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1.
矮败型广亲和粳稻不育系的遗传改良及生物学特性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从粳稻不育系遗传改良方法研究的角度,介绍了广亲和粳稻不育系矮败型春江95A的选育经过,并以矮败型春江95A及其同核异质不育系滇Ⅰ型春江95A等为试验材料,开展相关生物学特性研究。结果表明,矮败型春江95A属偏粳型不育系,花粉败育类型以典败为主,育性稳定性明显好于染败型粳稻不育系,矮败型春江95A具有柱头外露率高、开花习性良好、异交结实率高和广亲和性好等特点,其可恢复性不同于染败型粳稻不育系。另外,还对典败型粳稻不育系的遗传改良及其杂种优势的应用前景进行了讨论。 相似文献
2.
《杂交水稻》2016,(5):70-74
通过选育2套同核异质不育系(95122A和陵风A)及与10个对HL型粳稻不育系具有不同恢复力的BT型恢复系测交鉴定的方法,对江苏省农业科学院育成的BT型粳稻不育系95122A的花粉败育特征及可恢复性进行了比较研究。结果表明,该BT型95122A在花粉败育特征及可恢复性上与HL型95122A有明显差异,其确为BT型不育系。BT型95122A花粉以圆败为主,有一小部分浅染花粉,而BT型陵风A基本上都是染败花粉,且绝大部分为深染花粉。BT型95122A与各参试恢复系配制的杂种F1的小穗育性与BT型陵风A配制的杂种F1无明显差异,说明花粉败育特征的改变没有影响不育系的可恢复性。 相似文献
3.
密阳46——一个较理想的新恢复系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
密阳46系籼型杂交稻的强优势恢复系,不论与野败型或矮败型等不育系配组,均表现有较强的恢复力和较好的配合力。中国水稻研究所于1983年秋以矮败型协青早不育系与密阳46测配选育而成的协优46,比汕优6号显著增产。1985年和1986年6个鉴定点平均亩产485.8公斤,比汕优6号亩产453.1公斤增产7.22%,经方差分析达极显著水准。 相似文献
4.
影响甘蓝型油菜每角粒数因素分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为培育高角粒数的油菜品种，研究每角粒数种子（或胚珠）败育对每角果粒数的影响，选取36份双单倍体（DH）材料，采用自然开放和强制自交、杂交、辅助人工授粉等4种处理方式，分别调查各处理中初花时胚珠数和成熟风干角果中正常成熟籽粒和败育种子的数量与形态变化，探寻种子（或胚珠）败育发生原因。结果发现：材料的初始胚珠数为23.05~36.15个，差异极显著。种子成熟后，每角粒数为平均16.80；胚珠数与每角粒数间的相关系数为0.77**；各材料每角粒数占初始胚珠数的百分比为平均56.19%，近44.00%的胚珠在种子发育过程中会发生败育；胚珠数与每角粒数呈正相关；败育是导致每角粒数减少的主要原因。不同材料胚珠数不同，胚珠数与材料基因型有关，败育比率也与材料基因型有关。根据胚珠的直径可将败育类型划分为3种：a类型（直径小于0.1mm）、b类型（直径0.1~1.0mm）、c类型(胚败育)。3种败育类型在36个参试材料和4种试验处理中均有发生，前两种类型败育是胚珠（或种子）败育的主要类型，平均发生概率分别为19.34%和7.91%，胚败育发生概率较低，仅为1.54%。胚珠（或种子）败育现象普遍存在于甘蓝型油菜种子发育过程中，原因可能与花粉和柱头发育、花粉与柱头识别、受精以及胚初期发育异常相关；胚败育可能与胚发育停滞有关。 相似文献
5.
新质源东乡野生稻胞质不育系的选育与利用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以东乡野生稻为母本与栽培稻品种杂交、复交,在其后代中分离出雄性不育株,再与栽培稻品种连续回交,经多代核置换,转育成无花粉型(或花粉稀少型)和有花粉型两种不同类型不育系。其中无花粉型表现花药瘦小、白色、部分畸形呈钩状,仅含稀少典败花粉,与野败型恢复系测交F1代完全不育,与其近缘恢复材料测交,虽提高了恢复度,但无杂种优势,如东B51A、东培A、东R4005A、东3037A;有花粉型表现花药较肥大、淡黄色、水渍状,染色镜检典败花粉多,圆败很少,恢复谱较广,如东B11A。东B11A已通过技术鉴定和江西省品种审定,并通过广泛测交筛选出东B11A/752、东B11A/C218、东B11A/Txz13等新组合,其中东B11A/Txz13已于2005年通过江西省品种审定,定名为先农40号(赣审稻2005026)。 相似文献
6.
对于育性恢复基因的地理分布,在粳杂优上,石岭行男曾对日本地方品种进行过研究。我国的洪德林等对BT型,滇型、L型,印野型和野败型五种质源的粳稻雄性不育系的育性恢复基因也进行过研究。在籼杂优上,苏泽胜等认为:某些安徽籼型水稻地方品种对野败不育系有一定的恢复能力。在雄性不育细胞质地理分布研究方面,H、I、OKa博士认为:亚洲、美洲存在有O.perennis的雄性不育细胞质,而非洲和大洋洲则不存在。然而,对籼型野败不育系育性恢复基因及不育胞质地理分布还没有进行过系统的研究;在野败籼型水稻杂种优势利用中,目前 相似文献
7.
