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1.
OBJECTIVE: To examine and analyse consumption changes over time of 24 food items between Sardinia and Malta. SETTING: The data were collected in 2001 in Sardinia and 2002 in Malta. DESIGN: A structured qualitative questionnaire, articulated around four main themes: food supply, transformation, preparation and consumption habits, was administered by face-to-face interviews with the help of a local person. It encompassed mainly open-ended questions, which allowed us to measure factors contributing to change. SUBJECTS: Thirty mother-daughter pairs were interviewed in each insular territory. RESULTS: Despite a common trend revealing a shift away from cereals, pulses and potatoes to the benefit of meat products, fats and sugar, our results showed contrasting evolutions in food consumption between both insular societies. Fruit and vegetables, olive oil and fish, which are part of the main features of the Mediterranean diet, were among the top foods for which consumption frequency has increased in Sardinia. In Malta, besides an increase in olive oil and vegetable consumption, cheeses and desserts showed the highest increase. Along with modernity and improved living conditions, enhanced commercial availability and increased diversity of food preparation were also identified as factors contributing to food consumption changes. CONCLUSIONS: Although the Sardo-Mediterranean model is evolving under the impact of modernisation, it is not disappearing. In Malta, however, modernity has led to a more sudden shift from a state of food shortage to one of affluence, but in a cultural context where the identity is no longer Mediterranean but Anglo-Saxon.  相似文献   

2.
To gain information about the geographical origin of oil samples, measurements of delta(13)C and delta(18)O of the whole oil and some of its fractions have been performed on samples coming from fruits of Olea europaea L. produced in Greece, Morocco, Spain, Italy, Tunisia, and Turkey. The results obtained by applying statistical procedures have given pieces of evidence that oil samples have shown the trend to cluster according to the different climatic areas of growing environment of fruits. Some confusion has been observed for samples coming from neighboring countries having similar climates.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to assess the changes that have occurred in food patterns in Europe over the last 40 years based on food availability data and to compare the stability of the traditional Mediterranean diet in the south of Europe in this period. DESIGN: An ecological study carried out on the basis of Food and Agriculture Organization food balance sheets for three geographical areas of Europe (Mediterranean, north and east) over two time periods: 1961-1963 and 1998-2000. The average availability of total energy, energy provided from macronutrients and food groups was calculated for each area and each period studied. RESULTS: Over the last 40 years total energy availability and energy availability from lipids have increased considerably in the three European areas, while the percentage of energy from carbohydrates has fallen. The greatest changes have occurred in Mediterranean Europe, with an increase of 20.1% in total energy availability, an increase of 48.1% in energy availability from lipids and a fall of 20.5% from carbohydrates. Moreover, Mediterranean Europe showed a significant fall in the energy supplied by cereals (29.9%) and wine (55.2%), while the contribution of milk (77.8%) and dairy products (23.6%) increased. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that European Mediterranean countries should take nutrition policy action to maintain their traditional healthy food pattern, with a cultural added value. This implies actions at all levels, including raising awareness of consumers, collaboration with the food sector and a call to set the agenda of the concerned politicians and stakeholders.  相似文献   

4.
The authenticity of vegetable oils consumed in Slovenia and Croatia was investigated by carbon isotope analysis of the individual fatty acids by the use of gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS), and through carbon isotope analysis of the bulk oil. The fatty acids from samples of olive, pumpkin, sunflower, maize, rape, soybean, and sesame oils were separated by alkaline hydrolysis and derivatized to methyl esters for chemical characterization by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) prior to isotopic analysis. Enrichment in heavy carbon isotope ((13)C) of the bulk oil and of the individual fatty acids are related to (1) a thermally induced degradation during processing (deodorization, steam washing, or bleaching), (2) hydrolytic rancidity (lipolysis) and oxidative rancidity of the vegetable oils during storage, and (3) the potential blend with refined oil or other vegetable oils. The impurity or admixture of different oils may be assessed from the delta(13)C(16:0) vs. delta(13)C(18:1) covariations. The fatty acid compositions of Slovenian and Croatian olive oils are compared with those from the most important Mediterranean producer countries (Spain, Italy, Greece, and France).  相似文献   

