共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 328 毫秒
1.
土壤氮循环功能基因广泛地参与包括固氮、氨化以及硝化和反硝化作用等一系列生态过程,是氮素生物地球化学循环的关键组成部分,在很大程度上影响土壤生产力、全球环境变化以及碳中和可持续发展。近几十年来,分子生物学和微生态学技术的快速发展极大地促进了与土壤氮循环密切相关的功能基因以及其功能微生物群落特征等方面的研究。本研究利用检索自Web of Science数据库中2001—2020年期间土壤氮循环功能基因相关文献,结合R语言科学知识图谱分析方法,从发文量、高被引论文、高频关键词及历史直接引文等方面对土壤氮循环功能基因研究现状进行了系统分析,并总结了土壤氮循环功能基因领域的研究动态、热点和发展趋势。结果表明：1）应用分子生物学技术挖掘土壤氮循环相关微生物功能基因及群落结构探索土壤氮循环的微生物学机制,是当前土壤氮循环研究领域的热点及切入点。2）土壤氮循环功能基因研究主要集中于3个方面：(1)利用宏基因组学等技术对土壤氮循环相关的功能基因进行筛选、识别和注释,从而发现新的微生物功能基因序列、更新引物数据库等;(2)环境因子及管理措施对土壤氮循环相关微生物指标的影响;(3)利用功能基因丰度表征土壤氮... 相似文献
2.
为了探讨侵蚀条件下生物结皮对坡面土壤碳氮的影响,通过野外小区对比试验与室内分析相结合,研究有、无生物结皮坡面土壤有机质、全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮的分布特征。结果表明：生物结皮对坡面土壤碳氮积累具有重要意义,同一坡位下,土壤有机质、全氮和硝态氮含量在0～20cm剖面上均明显表现为生物结皮大于无结皮。总体来看,生物结皮对土壤碳氮的影响主要集中在0～10cm土层,与无结皮相比,土壤有机质、全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮平均储量分别增加了44.7%、18.2%、39.2%和4.33%。生物结皮能显著增加0～2和2～5cm土壤硝态氮含量（P<0.05）,这除了生物结皮对土壤养分的保蓄效应外,还可能与生物结皮向土壤释放硝态氮有关。由于铵态氮流失特征不同于硝态氮,加之生物结皮可能会利用或释放铵态氮,使生物结皮对其影响表现出无明显规律性。相关分析表明,土壤有机质与全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮均达到了极显著或显著的正相关关系（P<0.01或P<0.05）。综上所述,侵蚀环境下生物结皮发挥着重要的固土蓄肥功能,这对研究区退化生态系统的恢复和重建具有积极的意义。 相似文献
3.
黄土高原生物土壤结皮研究进展与展望 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
黄土高原是典型的生态脆弱敏感区和世界上水土流失最为严重的地区,也是当今我国生态恢复和生态文明建设的重点区域。生物土壤结皮是细菌、藻类、真菌和孢子植物与土壤颗粒胶结而成的有机复合体,是干旱半干旱地区地表系统的重要组成部分,它们对黄土高原的水土保护、养分积累和生态恢复具有重要的生态功能。本文论述了生物土壤结皮类型与演替过程;系统总结了黄土高原不同环境中生物结皮微生物和藓类的物种多样性、生态功能、人工生物结皮培养与生态恢复的研究进展与存在问题,最后从黄土高原生物结皮微生物多样性和功能群、生物结皮不同生物类群之间及其与种子植物的种间关系、生物结皮人工培养和生态恢复方面提出了研究建议与展望,以期对黄土高原生物结皮的相关研究提供参考。 相似文献
4.
