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Passler T Walz PH Ditchkoff SS Brock KV Deyoung RW Foley AM Daniel Givens M 《Veterinary microbiology》2009,134(3-4):362-367
Economic losses due to infection with Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) have prompted introduction of organized control programs. These programs primarily focus on the removal of persistently infected (PI) animals, the main source of BVDV transmission. Recently, persistent BVDV infection was demonstrated experimentally in white-tailed deer, the most abundant wild ruminant in North America. Contact of cattle and white-tailed deer may result in interspecific BVDV transmission and birth of persistently infected offspring that could be a threat to control programs. The objective of this study was to assess the potential for interspecific BVDV transmission from persistently infected cattle cohabitated with pregnant white-tailed deer. Seven female and one male white-tailed deer were captured and bred in captivity. At approximately 50 days of gestation, two cattle persistently infected with BVDV 1 were cohabitated with the deer. In a pen of approximately 0.8 ha, both species shared food and water sources for a period of 60 days. Transmission of BVDV as indicated by seroconversion was demonstrated in all exposed adult deer. Of the seven pregnancies, four resulted in offspring that were infected with BVDV. Persistent infection was demonstrated in three singlet fawns by immunohistochemistry and ELISA on skin samples, PCR, and virus isolation procedures. Furthermore, two stillborn fetuses were apparently persistently infected. This is the first report of BVDV transmission from cattle to white-tailed deer using a model of natural challenge. Under appropriate circumstances, BVDV may efficiently cross the species barrier to cause transplacental infection and persistently infected offspring in a wildlife species. 相似文献
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Passler T Walz PH Ditchkoff SS Givens MD Maxwell HS Brock KV 《Veterinary microbiology》2007,122(3-4):350-356
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections cause substantial economic losses to the cattle industries. Persistently infected (PI) cattle are the most important reservoir for BVDV. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are the most abundant species of wild ruminants in the United States and contact between cattle and deer is common. If the outcome of fetal infection of white-tailed deer is similar to cattle, PI white-tailed deer may pose a threat to BVDV control programs. The objective of this study was to determine if experimental infection of pregnant white-tailed deer with BVDV would result in the birth of PI offspring. Nine female and one male white-tailed deer were captured and housed at a captive deer isolation facility. After natural mating had occurred, all does were inoculated intranasally at approximately 50 days of pregnancy with 10(6) CCID(50) each of a BVDV 1 (BJ) and BVDV 2 (PA131) strain. Although no clinical signs of BVDV infection were observed or abortions detected, only one pregnancy advanced to term. On day 167 post-inoculation, one doe delivered a live fawn and a mummified fetus. The fawn was translocated to an isolation facility to be hand-raised. The fawn was determined to be PI with BVDV 2 by serial virus isolation from serum and white blood cells, immunohistochemistry on skin biopsy, and RT-PCR. This is the first report of persistent infection of white-tailed deer with BVDV. Further research is needed to assess the impact of PI white-tailed deer on BVDV control programs in cattle. 相似文献
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Roman M Pogranichniy Eran Raizman H Leon Thacker Gregory W Stevenson 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2008,20(1):71-74
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the economically important diseases of cattle. For many years, different types of vaccines have been commercially available, yet this disease is hard to control in high-density population areas. Detection and isolation of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) from any potential reservoir is vital, especially when considering virus eradication from a herd or locale. One potential source is wild ruminants. Ear notches and lymph nodes were collected from the wild population of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) during deer hunting season in Indiana and tested for BVDV with a commercial BVD antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two samples out of 745 collected samples were positive, and subsequently cp and ncp BVDV was isolated from 1 ear notch and 1 lymph node. These isolates were genotyped as type 1a and 1b based on sequence analysis of the 5' untranslated region (UTR). The results of the present study indicate that the prevalence of BVDV in the white-tailed deer population of Indiana is about 0.3%. Wild ruminants infected with BVDV should be taken into consideration during an eradication program of BVDV from the livestock population. 相似文献
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Diagnosis of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection by immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed skin biopsy specimens. 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