5.
中国及欧美主要国家化肥施用强度与综合效率比较研究   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  
提出化肥施用相对产出率和综合效率的计算模型,基于联合国粮农组织数据,对中国和7个欧美主要国家(英国、法国、德国、西班牙、意大利、美国和加拿大)的化肥施用强度和综合效率进行比较研究。结果表明:1961—2017年,中国化肥施用强度呈快速波动增长的趋势,从3.1 kg/hm~2增加到2014年的高峰值338.2 kg/hm~2后降低至315.1 kg/hm~2;欧洲5国化肥施用强度都呈现"上升—下降—上升—平稳"的波动变化,波动幅度按西班牙、意大利、法国、德国、英国依次增大,各国高峰值依次为169.0、235.0、438.3、503.4、594.9 kg/hm~2;美国和加拿大呈现小幅度波动上升的变化,高峰值分别约为213.7、140.1 kg/hm~2。8个国家的化肥施用强度趋于围绕国际公认的化肥安全施用上限225 kg/hm~2,约在120～350 kg/hm~2的范围内聚集和稳定。就化肥施用综合效率对比,西班牙基本上一直为最低水平;中国和加拿大由最高波动下降至法意德美英5国之下;该5国的综合效率2010年前皆呈增长趋势,此后则快速下降至平稳波动;2010年以来,综合效率的大小排序基本上是法国、意大利、德国、美国、英国、中国、西班牙、加拿大,综合效率平均值分别为0.88、0.85、0.81、0.71、0.67、0.57、0.54、0.49。法国是化肥施用强度中等、综合效率高、粮食产量高、施肥安全的国家,可为中国实现化肥施用负增长提供借鉴。  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the nutritional quality of food aid delivered by food banks in France and to identify practical modifications to improve it. DESIGN: National-level data were collected for all food aid distributed by French food banks in 2004, and its nutrient content per 2000 kcal was estimated and compared with French recommendations for adults. Starting with the actual donation and allowing new foods into the food aid donation, linear programming was used to identify the minimum changes required in the actual donation to achieve the French recommendations. RESULTS: French food-bank-delivered food aid does not achieve the French recommendations for dietary fibre, ascorbic acid, vitamin D, folate, magnesium, docosahexaenoic acid, alpha-linolenic acid and the percentage of energy from saturated fatty acids. Linear programming analysis showed that these recommendations are achievable if more fruits, vegetables, legumes and fish were collected and less cheese, refined cereals and foods rich in fat, sugar and/or salt. In addition, new foods not previously collected are needed, particularly nuts, wholemeal bread and rapeseed oil. These changes increased the total edible weight (42%) and economic value (55%) of the food aid donation, with one-third of its edible weight coming from fruits and vegetables, one-third from staples, one-quarter from dairy products and approximately a tenth from meat/fish/eggs. CONCLUSIONS: Important changes in the types and amounts of food collected will improve the nutritional quality of food-bank-delivered food aid in France. Such changes are recommended to improve the diets of deprived French populations.  相似文献   

7.
The place and time of European hazel (Corylus avellana L.) domestication is not clear, although it was already cultivated by the Romans. In this study, 75 accessions from Spain, Italy, Turkey, and Iran were analysed using 13 chloroplast microsatellite to investigate the origin and diffusion of hazelnut cultivars. Four loci were polymorphic and identified a total of four different chlorotypes. Their distribution was not uniform in each geographical group. The most frequent chlorotype A was present in all groups. An increase in chlorotype number and diversity from Spain eastward to Italy, Turkey, and Iran was observed. Results suggest that some spread of cultivars occurred from East to West and that hazelnut cultivation was not introduced from the eastern Mediterranean basin into Spain and southern Italy by Greeks or Arabs. Moreover, the results suggest considerable exchange of germplasm between Italy and Spain, probably by the Romans. Hazelnut appears to have been domesticated independently in three areas: the Mediterranean, Turkey, and Iran.  相似文献   