增温对结皮土壤系统氮转化速率及微生物生物量碳氮与酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
探究增温对结皮土壤系统氮转化速率及微生物生物量碳氮与酶活性的影响,从不同水平（功能基因→微生物生物量→酶活性）揭示结皮土壤系统氮转化特征对增温的响应机制,为进一步认知未来气候变化背景下藓类结皮在土壤氮循环中的生态功能提供理论依据。以藓类结皮土壤为研究对象,采用野外培养原状土柱的方法,研究了温带荒漠生态系统藓类结皮土壤氮转化速率、微生物生物量、酶活性和功能基因对增温的响应。结果表明,增温和土壤类型对土壤净氮转化速率（净氨化速率、净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率）、酶活性（N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶和脲酶）、微生物生物量碳和氮转化功能基因（gdh、hao和amoA）丰度具有显著影响且两者间存在明显交互作用;此外,与对照相比,增温后藓类结皮土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率分别降低49.5%、63.2%和59.7%;土壤酶活性（N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶和脲酶）和微生物生物量碳氮均显著降低;除gdh基因外,增温显著抑制了藓类结皮土壤ureC、hao和amoA丰度;相同处理下,藓类结皮土壤净氮转化速率、酶活性、微生物生物量碳氮和氮转化功能基因丰度均显著高于无结皮土壤。综上,增温通过降低土壤酶活性、微生物生物量和功能基因丰度来抑制土壤氮转化过程,而藓类结皮的退化丧失了对土壤微环境的调节作用,进而加速了该过程。 相似文献
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土壤微生物在维持生态系统结构、功能和过程方面发挥着重要作用。为了解半干旱沙区生物结皮中微生物数量与土壤理化性质之间的关系,对毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘生物结皮及下层土壤(0—5和5—10 cm)微生物数量和理化性质进行了测定。结果表明:结皮层微生物数量大于结皮下层,结皮层微生物总数和细菌、放线菌、真菌数量随生物结皮的发育呈增加的趋势;结皮层细颗粒物含量高于结皮下层,结皮下层土壤中细颗粒物随生物结皮的发育呈增加的趋势;结皮层有机质、全氮和全磷含量大于结皮下层,结皮层有机质、全氮含量随生物结皮的发育呈先减少后增加的趋势,全磷含量随生物结皮的发育呈增加的趋势;微生物数量与土壤沙粒含量呈显著或极显著负相关关系,与粉粒、黏粒等细颗粒物和有机质、全氮、碱解氮等养分含量呈显著或极显著正相关关系,表明这些指标的变化能够敏感地指示微生物数量的变化。 相似文献
6.
陆地生态系统碳-氮-水循环的关键耦合过程及其生物调控机制探讨 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
陆地生态系统碳循环、氮循环和水循环是全球变化科学研究的三大主题,而陆地生态系统碳氮水耦合循环过程及其生物调控机制则是全球变化生态学研究的前沿性科学问题。目前,对陆地生态系统碳氮水耦合循环过程及其调控机制认识的不足是制约评估陆地增汇/减排效果,预测分析全球变化对生态系统生产力和固碳功能影响的瓶颈性问题。本文在综合分析陆地生态系统碳氮水循环的耦合过程基础上,论述了制约生态系统碳氮水循环空间格局耦联关系的生物地理学机制,制约典型生态系统碳氮水循环耦合关系的生物生理生态学机制,以及典型生态系统碳氮水耦合循环的关键生物物理和生物化学过程。重点评述了生态系统碳氮水耦合循环的主要过程及其生物调控机制研究进展,包括:(1)植物叶片冠层生物学过程和根系冠层生物学过程及其对生态系统碳氮水耦合循环控制机制,以及二者之间的关联与互作关系;(2)土壤微生物功能群网络及其对碳氮循环过程的影响;(3)生态系统碳氮水交换通量的时空变化规律,以及生态系统的生态化学计量学理论与实践。本文最后还简要介绍了国家基金委重大研究项目"森林生态系统碳氮水耦合循环的生物控制机制"的研究思路及其主要研究内容。期望能够通过这些探讨对推动我国该研究领域的基础理论建设和新技术发展有所贡献。 相似文献
7.
