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1.
This study examined an ‘invasional meltdown’, where the invasion of a Midwestern woodland by an exotic shrub (Rhamnus cathartica L.P. Mill) and the invasion by Eurasian earthworms facilitated one another. Using a litterbag approach, we examined mass loss of four substrates (R. cathartica, Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra, and Quercus alba) along a gradient of Eurasian earthworm density and biomass throughout a 40.5 ha oak woodland in Glencoe, Illinois. Earthworm densities and biomass were greatest in patches where R. cathartica prevailed, and populations were lowest in an upland forest subcommunity within the woodland. At each of three points along this earthworm gradient, we placed replicated litterbags constructed either to permit or to deny access to the litter by earthworms. The treatments were, therefore, plot treatments (low, medium and high earthworm density and biomass) and litterbag treatments (earthworm access and earthworm excluded). We found that earthworms promoted a very rapid loss of litter from R. cathartica bags. Within 3 months greater than 90% of this litter was lost from the litterbags. Earthworm impacts on other substrates followed the sequence A. saccharum>Q. alba=Q. rubra. Effects of both litterbag and plot treatments were found within 3 months for A. saccharum but Quercus species were affected only after a year. We propose that the impact of earthworms on litter breakdown creates conditions that promote and sustain invasion by R. cathartica. Previous work has demonstrated that R. cathartica may alter soil properties in a way that promotes and sustains invasion by earthworms. These findings have implications for the restoration management of these systems, since the legacy of R. cathartica on soil properties and earthworm populations may persist even after the plant has been physically removed.  相似文献   

2.
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3.
The genetic structure of Azospirillum amazonense populations isolated from the rhizosphere soil and washed and surface-sterilised roots of rice, maize and sorghum plants, cropped simultaneously in two different soils (clay loam and sandy loam) was characterised. Genetic diversity was measured by restriction fragment length polymorphism of the amplified 16S–23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (RISA-RFLP) and cluster analysis. Four genetically distinct clusters of isolates were observed with 78% similarity, suggesting that the A. amazonense population was heterogeneous at the strain level regardless of the soil type or host plant. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated that the host plant had a highly significant selective effect on the genetic structure of this species, especially on those isolates intimately associated with them, but also to a lesser extent on isolates from the rhizosphere and washed roots. The soil type also had a highly significant selective effect on A. amazonense genetic diversity, especially for those isolates from the rhizosphere soil. The selective effect of the soil type combined with that of the host plant suggests that environmental factors, such as soil texture and composition of exudates provided by C3 or C4 plants, play major roles in the overall genetic structure of A. amazonense populations associated with these cereals.  相似文献   

4.
Local-scale heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of soil nutrients promotes a suite of physiological and morphological responses in plants. These responses influence the competitive ability of plants within communities and potentially plant primary productivity. There is a growing appreciation then for the need to study factors that may modulate these plant responses to soil nutrient heterogeneity. Soil fauna are potentially one such modulating factor. For example, through impacts on organic matter decomposition and distribution they may directly modify nutrient patches and therefore the stimulus plants are responding to. In addition they may modify plant root mass and architecture through processes such as herbivory, potentially altering the outcome of a plant's response to a nutrient patch. Using grassland microcosms, consisting of a multi-species plant assemblage, multiple soil horizons and a speciose soil biota, we tested whether soil faunal assemblage composition might modulate plant responses to nutrient patches represented by litterbags. We show that root proliferation into a nutrient patch, a variable which is positively related to a plant's success under conditions of interspecific competition in a nutrient-limited environment, is reduced by the presence of mesofauna, and even more so by the presence of mesofauna together with macrofauna. Reductions in this proliferation response when mesofauna were present without macrofauna appeared to be a function of reduced root density. When macrofauna were included, reduced root density, and higher rates of litter patch disappearance, together contributed to the reduction in proliferation but additional mechanisms must also have played a role. Our results suggest that the effects and interactions generated by soil fauna need to be explicitly considered in analyses of how plants forage for nutrients in a patchy environment.  相似文献   

