprine, and porcine blood samples stored at room (30 degrees C) or refrigerator (5 degrees C) temperature. METHODS: Baseline values for PCV, Hgb concentration, and RBC and WBC counts were determined immediately after blood collection from 36 cattle, 32 goats, and 48 pigs using manual techniques. Blood samples were split into 2 aliquots and stored at 30 degrees C or 5 degrees C. Hematologic analyses were carried out at specified intervals during 120 hours of storage. Results were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA; results at different temperatures were compared by paired t-tests. RESULTS: Compared to baseline values, there were no significant changes in Hgb concentration, RBC count, or WBC count in samples from cattle; in Hgb concentration and RBC count in samples from goats; and in Hgb concentration and WBC count in samples from pigs throughout the 120 hours of storage at both 30 degrees C and 5 degrees C. Significant changes (P <.05) from baseline occurred in PCV after 14 hours of storage at 30 degrees C and after 19 hours of storage at 5 degrees C in cattle and goats; and after 10 hours of storage at 30 degrees C and 14 hours of storage at 5 degrees C in pigs. Significant changes also were observed in Hgb concentration at 96 hours at 30 degrees C and 5 degrees C, and in RBC counts at 48 hours at 30 degrees C and 96 hours at 5 degrees C in porcine samples; and in total WBC counts at 120 hours at 30 degrees C and 5 degrees C in caprine samples. Artifactual changes were more pronounced in the samples stored at 30 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: At both 30 degrees C and 5 degrees C, blood samples from cattle and goats can be stored for up to 12 hours, while blood samples from pigs can be stored for up to 8 hours without any significant changes in PCV. Blood samples from all 3 species can be stored for more than 24 hours without significant changes in Hgb concentration, RBC count, and total WBC count.  相似文献   

13.
Effects of oxypolygelatin and dextran 70 on hemostatic variables in dogs   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Objective To evaluate and compare coagulation variables following the administration of oxypolygelatin and dextran 70 to clinically healthy dogs. Study design Randomized cross‐over experimental study. Animals A total of eight healthy adult female Beagles aged 2–4 years old and weighing 11.8 ± 2.7 kg. Methods The dogs received a 15‐minute intravenous (IV) infusion of 5 mL kg?1 oxypolygelatin or 10 mL kg?1 6% dextran 70. Before (PRE) and at 2, 5, and 24 hours after administration, packed cell volume (PCV), total solids concentration (TS), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen concentration (FIB), platelet numbers (Plat), factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII:C), von Willebrand factor antigen concentration (vWf:Ag) and platelet function and buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT) were measured. Platelet function was assessed using aggregation and by measuring ATP release from aggregating platelets over 6 minutes, with 20, 10, and 5 µm ADP and 5 and 10 µg of collagen mL?1 as platelet activation agonists. Results All baseline values were within our normal ranges, except for one dog that had low vWf:Ag PRE values prior to both dextran and oxypolygelatin administration. Following dextran and oxypolygelatin administration, the PCV and TP were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. Plat, FIB, and vWf:Ag decreased, while BMBT and VIII:C increased following dextran administration. Dextran also caused a significant decrease in platelet aggregation in response to ADP. Oxypolygelatin caused a significant decrease in vWf:Ag, Plat, and FIB compared to PRE values. The total amount of ATP released, standardized to platelet number, did not vary significantly for either group at any sampling time from PRE values. No significant changes from PRE values were noted at any time in either group for PT or APTT. Conclusion At the doses administered, both dextran and oxypolygelatin can interfere with hemostatic variables in healthy dogs, but dextran's effect is more profound and prolonged when compared to oxypolygelatin. Clinical relevance Oxypolygelatin causes fewer hemostatic abnormalities when compared to dextran, making it a superior colloid for administration at the doses tested.  相似文献   

14.
Reason for performing study: It is the impression of some surgeons that geriatric horses have a lower survival rate compared to mature nongeriatric horses following colic surgery. One possible reason for this is that geriatric horses may be more critically ill at admission and have more severe disease than mature nongeriatric horses. Objective: To compare admission historical, physical examination and laboratory data for geriatric and mature nongeriatric horses referred for signs of colic. Methods: Medical records of horses admitted with a presenting complaint of colic between 2000 and 2006 were reviewed. Geriatric horses ≥16 years (n = 300) and mature nongeriatric horses 4–15 years (n = 300). Information obtained included duration of colic prior to admission, admission level of pain, heart rate, intestinal borborygmi, packed cell volume (PCV), plasma creatinine and blood lactate concentrations and peritoneal fluid total protein. Data were analysed using a Chi‐squared test or an analysis of variance. Level of significance was P<0.05. Results: There was no difference between geriatric and mature horses in the duration of colic prior to admission or in admission heart rate, PCV, or plasma creatinine or blood lactate concentrations. However, geriatric horses were more likely to be moderately painful and less likely to be bright and alert than mature horses; and less likely to have normal intestinal borborygmi than mature horses. Peritoneal fluid total protein concentration was higher in geriatric than mature horses. Conclusions and potential relevance: Geriatric horses presenting with signs of colic had a similar admission cardiovascular status based on heart rate, PCV, and plasma creatinine and blood lactate concentration to mature horses. Geriatric horses, however, may have different causes of colic, which may be more serious than mature horses based on pain, lack of intestinal borborygmi and peritoneal fluid total protein concentration.  相似文献   

