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杜龙 《养殖与饲料．饲料世界》2006,(8):51-51,60
夏季气温炎热,而奶牛品种又耐寒不耐热,特别是高产奶牛对温度的要求更高,通常以5℃-25℃为宜。当温度超过28℃时,奶牛就会出现明显的不良反应,在生理、采食量、奶质量、泌乳量、繁殖性能、免疫性能等方面产生不利影响,导致产奶性能、繁殖性能和免疫能力下降,严重者可导致奶牛死 相似文献
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夏季奶牛生产降温技术的研究与应用现状 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
夏季高温会对奶牛造成热应激,大幅度降低奶牛采食量和产奶量,奶牛的健康和繁殖力亦受到很大影响。连续数日极度的高温天气甚至会导致牛死亡,造成巨大的经济损失。为降低热应激对奶牛生产的影响,应在夏季采用降温系统进行环境控制。1夏季高温对奶牛的影响荷斯坦奶牛的最适泌乳温度为4.4~21.1℃。日均环境温度达到24℃时,奶牛产奶性能就会下降;当环境温度超过32.2℃,奶牛干物质采食量降低8%~12%,产奶量降低20%~30%。热应激还影响高产奶牛的生产性能和繁殖性能。在以色列,奶牛的受胎率冬季为50%,夏季降到20%以下。一般认为,在18~34℃气温范围内… 相似文献
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奶牛夏季热环境控制技术研究与应用进展 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
夏季高温会导致奶牛产奶量大幅度下降,同时会影响奶牛的繁殖性能,降低免疫力。我国目前对奶牛夏季生产中的热应激问题重视不够,尤其是广大散养农户和奶牛养殖小区,极其缺乏科学的应对措施。本文系统地介绍了国内外奶牛生产中夏季降温技术研究现状、夏季热应激判定方法,就夏季遮阳、通风、蒸发降温等技术以及夏季降温管理进行了分析,指出各地在研究开发奶牛夏季降温系统时,应充分考虑当地的气候条件,选择和配置合理的降温系统,同时结合合理的营养管理,以便最大程度上减轻夏季高温在奶牛生产中的不利影响。 相似文献
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热应激是导致奶牛夏季产奶性能、繁殖性能和免疫能力下降的最主要原因之一.对奶牛业造成巨大的经济损失,热应激机制及其对奶牛生产影响的研究受到国内外专家的广泛重视,本文阐述了奶牛热应激对奶牛的影响. 相似文献
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夏季天气炎热．而奶牛又耐寒不耐热，特别是高产奶牛对温度的要求更高，通常以5℃～25℃为宜。当温度超过28℃时，奶牛就会出现明显的不良反应，在生理、采食量、奶质、泌乳量、繁殖性能、免疫性能等方面产生不利影响．导致产奶性能、繁殖性能和免疫能力下降，严重者可导致奶牛死亡，常常造成一定经济损失，因而对高温给奶牛造成的影响进行分析，实施科学合理的饲养管理尤为重要。 相似文献
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奶牛热应激一直是困扰夏季奶牛生产的一大难题,热应激导致奶牛生产性能,繁殖性能下降,免疫力降低,疾病多发,甚至引起死亡淘汰,给奶牛生产造成巨大经济损失。国内外很多专家对热应激给奶牛造成的影响进行了大量研究,本文结合生产实践,综合论述了奶牛热应激的发生机理,不利影响,指出了减轻热应激的技术措施。 相似文献
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随着全球气候变暖和高产奶牛的选育,热应激成为某些地区夏季影响奶牛健康和奶产量、质量的重要因素.热应激可以导致奶牛产奶量下降、乳蛋白和乳脂率降低、奶牛繁殖性能降低等,直接或间接影响生产效益.据报道,美国每年在对奶牛热应激问题上的花费就高达9亿美元[1].当环境温度从25℃增到28.6℃时,奶牛标准奶量下降25.3％,按高温90 d计算,一个产奶中等的万头奶牛场,一个夏季带来的经济损失就达36.5万元[2].奶牛热应激成为世界范围内的热门研究课题.夏季预防奶牛发生热应激要采取综合防控措施,主要包括3个方面,即物理降温调控、营养调控及抗热应激奶牛品种的选育. 相似文献
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夏季高温对奶牛繁殖成绩的影响白晓坤胡莉萍摘译夏季家畜的生产性能降低，自古以来就受到各国研究者的关注，特别是高温对奶牛其生理生产的影响，从生理角度探讨其适宜温度有很多的研究。但气温变化对繁殖的影响问题尚有许多不清楚之处。本报告是对本地区内气温和人工授精... 相似文献
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奶牛的特性是耐寒不耐热,夏季炎热高温的环境很容易使奶牛产生热应激反应,出现精神萎靡,食欲不佳,导致奶牛产奶量、繁殖性能和免疫力严重下降等,因此,夏季奶牛的饲养尤为重要,下面就夏季如何抓好奶牛饲养管理浅谈几点： 相似文献
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ZHAO Shanjiang HAO Haisheng LIU Yunxiang WANG Xianjun XU Li LI Laibao HU Zhihui ZHU Huabin 《中国畜牧兽医》2007,47(11):3618-3625
Under the modern large-scale and intensive dairy farming production mode,the continuous supply of feed with high nutrition level is the material basis for maintaining the rapid growth and development of reserve cows and the high lactation performance of lactating cows.However,after the genetic quality reaches the "bottleneck period",although the milk yield of dairy cow can continue to maintain a certain high level with the continuous improvement of the nutrient concentration of feed and the increase of