5.
The aim of this study was to test the relative importance of changes in density and species richness of soil mesofauna as determinants of nutrient mineralisation and plant growth. The experiment was carried out using microcosms containing a mixture of plant litter and soil in which seedlings of Lolium perenne were planted, and a range of combinations of levels of density and species richness of microarthropods added. Over the duration of the experiment, nutrient release, measured as concentrations of NO3 --N and total N in leachates, increased significantly with increasing microarthropod density, but decreased with increasing species richness. Leachate concentrations of NH4 +-N, dissolved organic N and C (DON and DOC) were not affected by the faunal treatments. Soil respiration, a measure of microbial activity, decreased with increasing density of microarthropods, whereas microbial biomass was not affected by microarthropods. Increasing density of soil animals had a negative effect on the shoot biomass of L. perenne while the effect of species richness was positive. Neither the species richness nor density of soil microarthropods was found to significantly influence root biomass. We conclude that variations in animal density had a greater influence on soil nutrient mineralisation processes than did species richness. Possible reasons for these opposing effects of animal density and diversity on soil N mobilization are discussed.  相似文献   

6.
Diversity of plant species and the species composition (identity) are known to influence below-ground diversity. In this paper we examine the effects of plant species diversity (richness and evenness), rates of nitrogen application and planting density, on earthworm community structure in grassland. The study was carried out at three sites in Ireland using a Simplex experimental design to define the compositions of the experimental plant communities used.A negative relationship was detected between diversity (evenness) of plant species and diversity of earthworms in the soils. However, plant species identity also affected the structure of the earthworm assemblage. In particular, the legume, Trifolium repens had a strong effect but this was conditional on the rate of nitrogen application. No earthworm species favoured communities dominated by slow growing grasses (Phleum pratense and Dactylis glomerata) (P = 0.02).Higher N inputs reduced earthworm abundance and biomass under T. repens. Earthworm richness, was negatively influenced by elevated amounts of N inputs. No effect of planting density was detected but this factor also did not affect plant biomass production.  相似文献   

7.
对3种密度大叶相思人工林的林下植物和土壤特性进行了研究.结果表明,大叶相思人工林林下植物的总覆盖度为:低密度林分(1 667株/hm2)＞中密度林分(4 444株/hm2)＞高密度林分(10 000株/hm2).林下植物总生物量呈现:低密度林分＞中密度林分＞高密度林分,低密度林分的灌木生物量最高,中密度林分的草本生物量最高.低、中、高密度林分的林下灌木层的Simpson多样性指数分别为0.679,0.935和0.708,草本层分别为0.837,0.678和0.789;灌木层的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为1.657,0.535和1.171,草本层分别为0.904,1.228和1.064;灌木层的Pielou均匀度指数分别为0.691,0.333和0.654,草本层的分别为0.504,0.886和0.594.除有效P外,低密度和中密度林分的土壤特性优于高密度林分.  相似文献   

8.
张坤  孙仕仙  石傲傲  郑毅 《核农学报》2022,36(9):1887-1895
为探究不同湿地植物配置对扑草净的去除效果,设置香根草和菖蒲生物量比例为1∶2、1∶1、2∶1及香根草和菖蒲单独种植共5个处理,以未种植植物的水体为对照,测定5 mg·L-1扑草净处理5、10、15、20、25、30 d时水体和植物体内的扑草净含量,并与单一植物处理相比较,分析不同植物搭配处理对扑草净的吸收去除效果。结果表明,3种不同生物量配置处理下水体中的扑草净含量均显著低于对照和单一植物的水体;从第5天开始,2种植物搭配处理的水体中扑草净的含量已开始低于单一植物的水体;第20天时,香根草和菖蒲生物量比为2∶1的处理水体中扑草净去除率达89.6%,残留的扑草净含量仅为0.52 mg·L-1,显著低于其他处理。香根草对扑草净的吸收能力优于菖蒲,以香根草为优势植物(生物量大)时对扑草净的吸收效果优于以菖蒲为优势植物的处理。综上所述,2种湿地植物搭配对扑草净的吸收和净化效果优于单一植物,其中香根草和菖蒲生物量比为2∶1的处理效果最佳。本研究为深入挖掘湿地植物对水体污染物的净化潜力提供了理论参考。  相似文献   