生物结皮是目前防沙治沙的一种重要措施。通过对国内外生物结皮研究的回顾,简要总结了生物结皮对荒漠地区土壤理化性质及植物的影响。生物结皮对其下层土壤的影响主要表现在土壤的机械组成、土壤盐分、土壤养分等方面。生物结皮具有明显的养分、盐分和细粒物质的聚集作用,对表层土壤发育有积极的意义。生物结皮及下部土壤细粒的增加,提高了土壤的吸湿性和持水性,但对降雨入渗的影响尚无定论。在生物结皮的发育过程中,其与维管植物萌发和定居间的关系也存在几种不同的观点。对生物结皮的研究是目前防沙治沙研究的一个重要领域,其对荒漠地区的土壤及植被某些方面的影响目前并未形成一致的结论,其形成机制、生物组成、演替规律、对后续植物定居的影响等,均是需要进一步深入研究的科学问题。 相似文献
8.
参与土壤氮素循环的微生物功能基因多样性研究进展 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：12
土壤氮素循环是生物地球化学循环的重要组成部分, 不但影响着土壤生产力和可持续发展, 还影响着全球环境变化.土壤微生物在土壤氮循环中发挥着不可替代的作用, 参与了包括固氮作用、氨化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用等重要生态过程.近十年中, 分子生物学技术的发展为从功能基因角度研究与土壤氮循环密切相关的微生物功能群结构、组成和丰度的变化提供了新的契机.本文综述了参与土壤氮循环的微生物功能基因多样性研究进展, 并展望了未来发展方向. 相似文献
9.
不同生境对人工结皮发育及表土氮、磷含量及其代谢酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤生物结皮对于改善荒漠地区的生态环境和土壤的增肥改良具有重要作用.本研究以库布齐沙漠固定沙丘(迎风坡、坡顶、背风坡和丘间地)披碱草和沙蒿群落下长期发育(8年生)的人工藻结皮为研究对象,测定不同生境下人工结皮对表层土壤氮、磷元素含量以及相关土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,在不同立地条件下,沙丘顶部结皮叶绿素a和土壤可溶磷含量最高,分别为4.24 mg/g和2.926 mg/kg.丘间地结皮层土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、总磷含量及脲酶活性为最高,迎风坡结皮生物量和土壤碱解氮、速效磷含量以及土壤酶活性明显高于背风坡结皮层土壤.在相同立地条件下,披碱草下结皮生物量、碱解氮、速效磷含量和脲酶及碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于沙蒿下的结皮土壤.本研究表明生境的差异性导致人工结皮发育程度不同,进而对表土氮、磷含量及其代谢酶产生不同影响,人工生物结皮的发育程度与表土氮磷素含量及其代谢酶活性之间存在显著相关性.不同植被群落对生物结皮发育具有不同的作用,披碱草对人工生物结皮影响的正效应高于沙蒿. 相似文献
10.
土壤原生生物是生活在土表凋落物和土壤中最原始、最简单的真核生物。原生生物的演化进程快,种类多样,至今尚没有统一的系统发育分类体系。种类众多的土壤原生生物拥有多样的生态功能,在控制细菌的生长繁殖和群落组成、改变土壤营养物质的循环、调控植物生长发育及土壤污染物的净化等方面发挥着重要作用。本文从形态结构、进化过程及生态功能等几个方面,对土壤原生生物的系统分类及其功能、地理分布和研究方法,及其与土壤微生物、植物之间的生态关系,对土壤环境的潜在影响等领域的研究进展进行了总结,并对土壤原生生物研究中存在的问题进行了展望。旨在深入理解土壤原生生物类群和功能的多样性及其维持机制,为深化土壤原生生物与微生物、植物间的相互关系研究提供依据,为开发新的土壤和植物病害的生物防治技术提供参考。 相似文献
11.
