2. Dry plucking increased weight loss due to plucking and eviscerating, and reduced chilled carcass yield.
3. Dry eviscerating increased carcass water uptake during chilling.
4. Pre‐chilling with running water increased carcass water uptake compared with chilling in ice and water alone.
5. Water uptake during chilling appeared to be increased by longer eviscerating time. 相似文献
2. Treatment with TA improved growth, increased carcass moisture and tended to decrease carcass fat and ash; protein content was not altered by implantation.
3. Treatment with TA produced a marked improvement in efficiency of conversion of dietary protein to carcass protein.
4. Carcass formation of 70‐ and 77‐d‐old turkeys of both sexes implanted with 20 mg TA at 49 d of age was not markedly different from that of controls in terms of the relative proportions of the major body components nor in relative skeletal proportions.
5. Implantation with TA reduced linear and appositional skeletal growth both relative to soft tissue growth and relative to skeletal growth of control turkeys.
6. The rate of bone remodelling was reduced more than the rate of appositional growth so that bone cortical thickness was increased.
7. The changes in the skeleton effected by TA are consistent with the hypothesis that the drug acts by decreasing the rate of protein turnover, with catabolism being depressed more than anabolism. 相似文献
2. Expressed per unit body weight, food and metabolisable energy (ME) intake and weight gain decreased between 2 and 3 weeks of age, but remained constant thereafter.
3. No differences were observed between sexes for any variable measured. Efficiency of utilisation of ME for energy retention was only 0.33. This was mainly because the majority of energy was retained as protein tissue.
4. Nitrogen (N) retention (g/d) increased with increasing dietary N intake but when expressed as a proportion of N intake, declined from 0.46 at 2 weeks to 0.33 at 4 weeks. Fat retention increased substantially during week 4.
5. Carcass analyses showed that fat, protein and ash were higher for quail at 5 weeks than at 2 weeks of age. At 5 weeks carcass fat was only 60 g/kg. 相似文献
2. Egg, yolk, albumen and shell plus membrane weights increased, whereas the egg shape, specific gravity and shell thickness decreased between 49 and 154 days of age.
3. Yolk, albumen and shell plus membrane comprised 32–59%, 53–57% and 7–80%, respectively of the total egg weight.
4. Regression between the quail's age and the characteristics of eggs were derived and correlation coefficients ranged from —0–42 to — 0–86. The albumen weight was more highly correlated with egg weight than yolk weight.
5. Relationships were also derived between egg shape and specific gravity, and egg shape and albumen weight.
6. It was concluded that the eggs’ characteristics were modified as the quails aged, and the best criterion of the shell's strength was the egg shape. 相似文献
2. A total of 120 eight-week-old laying quail were divided into 4 experimental groups with 10 replicates. The treatments were as follows: (1) control diet (C, no HS in the diet); (2) 5% HS in the diet (HS5); (3) 10% HS in the diet (HS10); and (4) 20% HS in the diet (HS20). The quail were fed the experimental diets from 8 to 14 weeks of age.
3. There was no significant difference in body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of the birds overall in the experiment. The egg production was not influenced by the HS contents in the diet; however the HS10 diet increased egg weight and egg-specific gravity. The carcass traits were not affected by the HS contents.
4. The serum triglyceride, cholesterol and the high density lipoprotein were not significantly altered; however, low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration in HS-supplemented groups were lower than that of the C group.
5. The malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and nitrogen oxide concentrations were not significantly affected, but in the HS10 and HS20, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) concentration was higher than in the C and HS5 groups.
6. The omega-3 fatty acid content of eggs increased linearly with increasing dietary HS content in the diet.
7. In conclusion, HS could be a potential feed and health benefit as a natural antioxidant in relation to decreasing serum LDL and increasing GSH-Px concentration in the liver of laying quail. 相似文献
2. Data were analysed for species differences in food consumption, body weight, food utilisation, mortality and liver pathology.
3. There were no significant effects of aflatoxin in broiler and Leghorn chicks. Aflatoxin at 0.7 mg/kg decreased the body weight of turkey poults but tended to increase the growth rate of goslings. At 1 ‐4 mg aflatoxin/kg food consumption, body weight and weight gain of goslings were adversely affected.
4. Liver damage occurred in goslings and quail chicks at all inclusions of aflatoxin and was extensive at 2.1 mg/kg.
5. Poults and goslings appeared to be the most sensitive, quail were intermediate and domestic chicks were most resistant. 相似文献
2. Although the protein content of all tissues varied with age, the only statistically significant effect was on the level of protein in the gizzard.
3. The moisture content of the gizzard was significantly affected by age and blood by age and sex.
4. The fat content of the gizzard was significantly affected by age, as was the effect of sex on the fat content of blood.