9.
杨秉珣  刘泉  王彬 《水土保持研究》2016,23(6):45-51,58
基于2013—2015年对嘉陵江流域中游（四川段）不同植被类型（混交林、草甸、针叶林、阔叶林、灌丛和裸地）多样性和土壤生境的调查分析数据,采用相关分析法和群落排序法研究不同植被类型土壤养分和酶活性分布特征及其与植被多样性之间的关系。结果表明:嘉陵江流域不同植被多样性指数、丰富度指数、优势度指数和植被盖度基本表现为乔木林>灌木林>草甸>裸地,裸地显著低于其他植被类型（p < 0.05）。嘉陵江流域除了裸地和灌丛,其他植被类型土壤pH值均显酸性,pH值与土壤容重变化趋势相一致,基本表现为:裸地>灌木林>乔木林>草甸,裸地显著高于其他植被类型（p < 0.05）。嘉陵江流域土壤养分、有效养分含量和酶活性基本表现为乔木林>灌木林>草甸>裸地,裸地显著低于其他植被类型（p < 0.05）。相关性分析表明:植被多样性与土壤养分和酶活性密切相关,是造成不同植被类型土壤养分差异的重要原因,土壤养分和酶活性在一定程度上决定了植被丰富度和多样性指数,土壤理化性质在一定程度上决定了植被优势度指数,而土壤全碳和全氮在一定程度上决定了植被盖度。冗余分析结果显示丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数和植被盖度之间均呈正相关,与土壤养分和酶活性呈正相关,与pH值和土壤容重呈负相关,这与相关分析的结果相一致。  相似文献   

10.
大兴安岭不同冻土带土壤动物生态地理研究   总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15  
张雪萍  张武  曹会聪 《土壤学报》2006,43(6):996-1003
2003年6月、8月、10月对大兴安岭不同冻土带选择沼泽、柳丛、耕地、次生林群落进行土壤动物调查，共获土壤动物39225只，隶属于4门8纲24目。由对大型、中小型及湿生三类土壤动物的数量分析可知，三类土壤动物数量的变化在群落间并不总是成正相关的关系。水平分布调查表明，中小型土壤动物的个体数量和类群数量从岛状冻土带到连续多年冻土带逐渐减少，该分布与土壤动物分布的一般规律（土壤动物分布通常符合纬度地带性分布规律，即由低纬向高纬逐渐减少）一致，但大型土壤动物的个体数量、类群数和生物量基本上从岛状冻土带到连续多年冻土带逐渐增加（即由低纬向高纬逐渐增加），湿生动物的数量也如此分布，这与土壤动物分布的一般规律不一致甚至相悖，这一特点表现出生态系统局部-区域相互关系的复杂性；土壤动物的类群数、个体数量与土壤有机质、全氮的含量呈明显的正相关；垂直分布调查表明，中小型土壤动物的个体数量和类群数量分布表现出明显的表聚性，但大型土壤动物的个体数量与生物量最大值出现在第二层；土壤动物多样性分析表明，中小型土壤动物的多样性指数从岛状冻土带到连续多年冻土带逐渐减小，而大型土壤动物的多样性指数在不同冻土带间的变化规律不明显。  相似文献   

11.
Gradients in stressed areas potentially provide a powerful tool to interpret relations between soil biodiversity and site quality. We measured soil chemistry, soil microbiology and nematodes along three transects representing a fertility gradient and at a disturbed site near a road in a Dracophyllum subulatum-dominated shrubland in which frosts are a major factor in preventing succession to forest; we used D. subulatum size as a site-quality index. Significant correlations between both shrub height and shrub growth rate and volumetric measures of total soil phosphorus and anaerobically mineralisable nitrogen indicate that nitrogen and phosphorus regulate plant growth. Microbial biomass and total nematode abundance significantly increased with greater plant growth, presumably in response to greater litter input. Conversely, neither heterotrophic microbial diversity nor nematode diversity was correlated with shrub performance along the transects. Litter was from a single species and thus likely similar in quality so changes in microbial or nematode diversity might not be expected. In this oligotrophic environment, nutrient levels were not only the important regulators of plant growth but also appeared to have an indirect influence on the size of the microbial and nematode populations.  相似文献   