dry matter intake (DMI),the incidence of nutritional metabolic diseases of high-yield dairy cows also shows a rapid growth trend,especially ketosis caused by the negative energy balance in perinatal period,acidosis caused by high-precision diet and the increase of blood urea nitrogen caused by high-protein diet,negatively regulate the reproductive performance of dairy cows,resulting in inconspicuous postpartum estrus,decreased mating rate and conception rate of dairy cows,which directly affect the update speed of dairy cows production groups,the normal performance of high-quality cattle and the economic benefits of dairy farming.In this paper,the author introduced in detail the relevant research on the current situation and its mechanism influence of different nutritional metabolic diseases on the reproductive performance of dairy cows in recent years,and focused on analyzing the molecular mechanism of nutritional and metabolic diseases with high perinatal incidence such as ketosis,low blood calcium and moderate gastric acid,and put forward the prospect and thinking on the future research direction of nutritional and metabolic diseases and reproductive performance of high-yielding dairy cows,in order to provide some reference and theoretical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency of high-yielding dairy cows in large-scale pastures in China and the perinatal nutrition management level of dairy cows. 相似文献
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The Effect of Seasonal Thermal Stress on Lipid Mobilisation,Antioxidant Status and Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cows 
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下载免费PDF全文 R Turk O Podpečan J Mrkun Z Flegar‐Meštrić S Perkov P Zrimšek 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2015,50(4):595-603
Heat stress is a major factor contributing to low fertility of dairy cows with a great economic impact in dairy industry. Heat‐stressed dairy cows usually have reduced nutrient intake, resulting in a higher degree of negative energy balance (NEB). The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal thermal effect on lipid metabolism, antioxidant activity and reproductive performance in dairy cows. Thirty‐two healthy dairy heifers were included in the study. According to the ambient temperature, animals were divided into two groups: winter (N = 14) and summer season (N = 18). Metabolic parameters, paraoxonase‐1 (PON1) activity and total antioxidant status (TAS) were monitored at the time of insemination (basal values) and from 1 week before until 8 weeks after calving. Number of services per conception and calving‐to‐conception (CC) interval were calculated from the farm recording data. Serum triglyceride, non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations were significantly increased after calving in summer compared to winter, indicating higher degree of NEB in cows during summer. PON1 activity was