5. The ash contents of heart and gizzard were significantly affected by age.
6. The phosphorus contents of the gizzard, heart and liver were significantly affected by age, as were the chloride content of heart and the calcium content of the liver. Blood potassium was significantly affected by sex. Fluctuations in the contents of other elements are discussed.
7. The variability in organ composition is discussed with respect to the degree of trimming and preparation of the samples. 相似文献
2. Protein and energy metabolism were studied in males from these selected lines fed on a diet of intermediate protein content.
3. All selected birds retained more nitrogen than those studied 10 years previously.
4. There was no difference in nitrogen retention between groups, although relative growth rate of group B birds was higher.
5. Heat productions relative to gross energy intake were 0.38 (group B) and 045 (group A). Energy retentions relative to gross energy intake were 0.39 (group B) and 0.35 (group A); the difference being primarily due to higher fat retention in group B.
6. Using a common maintenance requirement for metabolisable energy, group B utilised metabolisable energy for growth (0.78) better than did group A (0.71).
7. At 53 d of age plasma glucose (10%) and insulin (50%) were higher in group B than in group A. 相似文献
2. Half the hens had undergone beak trimming at 18 weeks, but in many cases regrowth had occurred.
3. Plumage damage and loss was significantly reduced in beak‐trimmed birds compared with birds with normal beaks. Tier and cage design had no effect.
4. This finding supports the idea that feather pecking is the important factor in causing plumage damage, rather than abrasion.
5. A comparison between 64 birds in which beak regrowth had occurred, and 64 in which it remained truncated, showed that both groups had similar plumage scores.
6. It appears to be the beak‐trimming procedure which is important; subsequent regrowth being irrelevant. 相似文献
2. A randombred control population of known pedigree was used to measure the environmental trends.
3. Selection in pure lines resulted in concomitant improvement in the crosses for the selected as well as the correlated traits.
4. Cross performance was comparatively more than expected on the basis of mid‐parent values, indicating involvement of non‐additive gene action in the expression of cross performance.
5. Crosses responded better to independent culling level selection for egg weight than their parents.
6. Heterosis appeared to increase in later generations as compared with initial generations of selection. 相似文献
2. In 4 consecutive trials, 4752 hens were recorded for keel bone status. Evaluation of plumage condition was made for 1440 hens and bone breaking strength was recorded for 1200 hens. A total of 4962 eggs were analysed for internal and external egg quality traits. Analyses involved 30 small group compartments per trial.
3. The layer line had a much more pronounced influence on humerus breaking strength than on tibia breaking strength.
4. Plumage condition, particularly on the neck, was positively correlated with humerus breaking strength in both layer lines.
5. An average of 34% of LB and 23% of LSL hens showed keel bone deformities, with higher proportions of slight deformities.
6. Slight keel bone deformities, rather than moderate to severe, increased significantly during the laying period.
7. Stocking density had no influence on bone breaking strength, keel bone status and egg quality traits.
8. LB layers had a 1.4-fold higher humerus, but only a 1.06-fold higher tibia breaking strength compared to LSL layers.
9. Tibia breaking strength was significantly affected by the interaction of group size and layer line. LSL layers in small groups had lower tibia breaking strengths than those of the large groups. 相似文献
2. Restricted birds were lighter throughout the experiment.
3. Relative adrenal weight tended to be greater in restricted birds but the difference decreased with time.
4. There was no depletion of adrenal cholesterol: from week 5 there was a significantly greater amount in the adrenals of restricted birds.
5. After 1 week of restriction plasma corticosterone concentration was 73% greater than in controls. It decreased progressively, falling within the normal range at 5 weeks.
6. Restricted birds were hypoglycaemic from weeks 2 to 7 and hyper‐lipacidaemic throughout. A negative correlation between plasma glucose and free fatty acids was found. 相似文献
2. A circadian system was postulated to control the restriction of ovulation to an 8‐h period of the day under conventional 14 h light: 10 h dark regimes.
3. The final phase of follicular maturation was postulated to commence after ovulation of the preceding ovum in the hierarchy.
4. Ovulation was postulated to occur when a mature follicle was present in the ovary during the appropriate phase of the circadian‐linked system.
5. The predicted times of oviposition were within the standard error of the observed times of oviposition under 21‐, 24‐ and 28‐h photoschedules.
6. It was concluded that this hypothesis for the control of the ovulatory cycle of the hen is consistent with current knowledge. 相似文献
2. A total of 320 one-day-old Cobb broilers were used in a 35-d experiment using a completely randomised design with 5 concentrations of canola meal (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) as a dietary substitute for soya bean meal.
3. Polynomial regression at 5% significance was used to evaluate the effects of canola meal content. The following variables were measured: carcass yield, chemical composition of meat, and instrumental and sensorial analyses.
