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1.
AIM: To develop a technique to estimate the volume of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) obtained during bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and pleural lavage (PL) in the dog, using the urea dilution method. METHODS: BAL and PL fluids were obtained by saline lavage of pulmonary and pleural cavities of nine clinically healthy mixed-breed dogs immediately after euthanasia. Cell counts in the BAL and PL fluids were measured using standard techniques. The concentration of ELF in each lavage fluid was calculated from the relative concentration of urea in plasma and in each type of lavage fluid. Cell counts in ELF were then calculated. RESULTS: There were substantially higher cell counts in ELF compared to BAL or PF fluid. However, nucleated cell counts in ELF could not be predicted from cell counts in BAL or PL fluid. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results suggest that accurate assessment of cellular or non-cellular components in lavage fluids should include a calculation of the proportion of ELF recovered, using a method such as urea dilution.  相似文献   

2.
AIM: To develop a technique to estimate the volume of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) obtained during bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and pleural lavage (PL) in the dog, using the urea dilution method.

METHODS: BAL and PL fluids were obtained by saline lavage of pulmonary and pleural cavities of nine clinically healthy mixed-breed dogs immediately after euthanasia. Cell counts in the BAL and PL fluids were measured using standard techniques. The concentration of ELF in each lavage fluid was calculated from the relative concentration of urea in plasma and in each type of lavage fluid. Cell counts in ELF were then calculated.

RESULTS: There were substantially higher cell counts in ELF compared to BAL or PF fluid. However, nucleated cell counts in ELF could not be predicted from cell counts in BAL or PL fluid.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results suggest that accurate assessment of cellular or non-cellular components in lavage fluids should include a calculation of the proportion of ELF recovered, using a method such as urea dilution.  相似文献   

3.
Total and differential cell counts were determined on cytolytic specimens obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of five normal cynomolgus monkeys. Total nucleated cell counts ranged from 100 to 430 cells/microliters. Macrophages were approximately 91% of total nucleated cells, while lymphocytes were 3%, neutrophils 4%, and eosinophils 2% of the initial BAL from each monkey. Less than 1% of the cells were mast cells and ciliated or nonciliated epithelial cells. The effects of repeated saline BAL on pulmonary cell populations were evaluated. Saline lavage of individual lung lobes resulted in a marked rise in circulating blood neutrophils at 4 hr after BAL; there was a similar rise in neutrophils in lavage fluids 24 hr after the initial lavage. Differential and total cell counts of both blood and lavage fluid returned to normal if subsequent lavages were spaced at 48-hr intervals. Lymphocytes were not present in saline-lavaged lung lobes, and protein levels of lavage fluids did not rise significantly. BAL produced a transient, reversible, intra-alveolar influx of neutrophils which was preceded by mobilization of bone marrow-stored neutrophils. Neutrophilia in the lavage fluid and blood was not detectable if lavage and blood sampling procedures were done at 48-hr intervals (which did not alter Ia antigen expression among BAL cells). These observations indicate that BAL is a valid method for sampling and assessing pulmonary cellular and fluid constituents if the procedures are done at intervals of at least 48 hr.  相似文献   

4.
The aim of this work was to measure the myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid collected from horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), both in crisis and in remission, as well as from healthy horses. Seven horses with RAO were exposed to moldy hay until the maximum change in pleural pressure was greater than 1.5 kPa. At that point, BAL was performed, and the total cell counts and percentages in the fluid were immediately determined. To measure the MPO concentration in BAL-fluid supernatant, we used a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with polyclonal antibodies against equine MPO. The tests were repeated on the horses with RAO after they had spent 2 mo on pasture. Six healthy horses serving as controls underwent the same tests. The absolute and relative neutrophil counts and the MPO concentration in the BAL fluid were significantly greater in the horses with an RAO crisis than in the control horses. After 2 mo on pasture, the horses that had been in RAO crisis were clinically normal, and their neutrophil counts and MPO levels in BAL fluid had significantly decreased; during remission their neutrophil counts were not significantly different from those in the healthy horses, but their MPO concentration remained significantly higher. This study showed that determining the MPO concentration in a horse's BAL fluid is technically possible and that during remission from RAO the concentration remains higher than normal. Thus, MPO may be a marker of neutrophil presence and activation in the lower airways.  相似文献   