As vital components of desert systems, the roles of ants in arid ecological processes have been well documented, while little attention has been given to their effects on soil water. We conducted a six-year investigation in sand dune systems stabilized via revegetation, to explore the hydrological role of ants through comparing the influence of ant nests on rainfall infiltration in different-aged revegetated dunes. The presence of ant nests markedly enhanced infiltration due to weakening the rainfall interception by biological soil crusts (BSCs) in revegetated dunes. The distribution of ant nest was denser in older revegetated areas, due to better developed BSCs of later successional stages, compared to younger revegetated areas. Ants prefer later to early successional BSCs because the later lichen–moss dominated crusts were thicker and their surface was more stable than the early cyanobacteria dominated crusts. Conversely, the crustal rainfall interception was positively correlated with BSC thickness. These findings suggest that the occurrence of ant nests in older revegetated areas benefited to the planted shrubs with deeper root systems and maintain a relative constant cover of shrubs in artificial sand-binding vegetation following an increase in infiltration to deeper soil layers. 相似文献
12.
In arid and semi-arid regions, pioneer organisms form complex communities that penetrate the upper millimetres of the bare substrate, creating biological soil crusts (BSC). These thin crusts play a vital role in whole ecosystem functioning because they enrich bare surfaces with organic matter, initiate biogeochemical cycling of elements, modify hydrological cycles, etc., thus enabling the ground to be colonized by vascular plants. Various hydrolase enzymes involved in the carbon (cellulase, β-glucosidase and invertase activities), nitrogen (casein-protease and BAA-protease activities) and phosphorus (alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity) cycles were studied at three levels (crust, middle and deep layers) of three types of BSCs from the Tabernas Desert (SE Spain), representing an ecological gradient ranging from crusts predominated by cyanobacteria to crusts predominated by lichens (Diploschistes diacapsis, Lepraria crassissima). All enzyme activities were higher in all layers of all BSCs than in the bare substrate. The enzymes that hydrolyze low molecular weight substrates were more active than those that hydrolyze high molecular weight substrates (cellulase, casein-protease), highlighting the pioneering characteristics of the BSCs. The hydrolytic capacity developed in parallel to that of ecological succession, and the BSCs in which enzyme activity was highest were those under L. crassissima. The enzyme activity per unit of total organic C was extremely high; the highest values occurred in the BSCs formed by cyanobacteria and the lowest in those formed by lichens, which indicates the fundamental role that the primary colonizers (cyanobacteria) play in enriching the geological substrate with enzymes that enable degradation of organic remains and the establishment of more developed BSCs. The results of the study combine information on different enzyme activities and provide a clear vision of how biogeochemical cycles are established in BSCs, thus confirming the usefulness of enzyme assays as key tools for examining the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function in biological soil crusts. 相似文献
13.
人工生物土壤结皮特性及其集雨潜力的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探讨在太行山半干旱区利用人工土壤生物结皮进行集雨的潜力和可行性,以自然生长的生物土壤结皮为种子,通过培育建立人工土壤生物结皮和生物结皮集雨,对人工土壤生物结皮建成后土壤物理性状、渗透率的变化及人工生物结皮集雨面的集流效率进行了研究。结果表明,人工土壤生物结皮与自然生长的生物结皮一样,可显著改变土壤的颗粒组成,使0~1 cm表层土壤的小颗粒物质含量增加、大颗粒物质减少,但对0~5 cm的土壤容重影响不显著。对土壤入渗速率的测定结果表明,人工培育的土壤生物结皮具有降低入渗速率的作用,与自然土壤相比,生物结皮的土壤初始入渗速率和稳定入渗速率分别下降59.1%和44.4%,达到稳定入渗的加水量也减少50.0%。人工营建的生物结皮集雨面的平均集雨效率达60.86%,与自然土面相比,提高23.0%。对集雨面效益分析表明,生物结皮集雨面不仅具有较高的集雨效果,且使用年限较长,并具有明显的减少地表径流沉积物含量,提高土壤抗蚀性的作用。综上结果可以看出,人工土壤生物结皮是一种极具潜力的绿色环保型集雨材料。 相似文献
14.