8.
New bioactive epimeric derivatives of oleuropein have been detected in olive fruits and structurally characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR. These hydrolytic metabolites, obtained by enzymatic catalysis, can be molecular microcomponents, present in Mediterranean food, table olives, and olive oil, responsible for complex sensorial attributes and for pathogen natural defense.  相似文献   

9.
In order to characterize the rice cultivation in the Mediterranean countries, climate and physiography of rice growing areas in Italy, Spain, and Portugal were studied. In northern Italy rice is extensively cultivated on terraces and fluvial plains of the Po and its tributaries, making use of the supply of water from Alpine glaciers in addition to the relatively abundant rainfalls of the area. In the Iberian peninsula summer climate is so dry that rice is cultivable only where the ratio of catchment area to rice land area is sufficiently large, thus rice lands are practically limited to the floodplains and deltas of the big rivers, such as the Sado and the Tejo in Portugal and the Guadalquivir and the Ebro in Spain.

In order to characterize the rice cultivation in the Mediterranean countries, climate and physiography of rice growing areas in Italy, Spain, and Portugal were studied. In northern Italy rice is extensively cultivated on terraces and fluvial plains of the Po and its tributaries, making use of the supply of water from Alpine glaciers in addition to the relatively abundant rainfalls of the area. In the Iberian peninsula summer climate is so dry that rice is cultivable only where the ratio of catchment area to rice land area is sufficiently large, thus rice lands are practically limited to the floodplains and deltas of the big rivers, such as the Sado and the Tejo in Portugal and the Guadalquivir and the Ebro in Spain.  相似文献   

10.
Seventeen samples of B-horizon of Pleistocene Terra Rossa soils from carbonate rock were collected in different Countries of the Mediterranean regions (Spain, Italy and Southern Turkey).  相似文献   

11.
The total free radical scavenger capacity (RSC) of 57 edible oils from different sources was studied: olive (24 brands of oils), sunflower (6), safflower (2), rapeseed (3), soybean (3), linseed (2), corn (3), hazelnut (2), walnut (2), sesame (2), almond (2), mixture of oils for salad (2), "dietetic" oil (2), and peanut (2). Olive oils were also studied according to their geographical origins (France, Greece, Italy, Morocco, Spain, and Turkey). RSC was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the disappearance of the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH(*)) at 515 nm. The disappearance of the radical followed a double-exponential equation in the presence of oils and oil fractions, which suggested the presence of two (fast and slow) groups of antioxidants. RSC was studied for the methanol-soluble phase ("methanolic fraction", MF) of the oil, the fraction nonsoluble in methanol ("lipidic fraction", LF), and the nonfractionated oil ("total oil"; TF = MF + LF). Only olive, linseed, rapeseed, safflower, sesame, and walnut oils showed significant RSC in the MF due to the presence of phenolic compounds. No significant differences were found in the RSC of olive oils from different geographical origins. Upon heating at 180 degrees C the apparent constant for the disappearance of RSC (k(T)) and the half-life (t1/2) of RSC for MF, LF, and TF were calculated. The second-order rate constants (k2) for the antiradical activity of some phenolic compounds present in oils are also reported.  相似文献   