B L Njaa E G Clark E Janzen J A Ellis D M Haines 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2000,12(5):393-399
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for diagnosis of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin biopsy specimens. Skin from 41 of 42 calves shown to be persistently infected (PI) with BVDV by repeated virus isolation more than 3 weeks apart were immunohistochemically positive for BVDV antigen. Positive IHC staining was most pronounced in the keratinocytes and in hair follicle epithelium, hair matrix cells of the hair bulb, and the dermal papilla. All of the skin sections from 10 calves experimentally infected postnatally with BVDV (10(5) median tissue culture infective doses [TCID50]) and biopsied on days 0, 5, 7, and 9 postinfection were negative for viral antigen. Ten calves from a second group experimentally infected with a higher dose of BVDV (10(8) TCID50) were biopsied when viremic between 10 and 14 days postinfection and 4 calves exhibited positive IHC staining for BVDV; however, staining in these skin biopsies was confined to small foci in the nonfollicular epidermis and follicular ostia. This staining was distinct from that observed in skin obtained from PI cattle. Skin biopsy represents an effective method for identifying animals PI with BVDV. 相似文献
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Siegwart N Hilbe M Hässig M Braun U 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2006,172(2):386-388
Skin biopsies and blood samples from 117 calves, the offspring of dams that had been pastured on communal Alpine pastures while pregnant, were examined for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) antigen. Immunohistochemical evaluation of skin biopsy samples revealed BVDV antigen in nine (7.7%) calves, and ELISA testing of serum samples was positive for BVDV antigen in six (5.1%). Three calves with positive skin biopsy samples and negative serum results were < 11 days old; it was assumed that maternal antibody interfered with the ELISA testing. Serum samples that were collected at a later date from two of the three calves were positive for BVDV antigen. These results were significantly different from those of a previous study in which the prevalence of persistently infected calves in an average Swiss cattle population was 0.64%. It was concluded that the risk of infection with BVDV is high in cattle sharing a communal Alpine pasture. 相似文献
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Grooms DL Kaiser L Walz PH Baker JC 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2001,219(5):629-631
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) that lack virus detectable in serum by use of the immunoperoxidase microtiter assay (IPMA) can transmit the virus to susceptible herdmates and determine prevalence of these cattle. DESIGN: Clinical trial and serologic survey. SAMPLE POPULATION: 2 cattle and 1,952 blood samples. PROCEDURE: A persistently infected cow in which virus could not be detected in serum was housed with a BVDV-seronegative steer. Blood and nasal swab specimens were tested via virus isolation and serum virus neutralization. Parallel WBC preparations and sera from blood samples of 1,952 adult cows were screened for BVDV by use of IPMA. RESULTS: The steer seroconverted to BVDV within 4 weeks of contact with the cow. Virus was detected in sera and WBC of 5 adult cows that were verified as persistently infected by retest 3 weeks later. Cattle persistently infected with BVDV in which virus could not be detected in both serum and WBC by use of IPMA were not found. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cattle persistently infected with BVDV in which virus cannot be detected in serum by use of IPMA may serve as virus reservoirs for infecting susceptible cattle. Persistent infection was detected at a prevalence of 0.26%. Screening adult cattle by use of IPMA on serum samples appears to be a reliable means of detecting persistent infection with BVDV. Prevalence of cattle persistently infected with BVDV that have negative results of IPMA on serum is extremely low. 相似文献
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Cattle persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus(BVDV) are a major source of infection to herds. To successfully control BVDV, it is necessary to identify and cull those cattle PI with BVDV. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a useful tool for sensitive and specific detection of BVDV antigens in infected cattle.Skin of cattle PI with BVDV is one of the tissues where BVDV can be consistently identified by IHC and is readily accessible for sampling. Use of IHC on skin biopsies (in the form of ear notches)as a method to identify cattle PI with BVDV has resulted in a reliable, affordable technique for mass testing of cattle at an early age without maternal antibody interference. The ability to test large numbers of cattle to identify those Pl with BVDV will enable implementation of programs for control and eventual eradication of BVDV. 相似文献