4. The results showed that carcass yield exhibited a quadratic effect that was crescent to the level of 18% of canola meal based on the weight of the leg and a quadratic increase at concentrations up to 8.4% of canola meal based on the weight of the chest. The yield of the chest exhibited a linear behaviour.
5. The chemical composition of leg meat, instrumental analysis of breast meat and sensory characteristics of the breast meat was not significantly affected by the inclusion of canola meal. The chemical composition of the breast meat exhibited an increased linear effect in terms of dry matter and ether extract and a decreased linear behaviour in terms of the ash content.
6. In conclusion, soya bean meal can be substituted with canola meal at concentrations up to 20% of the total diet without affecting carcass yield, composition of meat or the instrumental or sensory characteristics of the meat of broilers. 相似文献
2. Carcass characteristics clearly indicate that emus are a significant source of lean meat, fat, skin and edible by-products and these findings confirm earlier reports.
3. Proximate composition of emu meat indicated higher protein and ash content and lower fat, total lipids and cholesterol content than meat from other meat animals.
4. The pH, water holding capacity, collagen content and solubility, protein extractability, muscle fibre diameter and Warner–Bratzler shear force values of emu meat are similar to the earlier reports for meats from other food animals.
5. Emu meat is dark, cherry red in colour with significantly higher myoglobin content and the myoglobin is more prone to oxidation as evidenced by higher initial metmyoglobin percentage. The initial thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values and free fatty acids percentage in emu meat were higher than those in meats from other species.
6. Sensory evaluation of cooked emu meat curry revealed highly acceptable scores relative to goat meat curry, the most preferred meat in India.
7. The study shows the potential of emu meat as a new source of low fat, quality meat proteins. However, more studies are required to elucidate the effect of age, sex, muscles, pre-slaughter and post-slaughter factors on different carcass and meat quality characteristics. 相似文献
2. Some plants and their respective volatile oils and extracts have the potential to alleviate coccidiosis and reduce its severity.
3. Most plant bioactives improve some, but not all, aspects of coccidiosis with variable effectiveness against different species of Eimeria.
4. Difficulties in comparing research findings have arisen from the use of different experimental models, different active components and infectious dose of Eimeria.
5. Current knowledge of their potential anti-coccidial effects may provide guidance for the use of botanical extracts in the control of the coccidiosis. 相似文献
2. A comparison with an unselected control flock (C) over 50 weeks of lay in the final generation indicated a number of statistically significant correlated responses in commercially important traits in the S line in addition to the direct response of + 0.004 in specific gravity.
3. With an increase in specific gravity, there was a decrease of 3.4 in the percentage of soft‐shelled eggs laid.
4. The weight and albumen height of eggs measured within 1 hour of lay declined by 1.8 g and 2.1 Haugh units respectively.
5. There were reductions in the weight and albumen height losses of eggs stored over a 10‐d period (C 0.74, S 0.62 g and C 17.9, S 15.0 Haugh units respectively), so that at the end of this period the albumen heights in both lines were the same.
6. Average body weight and daily food intake were less by 0.28 kg and 7.5 g respectively.
7. Although there was no change in egg production, the average age at first egg was reduced by 11.3 d. 相似文献
2. The Na and water contents of skeletal muscles were increased by TA treatment while K was unaltered.
3. The extracellular space expressed as a proportion of starved body weight was unaffected by TA implantation.
4. Plasma or serum concentrations of P, Ca, Mg, Na and K and activities of the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.1], creatine kinase [EG 2.7.3.2] and γ‐glutamyl transferase [EC 2.3.2.2] were not changed by TA treatment.
5. Packed cell volume was significantly increased by TA implantation after a delay of some 2 to 3 weeks while plasma protein concentrations were immediately decreased for a period of two weeks before nearly normal concentrations were obtained again.
6. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was decreased by TA treatment, but serum protein electrophoretic pattern was unchanged. 相似文献
2. Single sub‐acute oral and intraperitoneal doses of EDB (1/2 LD50) and chronic oral doses of EDB (J LC50) were administered to quail in order to characterise the sub‐lethal effects of EDB residues.
3. At 24 h after sub‐acute dosing, relative liver weight, plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AT) [EC 2.6.1.1] and L‐iditol (sorbitol) dehydrogenase (SDH) [EG 1.1.1.14] were elevated and decreases were found in hepatic total lipid, total protein, AT and glutamic dehydrogenase (NAD (P)+) (GDH) and plasma cholinesterase (GhE) [EG 3.1.1.8] and total lipid.
4. Following chronic administration, elevations in relative liver weight, plasma ChE and total lipid, haemoglobin and haematocrit were found and hepatic AT, GDH and total lipid were decreased.
5. The changes in hepatic and plasma enzymes and constituents are discussed in relation to possible biphasic effects resulting from EDB exposure. 相似文献