12.
A total of 244 samples of cereals (wheat flour, rice, and maize), pulses (arhar, moong, gram, lentil, and black gram), spices (turmeric, chili, coriander, and black pepper), vegetables (potato, onion, spinach, cabbage, brinjal, and tomato), fruits (mango, guava, apple, and grape), milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils (vegetable, mustard, groundnut, and sesame) collected from different cities of Northern Province (Utter Pradesh) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of organochlorine pesticide residues. Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected in about 85% of the total samples of cereals, spices, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils analyzed in the present study. However, the residue levels were either very small (less than 0.06 ppm) or not detected at all in pulses, vegetables, and fruits as compared with very high concentrations in wheat flour (4.42 and 0.12 ppm), butter (1.19 and 4.85 ppm), mustard oil (1.26 and 2.42 ppm), Deshi ghee (1.10 and 3.84 ppm), vegetable oil (1.02 and 0.59 ppm), groundnut oil (0.51 and 1.49 ppm), and chili (0.48 and 1.92 ppm). The levels of HCH and DDT residues detected in rice, maize, turmeric, corlander, black pepper, and all the vegetables and fruits were also lower than those found in wheat flour, oil, and fat samples analyzed in the present study. These findings suggest that a restricted and controlled use of such persistent pesticides may be useful for decreasing their contamination levels in different food items.  相似文献   

13.
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the Mediterranean diet contributes to overall mortality differences and trends between Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean European Union (EU) countries.Design: Routinely recorded adjusted overall mortality and food availability data in Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean EU countries. A Mediterranean diet score designed a priori was used as instrument. SETTING: Fifteen EU countries in the 1960s and the 1990s. SUBJECTS: The general population in the 15 EU countries. RESULTS: The difference between Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean EU countries in a 7-point Mediterranean diet score was reduced from 2.9 in the 1960s to 1.6 in the 1990s. This reduction may underlie the reduction in the difference in general mortality between these countries, from about 100 deaths per 100,000 person-years in the early 1970s to about 50 deaths per 100,000 person-years in the 1990s. CONCLUSIONS: The decline in overall mortality in the 15 EU countries over the last 25 years is probably unrelated to diet. However, the gradual loss of the survival advantage of Mediterranean EU citizens, compared with other EU citizens, may be linked to the gradual abandonment by the former of their dietary traditions.  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate, measure and assess the food consumption pattern of the adult population living in Beirut, Lebanon, and to identify inadequate or excessive intake of food groups particularly linked to non-communicable diseases. DESIGN: A cross-sectional food consumption survey was conducted in 2001. Dietary habits were assessed by means of a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. SETTING: Dietary survey of the urban population (Beirut). SUBJECTS: Random sample of 444 adult subjects (aged 25-54 years) in Beirut. RESULTS: The mean consumption of food by the study population was estimated to be 3,030 g day(-1), providing an energy intake of 2,523.57 kcal day(-1). Fat contributed 38.9% to the average daily energy intake, protein 13.4% and carbohydrates 47.2%. Mean consumption of fruits and vegetables was approximately 367 g day(-1) and 45.3% of subjects consumed less than the recommended 400 g daily. Cereals contributed 324.5 g day(-1), providing 35.0% of daily energy intake, with bread being the most highly consumed (146.2 g day(-1)) in this food group. The mean intake of meat and poultry products was 91.7 g day(-1) and provided 8.8% of daily energy intake, with consumption of butchery products especially beef being the highest (47.6 g day(-1)) followed by poultry (36.1 g day(-1)). A low consumption of fish was noted (19.7 g day(-1)), with 73.6% of subjects consuming less than the recommended 2 servings of fish per week. Dairy products contributed 243.1 g day(-1) or 10.9% of daily energy intake, and milk was the least consumed dairy product (56.8% of consumers). The intake of added fats and oils, excluding those in cooked recipes, was 20.4 g day(-1); olive oil was not used in cooking but was added solely at the table and its mean intake was 5 g day(-1). The consumption of butter was low (0.86 g day(-1)) and vegetable oil was the type of fat mostly used in cooking. The average intake of alcoholic beverages was low (33.6 g day(-1)), accounting for 0.7% of total energy intake. Women had significantly higher intakes of milk, dairy products, vegetables and coffee than men (P < 0.05). The percentage of women who reported the use of low-fat items was significantly higher than that of men. Younger people (25-34 years) ate significantly more meat, sugar, alcoholic beverages and soft drinks, and consumed significantly less cooked vegetables and legumes, than older ones (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The rather high contribution of fat to daily energy intake, the low intake of fish and the relatively high percentage of people consuming less than the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables observed in this study suggest that the adult Lebanese population is at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, obesity and other non-communicable diseases, which provides the basis for recommending increased intakes of fish, particularly fatty fish, and fruits and vegetables.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVE: To examine global food demand patterns and how changing diets may stimulate demand for and trade of Mediterranean diet products. DESIGN: Literature review. Trends in global and US food consumption patterns are examined and trade data are reviewed to evaluate the impact of changing diets on trade of Mediterranean diet products. Market access issues are also addressed briefly to highlight the role of policy in the trade of Mediterranean diet products. RESULTS: Diets are shifting towards higher-value products such as meats, fruits and vegetables, and a wider array of packaged food products. Trade in these products has also grown in the past two decades, with several non-traditional importers and exporters becoming increasingly active in the global market. CONCLUSIONS: Income-driven demands for quality and variety are likely to increase the demand for Mediterranean diet products globally. While the middle-income countries appear to be the best growth prospects, the USA remains a potential growth market if these products can meet the growing consumer demand for variety, quality and convenience. Although consumer trends globally indicate growth in demand for Mediterranean diet products, the additional demand may not be reflected by a corresponding growth in trade. Trade in Mediterranean diet products continues to be hampered by higher than average trade barriers and high transportation costs for perishables.  相似文献   