枯枝落叶层是林地垂直结构中参与水文循环过程的重要作用层,在涵养水源和保持水土中发挥着重要作用。黄土高原经过20年植被快速恢复,枯落物覆盖使近地表植被特征和生态过程变化明显,这必将影响地表土壤水分入渗、产汇流等水文和土壤侵蚀过程。为全面掌握黄土高原地区林地枯枝落叶层的水土保持效应研究动态,系统回顾了林地枯枝落叶层在凋落动态、蓄积量变化、截留降雨、阻延地表径流、提高土壤抗蚀抗冲能力和增加土壤入渗等方面的研究历史。分析了目前林地枯枝落叶层研究中存在的若干问题,提出未来黄土高原地区应加强野外坡面枯落物原位长期监测和降雨试验研究,开展多地貌、多尺度研究,关注天然林和人工林枯枝落叶层水土保持功能的对比研究,以及水文物理过程模型建立和参数确定,并重视林地枯枝落叶层的保护和监管。 相似文献
15.
Water and nutrients are scarce resources in arid and semiarid ecosystems. In these regions, biological soil crusts (BSCs) occupy a large part of the soil surface in the open spaces surrounding patches of vegetation. BSCs affect physicochemical soil properties, such as aggregate stability, water retention, organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) content, associated with primary ecosystem processes like water availability and soil fertility. However, the way BSCs modify soil surface and subsurface properties greatly depends on the type of BSC. We hypothesised that physicochemical properties of soil crusts and of their underlying soils would improve with crust development stage. Physicochemical properties of various types of soil crusts (physical crusts and several BSC development stages) and of the underlying soil (soil layers 0–1 cm and 1–5 cm underneath the crusts) in two semiarid areas in SE Spain were analysed. The properties that differed significantly depending on crust development stage were aggregate stability, water content (WC) (at −33 kPa and −1500 kPa), OC and N content. Aggregate stability was higher under well-developed BSCs (cyanobacterial, lichen and moss crusts) than under physical crusts or incipient BSCs. WC, OC and N content significantly increased in the crust and its underlying soil with crust development, especially in the first centimetre of soil underneath the crust. Our results highlight the significant role of BSCs in water availability, soil stability and soil fertility in semiarid areas. 相似文献
16.
Sara König Ulrich Weller Bibiana Betancur-Corredor Birgit Lang Thomas Reitz Martin Wiesmeier Ute Wollschläger Hans-Jörg Vogel 《European Journal of Soil Science》2023,74(5):e13411
The increasing demand for biomass for food, animal feed, fibre and bioenergy requires optimization of soil productivity, while at the same time, protecting other soil functions such as nutrient cycling and buffering, carbon storage, habitat for biological activity and water filter and storage. Therefore, one of the main challenges for sustainable agriculture is to produce high yields while maintaining all the other soil functions. Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool to fully understand and predict the complex interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes of soils that generate those functions. We developed a soil model to simulate the impact of various agricultural management options and climate change on soil functions by integrating the relevant processes mechanistically and in a systemic way. As a special feature, we include the dynamics of soil structure induced by tillage and biological activity, which is especially relevant in arable soils. The model operates on a 1D soil profile consisting of a number of discrete layers with dynamic thickness. We demonstrate the model performance by simulating crop growth, root growth, nutrient and water uptake, nitrogen cycling, soil organic matter turnover, microbial activity, water distribution and soil structure dynamics in a long-term field experiment including different crops and different types and levels of fertilization. The model is able to capture essential features that are measured regularly including crop yield, soil organic carbon, and soil nitrogen. In this way, the plausibility of the implemented processes and their interactions is confirmed. Furthermore, we present the results of explorative simulations comparing scenarios with and without tillage events to analyse the effect of soil structure on soil functions. Since the model is process-based, we are confident that the model can also be used to predict quantities that have not been measured or to estimate the effect of management measures and climate states not yet been observed. The model thus has the potential to predict the site-specific impact of management decisions on soil functions, which is of great importance for the development of a sustainable agriculture that is currently also on the agenda of the ‘Green Deal’ at the European level. 相似文献
17.