同核异质粳稻不育系特性比较 总被引：17，自引：6，他引：17
对由粳稻品种苏秋、六千辛转育成的2套同核异质不育系的不育性、可恢复性、开花习性及异交特性进行了鉴定，结果表明：1）BT型、HL型不育系花粉以染败为主，WA型不育系花粉以典败为主；BT型苏秋A和BT型六千辛A分别有0.06%和3.72%的自交结实率，不育性最不稳定。2）不育系的花粉败育程度影响穗颈伸出剑叶叶鞘的长度，败育越彻底，穗伸出度越短。3）BT型不育系的花时、花期与保持系最为接近；HL型不育系花时稍有滞后，花期相仿；WA型不育系花时明显滞后，花期明显拉长，开花不集中。4）BT型、HL型不育系的异交结实率无显著差异,但明显高于WA型不育系。5）BT型不育系的可恢复性最好，HL型不育系次之，WA型不育系最难恢复。提出了用HL型不育系部分替代BT型不育系的设想，以解决目前生产上杂交粳稻BT型不育系不育性不够稳定及细胞质单一的问题。 相似文献
8.
三种甘蓝型油菜CMS花药发育研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
目的]确定三种甘蓝型油菜CMS花药发育败育时期和细胞学特征;比较它们的花粉活力和微粉率。[方法]以细胞质雄性不育系301A、212A与陕2A为材料,保持系中双2号作为对照,采用常规的石蜡组织切片技术,对三种甘蓝型细胞质雄性不育系油菜败育时期和败育特点进行细胞学研究;花粉活力测定用醋酸洋红染色观察法。 [结果] 不育系301A、212A与陕2A败育均发生在孢原细胞时期,在造孢细胞时期不能正常的形成药室,属于无花粉囊败育型;花粉活力分别为：81.7%、95.6%、100%;微粉率分别为：42.8%、42.8%、14.3%.[结论]新发现的细胞质雄性不育材料301A与212A、陕2A花药发育败育时期相同,败育特点相似;不育系301A的花粉活力和212A与陕2A比较起来差异较大、较低;不育系陕2A微粉率最低。 相似文献
9.
K型杂交水稻的选育与研究 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15
利用粳籼杂交后代出现的不育株作细胞质雄性不育供体，先后育成了Ｋ青Ａ、Ｋ１９Ａ和Ｋ１７Ａ等籼型不育系。育成的Ｋ型杂交水稻新组合已有５个通过四川省品种审定。初步研究发现，Ｋ型胞质对提高柱头外露率和开花累积率的作用明显优于ＷＡ型胞质；在可恢性及主要数量性状上的胞质效应与ＷＡ型和Ｄ型胞质差异较小。花药发育的细胞学显示Ｋ型不育系花粉败育发生在单核后期，少量花粉发生在二核期，败育花粉以典败为主。Ｋ１７Ａ和Ｋ青Ａ花药的酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶谱与汕Ａ存在差异。随机扩增多态性ＮＤＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）分析表明Ｋ型胞质与ＷＡ型和Ｄ型胞质的线粒体基因组存在组织结构差异。 相似文献
10.
F型小麦雄性不育系小孢子发育的细胞学观察 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为明确F型小麦雄性不育系雄性败育的细胞学机理,以西农979为对照,采用醋酸洋红染色制片等方法观察花粉母细胞减数分裂、小孢子发育过程及成熟花粉粒育性表现,并套袋自交,于成熟期统计结实率。结果发现,F型小麦雄性不育系仅有2.15%的花粉母细胞减数分裂Ⅱ异常,其余绝大多数花粉母细胞减数分裂正常,但小孢子由单核期进入二核期后,生殖核和营养核先后降解,导致无核小孢子的出现,其比率为77.04%。成熟花粉粒经1% I2-KI染色后显示异常的花粉粒比率高达94.8%,其中包括圆败、典败和染败类型,但以染败型为主。F型小麦雄性不育系套袋自交结实率为2.5%。上述三方面的研究结果彼此相符,据此认为,小孢子由单核期进入二核期后,生殖核和营养核先后降解导致无核小孢子的产生是F型小麦雄性不育系雄性败育的主要细胞学原因。 相似文献
11.
12.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
13.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
14.
Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.
The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).
The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors. 相似文献
15.
Yanhua Lu Chongwei Zhang Peter Bucheli Dongzhi Wei 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(2):55-63
Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China. 相似文献
16.
Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive.
Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated
seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk.
Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than
in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d. 相似文献
17.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):379-400
Summary Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems. 相似文献
18.
Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Youna Hemery Marc Chaurand Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Vieno Piironen Abdelkrim Sadoudi Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding. 相似文献
19.
Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant. 相似文献
20.
Summary
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato
plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani. 相似文献