significantly decreased after calving in both summer and winter group. TAS concentration was significantly lower in summer than that in winter. A significantly higher number of services were needed for conception in summer compared to winter, and CC interval was significantly longer in summer than that in winter as well. Additionally, reproductive performance significantly correlated with the severity of NEB, suggesting that lipid mobilization and lower antioxidant status contributed to poor reproduction ability in dairy cows during hot months. 相似文献
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现代规模化、集约化奶牛养殖生产模式下,不断供给高营养水平日粮是维持后备牛快速生长发育和泌乳母牛高泌乳性能的物质基础。然而,在遗传品质到达"瓶颈期"后,尽管随着日粮营养浓度的不断提高和干物质采食量（DMI）的增加,奶牛单产水平可以继续维持在一定的高水平状态,但是高产奶牛的营养代谢性疾病的发病率也呈现快速增长趋势,特别是围产期能量负平衡（negative energy balance,NEB）引起的酮病,高精日粮引发的酸中毒、高蛋白质日粮引起的血液中尿素氮升高等营养代谢性疾病,负调控奶牛繁殖性能,造成奶牛产后发情不明显,配种率和受胎率下降等,直接影响奶牛生产群的更新速度、优质牛群泌乳性能正常发挥以及奶牛养殖的经济效益。作者详细介绍了近年来国内外不同营养代谢性疾病对奶牛繁殖性能影响的相关研究资料,重点分析了酮病、低血钙、瘤胃酸中毒等围产期高发的营养代谢性疾病影响奶牛繁殖性能的分子机制,并对营养代谢性疾病与高产奶牛繁殖性能今后研究的方向提出了展望和思考,以期为提高中国规模化牧场高产奶牛群繁殖效率和母牛围产期营养管理水平提供一定的借鉴和理论依据。 相似文献
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奶牛经过不断选育,产奶量不断提高,但高产奶量增加了奶牛机体产生的热量,在周围环境温度和湿度不断增加的情况下,热量会积累加剧,进而导致热应激的发生。为了散热,奶牛启动一系列的适应机制,包括增加呼吸频率、出汗等,长期则导致生产性能和繁殖性能的下降,极大地影响了奶牛养殖业的发展。因此,本文通过对奶牛热应激评定、热应激对奶牛的影响及缓解热应激措施进行综述,以期为缓解奶牛热应激提供有效的综合方案。 相似文献
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过去二十多年，随着奶牛群体遗传改良计划的持续推进和养殖技术的不断进步，中国奶牛集约化养殖水平和产奶量正在不断提高。但是，历年来的繁育数据显示，越是高产的牛群，繁殖性能下降的趋势越明显，繁殖问题越突出，高产引发的繁殖力下降已经成为制约中国乃至全球奶业发展的瓶颈。低繁殖力会严重影响奶牛生产群的更新速度以及优质牛群泌乳性能的正常发挥。奶牛养殖生产中，造成高产奶牛繁殖性能降低的因素众多，包括遗传因素、环境因素和疾病因素等。近年来，疾病因素对奶牛繁殖性能的影响越来越突出。根据疾病的发生部位，可将影响高产奶牛的疾病分为生殖器官疾病和非生殖器官疾病。作者详细介绍了近年来国内外不同疾病对奶牛繁殖性能影响的相关研究资料，重点分析了疾病通过神经系统、生殖内分泌系统和体液免疫系统等多个途径影响奶牛繁殖性能的分子机制，并对疾病与高产奶牛繁殖性能今后研究的方向提出了展望和思考，以期为提高中国高产奶牛群繁殖效率和经济效益提供一定的借鉴和理论依据。 相似文献
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ZHAO Shanjiang HAO Haisheng LIU Yunxiang WANG Xianjun XU Li LI Laibao WANG Huan ZHU Huabin 《中国畜牧兽医》2007,47(9):2906-2916
Over the past 20 years,with the continuous promotion of the genetic improvement plan of dairy cow population and the continuous improvement of feeding technology,the intensive level and milk yield of dairy cow population in China are continuously improving.However,the reproduction data over the years showed that the more milk yield,the more obviously decline in reproductive performance,and the more prominent of the reproductive problems.The decline of fertility caused by high yield has become the bottleneck of the development of dairy industry in China and even in the world.In dairy farming,there are many factors that cause the reduction of reproductive performance of high-yield dairy cows,including genetic factors,environmental factors and disease factors.Recently,the influence of disease factors on reproductive performance of dairy cows has become more and more prominent.According to the location of the disease,the diseases can be divided into genital diseases and