12.
Plant roots compete for nutrients mineralised by the decomposer community in soil. By affecting microbial biomass and activity Collembola influence the nutrient availability to plants. We investigated the effect of Collembola (Protaphorura fimata Gisin) on growth and competition between of two plant species, Cirsium arvense L (creeping thistle) and Epilobium adnatum Griseb. (square-stemmed willow herb), in a laboratory experiment. Two seedlings of each plant species were planted in rhizotrons either in combination or in monoculture (intra- and interspecific competition). Interspecific competition strongly reduced total biomass of C. arvense whereas E. adnatum suffered most from intraspecific competition. Collembola neither affected the competitive relationship of the two plant species nor shoot and root biomass. Although Collembola did not affect total root biomass they influenced root morphology of both plant species. Roots grew longer and thinner and had more root tips in presence of Collembola. Root elongation is generally ascribed to the exploitation of nutrient rich patches in soil. We hypothesise that changes in root morphology in presence of Collembola are due to Collembola-mediated changes in nutrient availability and distribution.  相似文献   

13.
谢家店植物群落恢复中种类组成及物种多样性分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
于2014年采用样方法对地震重灾区谢家店的植被自然恢复情况和生境条件（包括海拔高度、土壤温度、湿度和盐度）进行调查,分析了各样地物种多样性之间的相关性及不同恢复年限植被恢复的效果,通过研究植被的动态恢复效果及其立地条件的影响,把握地震灾区植物的演替规律,以期为当地制定植被恢复的方案提供参考和借鉴。结果表明:（1）已统计到植物46科66属84种,桤木（Alnus cremastogyne）为乔木层优势种（重要值是0.29）,同时也是群落的建群种,群落类型为桤木+灰白毛莓+木贼（A. Cremastogyne+Rubus Tephrodes+Equisetum hyemale）。（2）2014年Shannon-Weiner指数（H’）、Margalef指数（Ma）、Pielou指数（E）和Simpson指数（D）分别为2.06,2.942,0.73,0.189,相比2009年,物种丰富度上升,均匀度下降。（3）在不同生活型中Shannon-Weiner指数、Pielou指数和Margalef指数都是草本层 > 乔木层 > 灌木层;Simpson指数为灌木层 > 草木层 > 乔本层,灌木层物种数量分布不均衡。（4）土壤温度、湿度、盐度影响植物的生长和种类组成,进而影响物种的多样性指数,近几年植物物种和数量（物种的数量）都呈明显增大的趋势,但物种在样地中的分配并不均匀。  相似文献   

14.
In this paper, the effects of earthworms on the growth and Zn uptake of ryegrass and Indian mustard in artificially Zn-contaminated soils were studied. Earthworm inoculation increased plant shoot biomass by 29–83% for ryegrass and by 11–42% for Indian mustard, respectively, as compared to the treatments without earthworms, while the roots’ biomass of both plants were increased much more than their corresponding shoots. Earthworms also increased shoot Zn concentrations in both ryegrass and Indian mustard, although the increases in ryegrass did not show significant difference. Except for soil without Zn contamination, the Zn contents of both ryegrass and Indian mustard roots were significantly increased by earthworm addition. Generally, Zn contents of roots were relatively higher than those of shoots for both plants, which were independent of earthworms inoculation. Earthworm increased soil bioavailable metal (diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid–Zn) (DTPA-Zn) concentrations, which resulted in a direct increase in Zn uptake by the plants, since a significant correlation was observed between the DTPA–Zn contents and plant Zn uptake. However, the main reason for the increase in plant Zn uptake under earthworm inoculation was probably the increase in dry matter production stimulated by earthworms.  相似文献   