15.
Objective: To collate and describe emergency admissions to a large animal tertiary university referral hospital during a 12‐month period. Design: Prospective clinical study. Setting: Large animal tertiary university referral hospital. Animals: Large animal emergency patient admissions. Interventions: None. Measurements and main results: Information obtained from the medical record included the presenting complaint, clinical problem, admission time, duration of clinical signs before presentation, diagnostic procedures performed, therapies administered, and therapeutic procedures performed during the first 24 hours following admission, and survival to discharge. The most common category listed for the presenting complaint and clinical problem categories was gastrointestinal. Most emergency cases were admitted during the evening and in late spring, summer, and early fall. Most cases had a duration of clinical signs before presentation of >2 hours and ≤8 hours (27%) or >8 hours and ≤24 hours (29%). The most common diagnostic procedures performed during the first 24 hours were palpation per rectum, ultrasonographic examination, radiographs, and abdominocentesis. Antimicrobials, fluids, and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs were the most common therapies administered. Approximately 25% of cases required surgery. An exploratory celiotomy was performed in approximately 15% of cases. Enterotomy, intestinal resection and anastomosis, cesarean section, or joint or sheath lavage was each performed in <5% of cases. Overall survival to discharge was 74%. Conclusions: Large animal emergency clinicians are required to have knowledge on a wide range of diseases and should be proficient at performing numerous procedures on an emergency basis. Gastrointestinal disease is the most common type of emergency and the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed during the first 24 hours following admission are a reflection of this type of case. Only 25% of cases required surgery. Additional research in the form of a multicenter study and surveying both private and university practitioners needs to be performed to further define the necessary skills for an ‘ideal’ large animal emergency clinician.  相似文献   

16.
Although large intestine impactions are commonly treated with i.v. fluids combined with the osmotic laxative MgSO4, enteral fluids are less expensive and also appear to be efficacious for impactions. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the systemic and gastrointestinal effects of enteral fluids with the changes produced by i.v. fluids combined with MgSO4. Four horses with a fistula in the right dorsal colon alternately received both treatments in 2 periods one week apart. Sixty litres of fluids were administered continuously (10 l/h) through a venous catheter or a nasogastric tube. Magnesium sulphate (1 g/kg bwt) was administered via nasogastric tube before i.v. fluid therapy. Two horses had mild abdominal discomfort at the end of enteral fluid therapy. Pollakiuria, hypostenuria, increased bodyweight, increased faecal and ingesta hydration, and decreased PCV, plasma protein and plasma magnesium were produced by both treatments. Abdominal distention and more pronounced changes in bodyweight and ingesta hydration were seen with enteral fluids. Intravenous fluids plus MgSO4 produced hypocalcaemia and more pronounced changes in plasma protein. These results indicate that enteral fluid therapy is more effective in promoting ingesta hydration and produces less pronounced systemic effects than i.v. fluid therapy plus MgSO4.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetics of azithromycin and its concentration in body fluids and bronchoalveolar lavage cells in foals. ANIMALS: 6 healthy 6- to 10-week-old foals. PROCEDURE: Azithromycin (10 mg/kg of body weight) was administered to each foal via i.v. and intragastric (i.g.) routes in a crossover design. After the first i.g. dose, 4 additional i.g. doses were administered at 24-hour intervals. A microbiologic assay was used to measure azithromycin concentrations in serum, peritoneal fluid, synovial fluid, pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF), and bronchoalveolar (BAL) cells. RESULTS: Azithromycin elimination half-life was 20.3 hours, body clearance was 10.4 ml/min x kg, and apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 18.6 L/kg. After i.g. administration, time to peak serum concentration was 1.8 hours and bioavailability was 56%. After repeated i.g. administration, peak serum concentration was 0.63 +/- 0.10 microg/ml. Peritoneal and synovial fluid concentrations were similar to serum concentrations. Bronchoalveolar cell and PELF concentrations were 15- to 170-fold and 1- to 16-fold higher than concurrent serum concentrations, respectively. No adverse reactions were detected after repeated i.g. administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: On the basis of pharmacokinetic values, minimum inhibitory concentrations of Rhodococcus equi isolates, and drug concentrations in PELF and bronchoalveolar cells, a single daily oral dose of 10 mg/kg may be appropriate for treatment of R. equi infections in foals. Persistence of high azithromycin concentrations in PELF and bronchoalveolar cells 48 hours after discontinuation of administration suggests that after 5 daily doses, oral administration at 48-hour intervals may be adequate.  相似文献   