non-genital diseases.This paper discussed the relevant research data on the effects of different diseases on the reproductive performance of dairy cows in recent years,and focusing on the analysis of the molecular mechanism of diseases affecting the reproductive performance of dairy cows through the nervous system,reproductive endocrine system and humoral immune system.The prospect and thinking for the future research of diseases and reproductive performance of high-yield dairy cows were put forward to provide reference and theoretical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency and economic benefits of high-yield dairy cows in China. 相似文献
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HAO Haisheng ZHAO Shanjiang LIU Yunxiang XU Li WANG Xianjun LI Laibao ZHU Huabin 《中国畜牧兽医》2007,47(10):3259-3269
With the rapid development of dairy breeding and the scale feeding level,the average individual milk yield of dairy herds in China has been greatly improved over the last few decades.However,the reproductive performance of dairy cows,especially in high-producing dairy cows,has declined continuously and affected severely dairy farm profitability.Reproductive performance of dairy cows was influenced by many factors including environment,herd management,genetics and various diseases.It has become more evident that genital tract diseases(also known as reproductive diseases) decreased reproductive performance of dairy cows during the last 10 years.The effect of reproductive diseases on reproduction of dairy cows has received more attention.This paper briefly described the incidence of reproductive diseases such as metritis,various types of endometritis and retained fetal membrane and ovarian diseases such as ovarian cyst,persistent corpus luteum in China and abroad.This paper highlighted the effects of reproductive diseases on reproductive performance such as days open,calving interval,pregnancy rate,estrus detection,days to first breeding and breeding index.Moreover,we analyzed in more detail the possible mechanisms by disrupting endocrine signaling,damaging intrauterine environment and causing ovarian dysregulation.Lastly,we looked forward to the future research direction of reproductive diseases of dairy cows that provided data reference and theoretical support for improving the management measures of scale feeding,reducing the incidence of reproductive diseases,improving the production and reproductive capacity of dairy herds in China. 相似文献
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在过去几十年，随着奶牛育种和规模化饲养水平的快速发展，中国奶牛群单产水平大幅提高，但是奶牛，特别是高产奶牛繁殖性能呈现不断下降趋势，严重影响了奶牛养殖的盈利能力。繁殖性能的降低受多种因素影响，包括环境、畜群管理、遗传和各种疾病等。近年来，生殖器官疾病（也称繁殖疾病）降低奶牛生殖能力的情况越来越明显，其对奶牛繁殖的影响受到了越来越多的关注。文章简述了国内外生殖道疾病如子宫炎、子宫内膜炎、胎衣不下和卵巢疾病如卵巢囊肿、持久黄体等繁殖疾病发生情况。通过文献检索和数据比较，重点介绍了繁殖疾病对奶牛繁殖性能如空怀天数、产犊间隔、妊娠率、发情检出率、产后首次配种天数、配种指数等繁殖指标的影响和研究成果。同时，重点分析了繁殖疾病通过干扰生殖内分泌，损伤子宫内环境，导致卵巢功能异常影响奶牛繁殖性能的可能机制，并对奶牛繁殖疾病研究方向提出了展望，以期为改进中国规模牧场管理措施、减少繁殖疾病发生、提高奶牛群生产和生殖能力提供数据参考和理论支持。 相似文献