5.
Comparisons were made between transtracheal aspirate (TTA) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology obtained from 50 horses with chronic lung disease and from 10 control horses. There was no significant correlation between the TTA cytology and the BAL cytology, suggesting that the cell population in the trachea is not representative of the cell population in the lower airways. In control horses the range of differential cell counts obtained from TTA fluid was remarkably large, whereas the variability in cell populations observed in BAL fluid was smaller. In the principal horses the total and differential cell counts of the TTA and BAL fluids were within the 95 per cent confidence interval in 38 and 24 per cent of cases, respectively; and an increase in percentage neutrophils was most common. It was concluded that BAL may be a useful diagnostic aid when evaluating horses with chronic lung disease, but that the clinical usefulness of cytological evaluations of TTA fluid may be limited in these cases.  相似文献   

6.
Reference values of cellular and non-cellular components in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were established from the BALF specimens obtained from 52 healthy pigs. Using urea as an endogenous marker of dilution, the reference values in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) were calculated: total cell count 2.71 x 10(9) - 56.49 x 10(9) litre(-1) ELF, alveolar macrophages 2.02 x 10(9) - 49.91 x 10(9) litre(-1) ELF, lymphocytes 0.10 x 10(9) - 4.74 x 10(9) litre(-1) ELF, polymorphonuclear neutrophils 0.01 x 10(9) - 3.48 x 10(9) litre(-1) ELF, protein 0.10 - 13.13 g litre(-1) ELF, lactate dehydrogenase 127-1843 Units litre(-1) ELF, and alkaline phosphatase 86-994 Units litre(-1) ELF. The problems of quantification of BALF components are discussed and a standardized lavage protocol in swine is described, which is essential for the interpretation of diagnostic findings and for the comparison of different BALF specimens.  相似文献   

7.
The objective of this study was to investigate the normal cytological evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in healthy adult ferrets (N = 12). These ferrets underwent bronchoscopy and BAL using sterile saline [1.5 mL/kg body weight (BW)]. Percentage of fluid recovered, total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count, and cell count of the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) were determined. The mean percentage of lavage volume recovered from the right lung and left lung were 67.8 ± 14.9% and 69.7 ± 20.0%, respectively. Gender (P = 0.12) and weight (P = 0.17) did not significantly affect the mean percentage of recovered volume. The mean percentage of recovered volume (P = 0.47) and the mean leukocyte count (P = 0.17) from the right and left lung were not significantly different. Macrophages were the main leukocyte component of the lavages, followed by neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. The mean proportion of ELF in BAL fluid was 9.3 ± 3.7% v/v. Bronchoscopy is clinically useful for collecting good quality BAL samples for cytological analysis in ferrets. The leucocyte differential was established, which may help veterinarians to make better clinical decisions when treating respiratory disease. Further studies are required with a larger group in order to establish the healthy reference intervals for BAL values in ferrets.  相似文献   

8.
Equine bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid collected from 70 horses and respiratory secretions (RS) obtained from 61 of these horses were evaluated cytologically and grouped according to the histological diagnosis of the lungs from which they were obtained. The histological categories included: normal lung (8 horses); pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration (9 horses); interstitial pneumonia (5 horses); pulmonary hemorrhage (5 horses); and mild (12 horses), moderate (7 horses) and severe (24 horses) chronic small airway disease. In horses with pulmonary disease, all BAL samples and all but one RS sample differed cytologically to those obtained from normal horses; however, the type and severity of the pulmonary disease could not always be determined using either BAL or RS cytology. There was a positive association between the percentage of neutrophils in BAL and the neutrophil scores in RS specimens; there was no positive association between other cell types.  相似文献   

