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反刍家畜生产中 ,代谢能转化效率较低 ,特别是粗饲料则更低 ,如何提高反刍家畜粗饲料代谢能的转化效率 (Kf)一直是国内外科研和生产领域关注的问题。关于瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸 (VFA)的利用效率 ,60年代以前一直认为与乙酸 /丙酸比例呈线性关系 ,但 70年代以来尤其是 80年代后 ,随着研究手段的提高和研究的深入 ,营养学家已经认识到瘤胃中 VFA的比例、VFA与小肠可消化碳水化合物和氨基酸之间的比例及其数量都会直接影响到反刍家畜粗饲料 VFA的利用效率。1 小肠可消化碳水化合物和葡萄糖对 Kf的营养调控正常情况下 ,淀粉在日粮中所占比例的… 相似文献
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在牛羊等反刍动物的消化过程中,微生物起着特别重要的作用。瘤胃微生物发酵一昼夜产生的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)可为畜体提供所需代谢能的60％～80％。所以瘤胃内正常菌群的旺盛繁衍是保证反刍家畜健康和高产的重要前提之一。早在50年代,Allison等人的研究就发 相似文献
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反刍家畜具有复胃,特别是较大容量的瘤胃,这是与单胃家畜有区别的显著标志。由于瘤胃中含有大量的微生物,因此反刍家畜在饲料利用和营养物质消化代谢方面与单胃家畜存在显著差异。近几10年来,国内外对反刍家畜营养学特点、瘤胃及其内容物评定饲料营养价值、非常规饲料的利用和人工瘤胃饲料的研究方面,做了大量的工作。现简述如下:一、反刍家畜瘤胃的消化特点对饲料营养物质消化代谢有较大影响的 相似文献
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反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物研究进展 《畜牧与饲料科学》2021,42(5):28-38
反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物处于一个复杂的微生态系统,其多样性及营养代谢与该系统中的各项因素存在紧密联系。了解反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物多样性变化和营养代谢机制,是通过人为干预手段改善动物福利、提高动物生产效率、提升动物产品质量、减少温室气体排放的基础。关于反刍动物瘤胃及肠道微生物多样性及营养代谢与单个环境因子的关系得到了广泛的研究并取得了一些进展,对指导生产实践和保护环境起到了一定作用。综述了近年来国内外反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物多样性,以及微生物与宿主动物、日粮结构、环境因子相互作用及机制方面的研究进展,以期为探索瘤胃及肠道微生物在反刍动物营养代谢中的作用及其机制提供参考。 相似文献
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多年来,人们普遍认为反刍家畜不需要补充B族维生素,因为反刍家畜瘤胃的维生物区系能合成多种维生素,满足机体需要。但目前的研究表明,反刍家畜仍需要对B族维生素的补充,因为反刍家畜的瘤胃微生物不能合成所有的维生素;并且还受以下 相似文献
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一、改善瘤胃微生物生态系统的饲料添加剂
美国康奈大学召开了家畜家禽营养学术会议。反刍家畜营养学家研究的最终目标是改善（操纵）瘤胃微生物的生态系统，达到提高家畜的生产性能。为人类提供更多安全优质的畜产品。作为研究手段之一，利用有效的饲料添加剂来改善瘤胃生态系统。减少发酵损失，不失为简易实用的好方法。 相似文献
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瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的吸收在数量上是奶牛养分流量最重要的部分。先前对VFA吸收模型的研究主要集中于瘤胃的变化,如瘤胃液的化学组成、瘤胃体积及瘤胃pH,而近几年的研究整合了瘤、网胃上皮表面积对VFA吸收的调控。本研究提出假设:瘤胃VFA的吸收受上皮渗透性及上皮毛细血管血流量所调控,旨在建立一个VFA过瘤胃壁吸收的模型,且该模型整合了上皮血流量作为驱动力对瘤胃VFA吸收的影响。由于VFA主要以非电离形式通过被动扩散通过细胞膜,因此认为瘤胃液与瘤胃上皮的VFA域之间的双向流量存在一定的驱动力。模型的一系列参数通过观测数据拟合而来,该模型提供了可靠的瘤胃VFA吸收和瘤胃上皮血流量的无偏差估计。血流量模型的拟合考虑了奶牛每千克体重丁酸和日粮粗蛋白质摄入量的影响。VFA从瘤胃液向上皮的流动速率从低到高依次为,异丁酸<乙酸<丙酸<丁酸(分别为0.32±0.02,0.72±0.2,0.91±0.06和0.97±0.02/h);而从上皮到瘤胃液的流动速率与上皮VFA域的大小密切相关,异丁酸、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的流动速率分别为4.78、10.60、13.40和14.3/h。瘤胃乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和异丁酸浓度用均方根预测误差的百分比表示,分别为5.86%、5.75%、11.30%和4.12%。上皮血流量用26.3%的RMSPE来预测。敏感性分析结果表明,当瘤胃丁酸浓度从4.0 mmol/L增加到37.4 mmol/L时,上皮血流量增加了47%,且瘤胃丙酸的消失率增加了11%。瘤胃液和上皮的VFA浓度梯度不超过3∶1,且随血流量的升高而提高。因此,一个基于瘤胃上皮血流量和瘤胃液与上皮之间VFA双向流量的动态模型,能够无偏差的估计在冲洗瘤胃的条件下瘤胃VFA的吸收,且预测残差极低。该模型表明,上皮血流量对VFA吸收的调控受瘤胃液与上皮之间单一VFA浓度梯度的影响。一系列独立的数据表明,上皮血流量可能是决定瘤胃VFA吸收的一个重要因素。 相似文献
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瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸的作用及影响因素 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸与反刍动物瘤胃营养以及瘤胃微生物有着密切的关系。反刍动物瘤胃对养分的消化吸收以及微生物动力学可产生大量的挥发性脂肪酸,其主要作用为供能和维持瘤胃环境。本文综述了瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的作用、影响其产生和组成的因素以及其对反刍动物的影响。 相似文献
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利用芳香族化合物估测反刍动物采食量的潜力 总被引：6，自引：8，他引：6
综述了芳香族化合物的发现过程、反刍动物饲草料、瘤胃和尿液中芳香族化合物的主要类型及存在形式.马尿酸是最早从家畜排泄物中发现的芳香族化合物.反刍动物的尿液中排出的苯甲酸几乎完全来源于日粮中的前体物.饲料日粮中芳香族化合物是酚酸、简单酚、香豆素、棉子酚、酚的生物碱、类黄酮、单宁酸和木质素.羟基肉桂酸和安息香酸是维管束植物中广泛存在的一类酚类化合物,其在禾本科牧草中的含量远高于豆科牧草,但禾谷类籽实中的含量却很低.瘤胃液和尿液中的芳香族代谢物主要是无酚的芳香酸、酚酸和苯酚,环己烷羧酸是惟一发现的脂环族酸.饲喂不同的日粮饲草料,反刍家畜以马尿酸形式排出的氮量大约占尿氮总量的6%,变化范围为1%～38%.测定尿中芳香族化合物特别是马尿酸对预测反刍家畜的采食量具有重要潜力和作用. 相似文献