16.
Using statistical data, we evaluated food supply and consumption in terms of nitrogen flow to clarify its effects on water quality from 1961 to 2005 in Japan. We revised a nitrogen flow model to incorporate food production, trade and consumption as well as nitrogen mineralization of crop residues and livestock manure and denitrification. Food consumption increased steadily from 1961 to the mid 1980s and has been almost stable since then. There was a notable increase in the consumption of livestock products. By 1996, consumption had risen to fivefold the 1961 level of consumption, but it has been stable since then. We concluded that the demand for food reached a maximum in the 1990s. The increasing demand for animal feed was filled by an increase in the imports of coarse cereals until the 1980s and of oil cakes until now. As the consumption of food and animal feed increased until the mid 1980s, the nitrogen load to the environment also gradually increased during this period, after which it tended to decrease. We estimated the nitrogen concentration in river water for 8 km × 8 km grid cells from 1961 to 2005 and compared these estimated values with measurements taken at more than 4000 points from public bodies of water in 1998. The spatial distribution and prefectural average of the estimated nitrogen concentration roughly corresponded with the measured values, and both indicate that food supply and consumption have had considerable effects on water quality in Japan.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVE: To assess, particularly in longitudinal studies, how close or far the food intakes of population groups are from a reference dietary pattern. DESIGN: Computation of an index, called the Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI), by dividing the sum of the percentage of total energy from typical Mediterranean food groups by the sum of the percentage of total energy from non-typical Mediterranean food groups. The reference Italian-Mediterranean diet utilised was that of subjects from Nicotera in 1960. SETTING: Different areas in Italy. SUBJECTS: Men aged 45-65 years at the start of the study from rural areas of Italy in the Seven Countries Study followed for 26 years (Crevalcore and Montegiorgio), elderly men and women from Perugia followed for 11 years, men and women from Pollica (Salerno) followed for 32 years, and families from Rofrano (Salerno) followed for 41 years. RESULTS: The median value of MAI among 40-59-year-old men from Nicotera in 1960 was 7.2; in Crevalcore it was 2.9 in 1965 and 2.2 in 1991; and in Montegiorgio, 5.6 in 1965 and 3.9 in 1991. In Pollica, the values in men ranged from 5.6 to 6.3 in 1967 and from 2.4 to 4.5 in 1999; for women, the corresponding ranges were 4.2-7.2 and 2.7-4.1. In elderly men of Perugia, median MAI value was 4.9 in 1976 and 3.2 in 1987; for women, the corresponding values were 3.1 and 2.6. CONCLUSIONS: The diet of these Italian population groups has changed over the last four decades, progressively abandoning the nutritional characteristics of the reference Italian-Mediterranean diet. The MAI proposed is simple to compute; it has satisfactory discriminating power particularly for longitudinal dietary data with only a few limitations.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE: To analyse the role of various aspects of the Mediterranean diet in several common epithelial cancers, including digestive and selected non-digestive tract neoplasms. DESIGN: Systematic analysis of data from a series of case-control studies. SETTING: Northern Italy, between 1983 and 1998. SUBJECTS: Over 12,000 cases of 20 cancer sites and 10,000 controls. RESULTS: For most epithelial cancers, the risk decreased with increasing vegetable and fruit consumption, with relative risk (RR) between 0.3 and 0.7 for the highest versus the lowest tertile. For digestive tract cancers, population-attributable risks for low intake of vegetables and fruit ranged between 15 and 40%. A protective effect was observed also for breast, female genital tract, urinary tract and a few other epithelial neoplasms. A number of antioxidants and other micronutrients showed an inverse relationship with cancer risk, but the main components responsible for the favourable effect of a diet rich in vegetables and fruit remain undefined. Fish tended to be another favourable diet indicator. In contrast, subjects reporting frequent red meat intake showed RRs above unity for several common neoplasms. Intake of whole-grain foods was related to a reduced risk of several types of cancer, particularly of the upper digestive tract. This may be due to a favourable role of fibre, but the issue is still open to discussion. In contrast, refined grain intake and, consequently, glycaemic load and glycaemic index were associated with increased risk of different types of cancer including, among others, breast and colorectal. CONCLUSIONS: A low-risk diet for cancer in the Mediterranean would imply increasing the consumption of fruit and vegetables, as well as avoiding increasing the intakes of meat and refined carbohydrates. Further, olive oil and other unsaturated fats, which are also typical aspects of the Mediterranean diet, should be preferred to saturated ones.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