15.
The productivity and diversity of plant communities are affected by soil organisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), root herbivores and decomposers. However, it is unknown how interactions between such functionally dissimilar soil organisms affect plant communities and whether the combined effects are additive or interactive. In a greenhouse experiment we investigated the individual and combined effects of AMF (five Glomus species), root herbivores (wireworms and nematodes) and decomposers (collembolans and enchytraeids) on the productivity and nutrient content of a model grassland plant community as well as on soil microbial biomass and community structure. The effects of the soil organisms on productivity (total plant biomass), total root biomass, grass and forb biomass, and nutrient uptake of the plant community were additive. AMF decreased, decomposers increased and root herbivores had no effect on productivity, but in combination the additive effects canceled each other out. AMF reduced total root biomass by 18%, but decomposers increased it by 25%, leading to no net effect on total root biomass in the combined treatments. Total shoot biomass was reduced by 14% by root herbivores and affected by an interaction between AMF and decomposers where decomposers had a positive impact on shoot growth only in presence of AMF. AMF increased the shoot biomass of forbs, but reduced the shoot biomass of grasses, while root herbivores only reduced the shoot biomass of grasses. Interactive effects of the soil organisms were detected on the shoot biomasses of Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, and Agrostis capillaris. The C/N ratio of the plant community was affected by AMF.In soil, AMF promoted abundances of bacterial, actinomycete, saprophytic and AMF fatty acid markers. Decomposers alone decreased bacterial and actinomycete fatty acids abundances but when decomposers were interacting with herbivores those abundances were increased. Our results suggests that at higher resolutions, i.e. on the levels of individual plant species and the microbial community, interactive effects are common but do not affect the overall productivity and nutrient uptake of a grassland plant community, which is mainly affected by additive effects of functionally dissimilar soil organisms.  相似文献   

16.
The importance of secondary tropical forests regarding the maintenance of soil fauna abundance and diversity is poorly known. The aims of this study were (1) to describe soil fauna abundance and diversity and (2) to assess the determinants of soil fauna abundance and diversity in two stands of a tropical semi-evergreen secondary forest. Soil macrofauna and microarthropod abundance and soil macrofauna diversity were described at two sites developed on different soils and with different site histories: (1) a natural secondary stand (natural forest) under two dominant tree species, Pisonia subcordata and Bursera simaruba, and (2) a planted secondary forest (planted forest) under three tree species, B. simaruba, Swietenia macrophylla, and Tabebuia heterophylla. The effects of both soil and main tree species’ litter quality were assessed to explain soil fauna abundance and diversity. The abundance of soil macrofauna was significantly higher in the soil under the planted forest, and soil fauna communities were contrasted between the two sites. In the planted forest, a soil-dwelling macrofauna community developed (mainly consisting of the anecic earthworm Polypheretima elongata). In the natural forest, soil macrofauna and microarthropod communities were located at the soil surface. The effect of plant litter quality varied according to each dominant tree species and was superimposed to soil effect. The lowest macrofauna abundance was associated with B. simaruba in the natural forest. T. heterophylla supported a much greater macrofauna community than the two other tree species studied at the same soil, and it appears likely that this is due to the palatability of its leaves compared with the other trees (low lignin, tannins, soluble phenols).  相似文献   

17.
Soil food webs depend almost exclusively on plant derived resources; however, it is still subject to debate how plants affect soil biota. We tested the effects on soil decomposers of three components of soil inputs of plant species identity: presence of live plants (representing rhizodeposits), identity of shoot litter input and identity of root litter input; using all combinations of these for Trifolium pratense and Plantago lanceolata. We assessed impacts on soil microorganisms, Collembola, Oribatida and earthworms in a full-factorial greenhouse experiment. Species identity of shoot litter input had greatest effect on decomposers, following by species identity of live plant. Microbial carbon use efficiency and Oribatida density were significantly higher in the presence of T. pratense shoot litter input than in that of P. lanceolata shoot litter input, while earthworm body mass ratio was significantly higher in the presence of P. lanceolata plants than in that of T. pratense plants. Oribatida density was at minimum in the presence of P. lanceolata plants, shoot and root litter input, resulting in a significant three-way interaction and pointing to the relevance of all investigated plant input pathways. Live plant identity effects were not due to differences in living root biomass among species and treatments. Detrimental P. lanceolata effects may have been due to significantly lower N concentrations than in T. pratense tissue. Our results indicate that both above- and below-ground plant inputs into soil determine the performance of decomposers, and thus suggest due consideration of both types of inputs fueling soil food webs in future studies.  相似文献   