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We provide first an overview of studies on ruminant livestock that emphasises an inter-individual variability and a relative intra-individual consistency in fear responsiveness. Then, we provide evidence that genetic factors underlie fear responsiveness. We discuss problems that may hinder the genetic evaluation and the application of fearfulness traits for genetic selection in livestock. These problems include the absence of validation in experimental designs, the complexity of fear-related responses, and the interaction between genetic factors and environmental influences that limit the consistency in fear-related responses. Some possible welfare consequences of current selection programs are also considered. Finally, we discuss the possibility for including fear criteria in current selection programs and consider how such approaches may have considerable promise in ruminant livestock. More particularly, we outline current knowledge about how genes control fearfulness. Even if fear-related responses in ruminant livestock are complex, the capacity to select on fear-related criteria or even perhaps on genes that confer fearfulness traits has the potential to significantly enhance our ability to optimise livestock for their production environment and reduce the potential for compromise to their welfare. 相似文献
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C. L. Oldham T. F. Robinson Z. R. Hunter L. Taylor J. White N. P. Johnston 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2014,98(5):908-913
The purpose of this study was to determine the diurnal composition and concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and to determine VFA composition and concentration differences between stomach compartment 1 (C1) and caecum of alpacas fed grass and alfalfa hay. The study was divided into two experiments. In Experiment 1 (EXP 1), 10 male alpacas (3+ years old, 65 kg BW) were divided into two groups, housed in drylot pens, provided ad libitum water and fed alfalfa (AH) or grass hay (GH) for 30 days. The alpacas were slaughtered and the digestive tract collected, divided into sub‐tract sections, weighed and digesta sampled for pH, dry matter (DM) and NDF. Volatile fatty acid composition and concentration were determined on C1 and caecal material. Four adult male (3+ years old, 60 kg BW), C1 fistulated alpacas were housed in metabolism crates and divided into two forage groups for Experiment 2 (EXP 2). Alpacas were fed the forages as in EXP 1. Diurnal C1 VFA samples were drawn at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 h post‐feeding. There were no differences between forages for tract weight, C1 and caecum digesta DM or NDF. Differences were noted (p < 0.05) for pH between forages and sub‐tract site. Volatile fatty acids concentrations were different (p < 0.05) for forage and site, and total VFA was higher for AH than GH (110.6 and 79.1 mm ) and C1 than caecum (40.7 and 27.6 mm ). Proportion of VFA was significant (p < 0.05) for forage and site, C1 acetate highest for GH (84.8 vs. 74.0 mm ) and caecum acetate 83.7 and 76.2 mm for GH and AH respectively. These data demonstrate the level of VFA produced in C1 and the caecum of alpacas and the diurnal VFA patterns. Composition of VFA is similar to other ruminant species. 相似文献
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D L Harmon 《Journal of animal science》1992,70(4):1290-1301