Using statistical data, we evaluated food supply and consumption in terms of nitrogen flow to clarify its effects on water quality from 1961 to 2005 in Japan. We revised a nitrogen flow model to incorporate food production, trade and consumption as well as nitrogen mineralization of crop residues and livestock manure and denitrification. Food consumption increased steadily from 1961 to the mid 1980s and has been almost stable since then. There was a notable increase in the consumption of livestock products. By 1996, consumption had risen to fivefold the 1961 level of consumption, but it has been stable since then. We concluded that the demand for food reached a maximum in the 1990s. The increasing demand for animal feed was filled by an increase in the imports of coarse cereals until the 1980s and of oil cakes until now. As the consumption of food and animal feed increased until the mid 1980s, the nitrogen load to the environment also gradually increased during this period, after which it tended to decrease. We estimated the nitrogen concentration in river water for 8 km × 8 km grid cells from 1961 to 2005 and compared these estimated values with measurements taken at more than 4000 points from public bodies of water in 1998. The spatial distribution and prefectural average of the estimated nitrogen concentration roughly corresponded with the measured values, and both indicate that food supply and consumption have had considerable effects on water quality in Japan.  相似文献   

20.
In spite of reports to the contrary, an analysis of 206 recent records for the years 1952 to 1982 shows that the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis Linnaeus is still present at one or more localities in 23 European countries (Albania, Austria, Britain, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, German Democratic Republic, German Federal Republic, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR and Yugoslavia). Its status is uncertain in Belgium, Portugal and European Turkey. It has disappeared from some localities in Britain but has been recently recorded at several others. It never occurred naturally in Iceland. Ireland is the only European country in which it once occurred but is now absent.  相似文献   

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