S. Chamizo A. Stevens Y. Cantón I. Miralles F. Domingo B. Van Wesemael 《European Journal of Soil Science》2012,63(1):42-53
Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are increasingly recognized as common features in arid and semiarid ecosystems and play an important role in the hydrological and ecological functioning of these ecosystems. However, BSCs are very vulnerable to, in particular, human disturbance. This results in a complex spatial pattern of BSCs in various stages of development. Such patterns, to a large extent, determine runoff and erosion processes in arid and semiarid ecosystems. In recent years, visible and near infrared (Vis‐NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has been used for large‐scale mapping of the distribution of BSCs. Our goals were (i) to demonstrate the efficiency of Vis‐NIR spectroscopy in discriminating vegetation, physical soil crusts, various developmental stages of BSCs, and various types of disturbance on BSCs and (ii) to develop a classification system for these types of ground cover based on Vis‐NIR spectroscopy. Spectral measurements were taken of vegetation, physical crusts and various types of BSCs prior to, and following, trampling or removal with a scraper in two semiarid areas in SE Spain. The main spectral differences were: (i) absorption by water at about 1450 nm, more intense in the spectra of vegetation than in those of physical crusts or BSCs, (ii) absorption features at about 500 and 680 nm for the BSCs, which were absent or very weak for physical crusts, (iii) a shallower slope between about 750 and 980 nm for physical crusts and early‐successional BSCs than for later‐successional BSCs and (iv) a steeper slope between about 680 and 750 nm for the most developed BSCs. A partial least squares regression‐linear discriminant analysis of the spectral data resulted in a reliable classification (Kappa coefficients over 0.90) of the various types of ground cover and types of BSC disturbance. The distinctive spectral features of vegetation, physical crusts and the various developmental stages of BSCs were used to develop a classification system. This will be a promising tool for mapping BSCs with hyperspectral remote sensing. 相似文献
18.
在不同规模实验条件下对中国亚热带东南地区水运动过程和土壤侵蚀进行研究的方法模型 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This paper introduces and illustrates the concepts of geoecological process combinations and geographical or landscape dimensions by outlining the methodology of a Sino-German cooperative project in Southeast China and presents the first results of the modelling process for the catchment scale. The project equipped a catchment in subtropical Southeast China from plot scale to catchment scale in order to study the hydrological and soil erosion processes. Distinct spatial differences in principal water and soil material fluxes were quantified. Deep drainage peaks occurred in May, June and July and even in August and November. Measurements in erosion plots as well as sedimentary deposits revealed that there was soil erosion connected with overland flow. Consistent with the results from the regular catenary variations of soil colors, textural stratification and hydrograph analysis, there was also a clear indication of interflow from measured soil moisture data. The experimental set up has the potential to further deepen the understanding of small-scale processes involved in lateral water fluxes and soil erosion. The expected results and interpretations will lead to a further integration of the collected data. In the future, to understand matter transfer in and between landscape ecological units, agricultural influence on nutrient status and flux data will be incorporated. 相似文献
19.
铜尾矿生物结皮的生物固氮及其影响因素研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在铜尾矿生态系统自然恢复过程中,生物结皮广泛存在并成为尾矿生态系统演替早期的重要阶段。本文采用乙炔原位还原法对藻类结皮、藻藓混合结皮和藓类结皮的生物固氮特征进行了系统研究。结果表明:(1)生物结皮显著提高了铜尾矿总氮含量,同时降低了铜的含量。(2)不同类型生物结皮的固氮能力差别较大,其中藻藓混合结皮的生物固氮量最高,在N 4.36～30.39 kg hm2 a–1之间;藻类结皮和藓类结皮的固氮量分别为N 1.32～8.78、0～16.34 kg hm2 a–1。(3)生物固氮能力随季节变化明显,夏季的生物固氮量最高,春季次之,秋冬季节相对较低。(4)铜尾矿基质pH、NH4+-N和水溶性有机碳(WSOC)等与生物固氮量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),而土壤容重、NO3--N和总铜等与生物固氮量呈显著负相关(p<0.05)。 相似文献