Because of the unique features of the ruminant digestive system, variations in diet composition and intake produce dramatic changes in ruminal fermentation. Optimizing nutritional management requires an understanding of how these variations and changes influence digestion and metabolism. Although the pancreas plays a central role in digestion and subsequent nutrient metabolism, relatively little is known about pancreatic adaptation to nutritional changes in the ruminant. Increasing starch intake has been suggested to increase pancreatic alpha-amylase; however, recent work suggests that dietary energy per se may drive these changes, and interactions with other nutrients, such as protein, may exist. Studies describing the influence of altered protein and lipid intakes on pancreatic adaptation in ruminants are lacking. Pancreatic secretion of both insulin and glucagon respond to the intravenous infusion of VFA in a dramatic fashion; however, feeding studies suggest that the influence of VFA on insulin and glucagon may be more subtle. Interactions exist between stimulatory signals and physiological state, such as lactation. Assessment of pancreatic endocrine secretion is further complicated by a variable removal of insulin and glucagon by hepatic tissues. These studies point out that pancreatic hormone secretion is controlled by integrated and complex mechanisms. Studies of these controlling mechanisms should consider the entire array to more fully understand hormone secretion. 相似文献
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Methane (CH4 ) is the second most important greenhouse gas (GHG) and that emitted from enteric fermentation in livestock is the single largest source of emissions in Japan. Many factors influence ruminant CH4 production, including level of intake, type and quality of feeds and environmental temperature. The objectives of this review are to identify the factors affecting CH4 production in ruminants, to examine technologies for the mitigation of CH4 emissions from ruminants, and to identify areas requiring further research. The following equation for CH4 prediction was formulated using only dry matter intake (DMI) and has been adopted in Japan to estimate emissions from ruminant livestock for the National GHG Inventory Report: Y = −17.766 + 42.793X − 0.849X2 , where Y is CH4 production (L/day) and X is DMI (kg/day). Technologies for the mitigation of CH4 emissions from ruminants include increasing productivity by improving nutritional management, the manipulation of ruminal fermentation by changing feed composition, the addition of CH4 inhibitors, and defaunation. Considering the importance of ruminant livestock, it is essential to establish economically feasible ways of reducing ruminant CH4 production while improving productivity; it is therefore critical to conduct a full system analysis to select the best combination of approaches or new technologies to be applied under long-term field conditions. 相似文献
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Beigh Yasir Afzal Ganai Abdul Majeed Rather Mohammad Ashraf Athar Hakim Hamdani Shabeer Ahmad 《Tropical animal health and production》2020,52(5):2469-2480
Tropical Animal Health and Production - Assessment of the ruminant livestock feed sources availability, existing feeding practices, and nutrient balances was embarked at different zones of Gurez... 相似文献