18.
【目的】阐明不同玉米品种在增密种植条件下地上部性状和根系构型的协同响应,为耐密性玉米的遗传改良提供理论支撑。【方法】以我国18个主栽玉米品种为试材,设置2个种植密度(6万株/hm2和7.5万株/hm2),分别在吐丝期和成熟期测定14个地上部农艺性状和8个根系构型性状,利用方差分析与回归分析等统计方法解析耐密高产品种的地上地下协同关系。【结果】随着种植密度的增加,玉米单株地上部和根系生物量及籽粒产量等指标下降,群体地上部生物量和籽粒产量显著提高。根据两个种植密度下的群体产量,受试品种中6个被划分为高低密度下均高产的双高型(DH);3个品种为仅高密度下高产的高密高产型(HH);7个品种为高低密度下均低产的双低型(DL);2个品种为仅低密度下高产的低密高产型(HL),供试品种主要为双高型(DH)和双低型(DL)。在高密度下,DH品种比DL品种具有更多的吐丝前干物质累积量和更高的收获指数,DH品种在减少根系干重、节根数和根系宽度的同时,保持了较高的根系表面积与总根长。综合两个种植密度下地上部与根系性状对产量的贡献,发现吐丝期茎秆干物质、成熟期籽粒干物...  相似文献   

19.
The root-feeding nematode community of wild plants may vary throughout their natural range. Little is known about how the variation of wild plants along their range affects their relationship with root-feeding nematodes. In the present study, we examined local and non-local combinations of host plants and root-feeding nematodes to test the hypothesis that nematode reproduction is favoured by local hosts. In two indoor experiments, we exposed populations of the wild dune grass Ammophila arenaria from northern and southern European coastal sand dunes to plant parasitic nematode species (Helicotylenchus spp.) from those same geographical origins. First, we used the southern nematode species to determine whether the effect of a local versus a non-local host may depend on nematode density. Then, in a cross-inoculation experiment we investigated how both nematode species performed with their local, as compared to the non-local hosts.

In both experiments, plant biomass and ontogenetic characteristics were not significantly different between the northern and southern populations. The applied nematode densities did not have a negative impact on plant performance. This allowed us to consider the response of the two different nematode species and their host plants without co-varying differences in plant responses. Reproduction of the nematode species differed according to host origin, but contrary to what we expected, nematode species did not perform better on their local hosts. Helicotylenchus n. sp., the southern species originating from Portugal, performed better on the non-local than on the local host. Male to female ratios were significantly different between the two nematode populations and were lowest in Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus from The Netherlands. Female and juveniles percentages were also quite distinct, with more females in the nematode species from The Netherlands and more juveniles in the nematode species from Portugal.

We concluded that ectoparasitic root-feeding nematodes Helicotylenchus spp. do not necessarily perform best on their local host population of the foredune grass A. arenaria. Our results imply that the natural distribution of Helicotylenchus spp. along the European coast is determined by other factors than host populations. These other factors that could be abiotic, e.g. water availability, or biotic, e.g. local natural enemies adapted to Helicotylenchus spp. Introducing plant genotypes from other parts of the natural range will, therefore, not necessarily lead to reduced abundance of semi-endo or ectoparasitic root-feeding nematodes.  相似文献   


20.
公路路域植被不同演替阶段土壤动物群落特征   总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8  
通过对半干旱典型草原地带公路路域植被自然恢复过程中,即不同演替阶段的土壤动物群落研究表明,当原有的土壤—植被受到彻底破坏后,大型土壤动物也随之消失;中小型土壤动物对土壤—植被系统的依存程度要较大型土壤动物小得多,即便土壤—植被系统受到彻底破坏,中小型土壤动物也能存活。植被恢复阶段,土壤动物的类群和密度明显增加,植被发育顶级阶段两个生境的土壤动物类群和密度存在差异。植被恢复阶段和植被发育顶级阶段土壤动物的多样性差异较小。鞘翅目土壤动物与全部土壤动物的多样性指数变化趋势基本一致,鞘翅目土壤动物对研究区植被不同演替阶段具有明显的指示作用。土壤动物群落多样性指数与土壤pH、全磷、全钾和土壤自然含水量的平均灰色关联系数较大,说明在植被恢复过程中土壤动物群落多样性变化与这几个主要因子关系密切。  相似文献   

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