18.
Background: Hydration status is important to the cardiovascular system because of its effects on preload. Decreased preload can alter echocardiographic measurements of systolic and diastolic function, potentially confounding interpretation of results. Hypothesis/Objectives: Mild fluid deficits are associated with measurable echocardiographic changes that are validated by physical and biochemical markers of decreased intravascular volume. Animals: Twenty‐five healthy staff/student‐owned dogs with no evidence of cardiac or renal disease. Methods: Prospective, interventional laboratory study. Dogs were randomly assigned to water deprivation (WD) alone for 8 hours (n = 13) or to furosemide treatment (FTx, 2.5 mg/kg IV) followed by WD for 8 hours (n = 12). Echocardiograms, biochemical sampling, and physical parameters were measured at baseline, and after 4 and 8 hours. Results: Both protocols induced fluid deficit as indicated by significant (P < .00001) decreases in weight at 4 hours (WD, 1.1%; FTx, 3.7%) and 8 hours (WD, 2.7%; FTx, 4.5%). Furosemide significantly decreased left ventricular end‐diastolic volume (54.3 ± 19.3–42.1 ± 17.3 mL, P < .0001), cardiac index (4.2 ± 1.1–2.9 ± 0.9 L/min/M2, P < .0001), and mitral valve E wave velocity (0.79 ± 0.2–0.66 ± 0.2 m/s, P= .0004). These changes were accompanied by significant increases in blood urea nitrogen concentration (13.8 ± 2.6–14.8 ± 2.7 mg/dL, P= .04), vasopressin concentration (1.4 ± 1.2–3.3 ± 1.9 pg/mL, P= .045), and PCV (49.8 ± 4.5–53.2 ± 6.5%, P= .006). Effects of water deprivation alone were similar, but less pronounced. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Mild fluid deficits have measurable hemodynamic effects in dogs. Hydration status should be considered when evaluating cardiac function by echocardiogram.  相似文献   

19.
Background: Central venous pressure (CVP) is used in many species to monitor right‐sided intravascular volume status, especially in critical care medicine. Hypothesis: That hypohydration in adult horses is associated with a proportional reduction in CVP. Animals: Ten healthy adult horses from the university teaching herd. Methods: In this experimental study, horses underwent central venous catheter placement and CVP readings were obtained by water manometry. The horses were then deprived of water and administered furosemide (1 mg/kg IV q6h) for up to 36 hours. Weight, CVP, vital signs, PCV, total protein (TP), and serum lactate were monitored at baseline and every 6 hours until a target of 5% decrease in body weight loss was achieved. The spleen volume was estimated sonographically at baseline and peak volume depletion. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the association of CVP and other clinical parameters with degree of body weight loss over time. Results: There was a significant association between CVP and decline in body weight (P < .001), with a decrease in CVP of 2.2 cmH2O for every percentage point decrease in body weight. Other significant associations between volume depletion and parameters measured included increased TP (P= .007), increased serum lactate concentration (P= .048), and decreased splenic volume (P= .046). There was no significant association between CVP and vital signs or PCV. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These findings suggest that CVP monitoring might be a useful addition to the clinical evaluation of hydration status in adult horses.  相似文献   

20.
Pharmacokinetics and distribution of orbifloxacin into body fluids and endometrium was studied in 6 mares after intragastric (IG) administration at a single dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg body weight. Orbifloxacin concentrations were serially measured in serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and endometrial tissues over 24 hours. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of orbifloxacin were determined for 120 equine pathogens over an 11-month period. The mean peak serum concentration (Cmax) was 2.41+/-0.30 microg/mL at 1.5 hours after administration and decreased to 0.17+/-0.01 microg/mL (Cmin) at 24 hours. The mean elimination half-life (t1/2) was 9.06+/-1.33 hours and area under the serum concentration vs time curve (AUC) was 20.54+/-1.70 mg h/L. Highest mean peritoneal fluid concentration was 2.15+/-0.49 microg/mL at 2 hours. Highest mean synovial fluid concentration was 1.17+/-0.28 microg/mL at 4 hours. Highest mean urine concentration was 536.67+/-244.79 microg/mL at 2 hours. Highest mean endometrial concentration was 0.72+/-0.23 microg/g at 1.5 hours. Mean CSF concentration was 0.46+/-0.55 microg/mL at 3 hours. The minimum inhibitory concentration of orbifloxacin required to inhibit 90% of isolates (MIC90) ranged from < or = 0.12 to > 8.0 microg/mL, with gram-negative organisms being more sensitive than gram-positive organisms. Orbifloxacin was uniformly absorbed in the 6 mares and was well distributed into body fluids and endometrial tissue. At a dosage of 7.5 mg/kg once a day, many gram-negative pathogens, such as Actinobacillus equuli, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella spp., and Salmonella spp. would be expected to be susceptible to orbifloxacin.  相似文献   

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