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Six steers fitted with a ruminal cannula and chronic indwelling catheters in the mesenteric artery, mesenteric vein, hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein, as well as in the right ruminal vein were used to study metabolism of VFA absorbed from buffers in the emptied and washed reticulorumen. [2-(13)C]Acetate was infused into a jugular vein to study portal-drained visceral (PDV) uptake of arterial acetate, hepatic unidirectional uptake of acetate, and whole-body irreversible loss rate (ILR). Isobutyrate was infused into the right ruminal vein to calibrate VFA fluxes measured in the portal vein. On sampling days, the rumen was emptied and incubated in sequence with a 0-buffer (bicarbonate buffer without VFA), a VFA-buffer plus continuous intraruminal infusion of VFA, and finally another 0-buffer. Ruminal VFA absorption was determined as VFA uptake from the VFA-buffer and metabolic effects determined as the difference between metabolite fluxes with VFA-buffer and 0-buffers. Steady absorption rates of VFA were maintained during VFA-buffer incubations (4 h; 592+/-16, 257+/-5, 127+/-2, 17+/-<1, 20+/-<1 mmol/h, respectively, of acetate, propionate, butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate). The portal flux of acetate corrected for PDV uptake of arterial acetate accounted for 105+/-3% of the acetate absorption from the rumen, and the net portal flux of propionate accounted for 91+/-2% of propionate absorption. Considerably less butyrate (27+/-3%) and valerate (30+/-3%) could be accounted for in the portal vein. The sum of portal VFA and 3-hydroxybutyrate as well as lactate represented 99+/-3% of total VFA acetyl units and 103+/-2% of VFA propionyl units. Estimates are maximum because no accounting was made for lactate derived from glycolysis in the PDV. The net splanchnic flux of VFA, lactate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose accounted for 64+/-2% of VFA acetyl units and 34+/-5% of VFA propionyl units. Results indicate that there is a low "first-pass" uptake of acetate and propionate in the ruminal epithelium of cattle, whereas butyrate and valerate are extensively metabolized, though seemingly not oxidized to carbon dioxide in the epithelium but repackaged into acetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and perhaps other metabolites. When PDV "second-pass" uptake of arterial nutrients is accounted for, PDV fluxes of VFA, lactate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate represent VFA production in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby VFA availability to the ruminant animal. 相似文献
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Waller PJ 《Animal health research reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases》2003,4(1):35-43
Effective, sustainable control of nematode parasites of grazing livestock is becoming evermore challenging and difficult. This is largely due to two contrasting issues. One is the rapid escalation of resistance to anthelmintic drugs, which is arguably the greatest problem now facing the small ruminant industries worldwide. Secondly, there is the increasing trend towards organic farming, in which there is prohibition of the prophylactic use of all chemical compounds. Livestock producers urgently need non-chemotherapeutic alternatives in parasite control. Researchers have responded to this challenge and a variety of quite different approaches have been the subject of intense investigation in many countries for several decades now. These vary in relation to their stage of development for on-farm use, their utility, and their applicability across the spectrum of grazing livestock enterprises throughout the world. One relatively recent innovation is the biological control approach to nematode parasites. This has now reached the stage of commercialization. This review focuses on these issues and provides an overview of the possible ways in which the biological control of nematode parasites could be employed in grazing ruminant livestock systems worldwide. 相似文献