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AIM: To assess the ability of two commercial bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus (BVDV) antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to detect virus in serum and skin biopsies. METHODS: Thirty cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV were identified using routine diagnostic laboratory testing. Additional ear-notch skin biopsies and blood samples were collected from these animals to confirm the diagnosis, and from 246 cohorts, to determine their BVDV status. Skin biopsies were soaked overnight in buffer and the eluate collected. All sera and eluate were tested using two commercially available ELISAs for detecting BVDV antigen, and a subsample of positive and negative sera was tested using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. A study was also performed to ascertain the risk of cross contamination occurring during the collection and processing of skin biopsies. RESULTS: Both serum and skin samples tested using either ELISA resulted in the detection of all cattle identified as PI and no non-infected cattle were incorrectly classified as infected using either method. Agreement between all assays (ELISAs, whether performed on serum or skin, and PCR) was 100%. No cross-contamination of skin samples between animals was evident using routine biopsy methods. CONCLUSIONS: Viraemic cattle infected with BVDV were accurately identified using either of the two commercial ELISAs evaluated on either serum or skin samples. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Either skin biopsies or serum samples can be collected from cattle to determine their BVDV status. This should overcome problems in accurately identifying the infection status of young calves in which colostral antibodies might interfere with the antigen-capture ELISA. 相似文献
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Colleen Duncan Julia Ridpath Mitchell V Palmer Elizabeth Driskell Terry Spraker 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2008,20(3):289-296
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen of domestic cattle. Serologic, experimental, and individual case studies explored the presence and pathogenesis of the virus in wild ungulates; however, there remain large gaps in knowledge regarding BVDV infection in nonbovine species. Live twins were born from a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) doe infected with noncytopathic BVDV during its first trimester of pregnancy. The twins died at 1 day of age from trauma unrelated to the infection, and tissues were collected for histologic and immunohistochemical examination. The most significant histologic abnormality was diffuse depletion of B-lymphocytes in both fawns. The BVDV antigen was distributed widely throughout many tissues and cell types, most notably epithelium and vascular endothelium, consistent with that reported in cattle. In contrast to cattle, lymphocytes exhibited only very rare positive staining. 相似文献
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Radhwane Saidi Amina Bessas Idir Bitam Yaşar Ergün Veysel Soydal Ataseven 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(3):561-564
This study was performed to investigate the presence of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in dromedary camels (Camelus dromaderius) kept in mixed herds with sheep and goats in Algeria, since the prevalence of BHV-1, BVDV, and BLV infections among dromedary camels in Algeria is unknown. Totally, 111 camel sera were collected from two provinces (Laghouat and Ghardaia) in Algeria. The sera were analyzed for BHV-1 specific antibodies, BVDV specific antibodies and BVDV antigen using the ELISA, and BLV nucleic acid using PCR. The seropositivity rate was 9.0% for BVDV-specific antibody, although 41.4% of camels tested were positive for BVDV antigen. Moreover, there was no evidence of BHV-1 and BLV infections. The results indicated that camels might represent an important source for BVDV infection in all ruminants, including cattle, sheep, and goats bred in mixed herds in Algeria, since they had a higher BVDV prevalence rates. Therefore, the prevention and control measures for BVDV infection should put in place in camel populations to limit the spread of BVDV infection to ruminant populations in Algeria. 相似文献
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Following several clinical cases of suspected bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) on three Namibian cattle farms, a serological survey was conducted on bovine, ovine, caprine and wild ruminant sera originating from different regions of the country. Neutralizing antibodies to BVD virus (BVDV) were detected in 58% of 1,014 cattle sera, 14% of 618 sheep sera and 4.6% of 1,118 goat sera. Sera from seven of ten wildlife species were positive with kudu, eland and giraffe having prevalence rates greater than 40%. BVDV was isolated from six clinically affected bovines and three healthy heifers persistently infected with BVDV. The survey demonstrated that pestivirus infections are widespread in Namibia in both domestic and wild ruminants. 相似文献
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Multiple diagnostic tests to identify cattle with Bovine viral diarrhea virus and duration of positive test results in persistently infected cattle 
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下载免费PDF全文 Robert W. Fulton Bill E. Hessman Julia F. Ridpath Bill J. Johnson Lurinda J. Burge Sanjay Kapil Barbara Braziel Kira Kautz Amy Reck 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2009,73(2):117-124
Several tests for Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were applied to samples collected monthly from December 20, 2005, through November 27, 2006 (day 0 to day 342) from 12 persistently infected (PI) cattle with BVDV subtypes found in US cattle: BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, and BVDV-2a. The samples included clotted blood for serum, nasal swabs, and fresh and formalin-fixed ear notches. The tests were as follows: titration of infectious virus in serum and nasal swabs; antigen-capture (AC) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or ACE, on serum, nasal swabs, and fresh ear notches; gel-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of serum, nasal swabs, and fresh ear notches; immunohistochemical (IHC) testing of formalin-fixed ear notches; and serologic testing for BVDV antibodies in serum. Of the 12 animals starting the study, 3 died with mucosal disease. The ACE and IHC tests on ear notches had positive results throughout the study, as did the ACE and PCR tests on serum. There was detectable virus in nasal swabs from all the cattle throughout the study except for a few samples that were toxic to cell cultures. The serum had a virus titer ≥ log10 1.60 in all samples from all the cattle except for 3 collections from 1 animal. Although there were several equivocal results, the PCR test most often had positive results. The BVDV antibodies were due to vaccination or exposure to heterologous strains and did not appear to interfere with any BVDV test. These findings illustrate that PI cattle may be identified by several tests, but differentiation of PI cattle from cattle with acute BVDV infection requires additional testing, especially of blood samples and nasal swabs positive on initial testing. Also, calves PI with BVDV are continual shedders of infectious virus, as shown by the infectivity of nasal swabs over the 11-mo study. 相似文献
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The specificity of the humoral IgG response of cattle naturally or experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was studied by radioimmunoprecipitation. Serum samples were tested against radiolabeled lysates of cells infected with cytopathic and noncytopathic biotypes of BVDV. A biotype-specific serologic marker was not detected. The specificity of the IgG induced in cows naturally or experimentally infected with either BVDV biotype was essentially the same. A strong IgG response to the 2 glycoproteins (56 to 58 kilodaltons, [kD] and 48 kD) of both biotypes and to the major polypeptides was induced in infected cells: 118 kD and 80 kD by cytopathic BVDV and only 118 kD by noncytopathic BVDV. The most consistent difference among cattle was the presence of IgG specific for the 37-kD polypeptide. Sequential serum sample collection after spontaneous and induced infections with either BVDV biotype did not indicate specific IgG markers for determining infection history. Sera from cattle with a confirmed diagnosis of mucosal disease and lacking neutralizing antibodies to BVDV usually lacked (greater than 80%) nonneutralizing BVDV-specific IgG. One animal had substantial amounts of IgG to the 80-kD polypeptide. Other cattle had less readily detectable amounts of IgG specific for 80-kD or 37-kD viral polypeptides. 相似文献
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When six cattle persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) were inoculated with lymphocytes infected with bovine leukosis virus (BLV), a depressed antibody response to BLV was observed by ELISA which was due to a decrease in IgG1 synthesis. The ELISA was more sensitive and more reliable than the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test in detecting BLV infection in cattle persistently infected with BVDV. Decreased antibody responses were manifested in the AGID test by negative, inconclusive or weakly positive reactions: only two of the six cattle developed antibodies that generated positive AGID reactions. 相似文献
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Gripshover EM Givens MD Ridpath JF Brock KV Whitley EM Sartin EA 《Veterinary microbiology》2007,125(1-2):11-21
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) affects cattle populations causing clinical signs that range from subclinical immunosuppression to severe reproductive and respiratory problems. Detection and removal of persistently infected (PI) calves is the single most important factor for control and eradication of BVDV. Current testing strategies to detect PI calves rely heavily on immunohistochemistry (IHC) and a commercially available antigen capture ELISA (ACE) assay. These viral assays depend on 1 or 2 monoclonal antibodies which target the E(rns) glycoprotein of BVDV. The sensitivity and specificity of these two tests have been reported previously. The purpose of this research was to characterize a strain of BVDV (AU501) that was undetectable using IHC and ACE based on a single monoclonal antibody, but was consistently detected in samples from a Holstein steer using virus isolation and PCR testing. Sequencing of this AU501 viral isolate revealed a unique mutation in the portion of the genome coding for the E(rns) glycoprotein. This unique field strain of BVDV demonstrates the risk of relying on a single monoclonal antibody for detection of BVDV. Multiple testing strategies, including polyclonal or pooled monoclonal antibodies that detect more than one viral glycoprotein may be necessary to detect all PI calves and facilitate eradication of BVDV. 相似文献