9.
Background: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) allows cell recovery from the lower respiratory tract; differential cell counts of BAL fluid gives important information in the assessment of various bronchial and pulmonary diseases. To the best of our knowledge no study has investigated the relation between the number of cells counted and the reproducibility of BAL fluid differential cell counts. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate using statistical methods how many cells should be counted in cytocentrifuged BAL fluid preparations in order to obtain a reliable enumeration of each cell type. Methods: BAL fluid samples from dogs with suspected bronchopulmonary disease were obtained during fiberoptic bronchoscopy with a standardized protocol. Differential cell counts were performed on May–Grünwald–Giemsa‐stained cytocentrifuged preparations by 2 independent observers. Reproducibility for the enumeration of each cell type was expressed as the intraclass correlation coefficient. We considered a threshold level of ≥0.90 to be high and a threshold level of ≥0.85 to be adequate. Results: Forty BAL fluid samples were included in the study. For neutrophils, alveolar macrophages, and eosinophils high reproducibility was reached by counting 200 cells; adequate reproducibility was reached for lymphocytes and bronchial epithelial cells by counting 500 cells. Conclusions: A 500‐cell differential count is required for all types of cells to be quantified with adequate reproducibility in canine cytocentrifuged BAL fluid samples.  相似文献   

10.
Samples obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were used to evaluate pulmonary cytology in 59 feedlot calves with clinical signs of respiratory disease (cases) and 60 clinically normal comparison calves (controls). Many calves in both case and control groups had inflammatory changes in the lower respiratory tract, as determined by changes in proportions in the BAL differential cell count. Approximately 35% of cases and 40% of controls showed a normal differential cell count. It therefore appeared that the criteria used to select cases for treatment, which were similar to those often used in the field, were poor predictors of lower respiratory tract disease. A positive association was found between an increased proportion of neutrophils in BAL fluid and isolations of Pasteurella multocida and Mycoplasma bovis from BAL fluid.  相似文献   

11.
The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in alveolar macrophages (AM) and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the lungs in comparison to plasma concentrations in healthy dogs. Eleven dogs were given a single oral dose (5 mg/kg) of enrofloxacin. Four hours later, plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were collected. Cells were separated from the BAL fluid and lysed for determination of drug concentrations within AM. Supernatant was used to determine concentrations of drugs in ELF. Drug assays were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography.
  The concentration of enrofloxacin (mean ± SD) was 0.33 ± 0.14 μg/mL in plasma, 3.34 ± 2.4 μg/mL in AM and 4.79 ± 5.0 μg/mL in ELF. The concentration of ciprofloxacin was 0.42 ± 0.26 μg/mL in plasma, 1.15 ± 1.03 μg/mL in AM and 0.26 ± 0.26 μg/mL in ELF. Mean concentrations of both drugs in AM were greater than in plasma (AM to plasma ratio, 10.3 for enrofloxacin and 4.7 for ciprofloxacin). Mean concentrations of enrofloxacin, but not ciprofloxacin, in ELF were greater than in plasma (ELF to plasma ratio, 13.5 for enrofloxacin and 0.52 for ciprofloxacin). Enrofloxacin concentrations in AM and ELF largely exceeded the MICs of the major bacterial pathogens and surpassed by about two times the breakpoint MIC of that drug, and ciprofloxacin concentrations in AM surpassed the MIC of many susceptible organisms. These results suggest that sufficient antimicrobial activity is present in AM and ELF of dogs following oral administration of enrofloxacin to be effective in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections involving susceptible organisms.  相似文献   

12.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase enzyme activities, and total protein (TP), calcium, inorganic phosphate, urea nitrogen (UN) and creatinine concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were investigated for their relative importance in the diagnosis of respiratory diseases in dogs. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was obtained from 26 dogs (20 with respiratory diseases and six controls) following anaesthesia with sodium pentothal. Enzyme activities and biochemical parameters were measured in BAL fluid. LDH and ALP levels were significantly increased in 12 dogs with bronchopneumonia, but not in eight dogs with tracheobronchitis. Insignificant and variable levels of TP and UN concentrations were found in both groups. It was concluded that LDH and ALP enzyme activities could be considered as pointers to pulmonary inflammation and/or damage while TP and UN measurements in BAL fluid may have a place in the identification of changes in respiratory and vascular permeability.  相似文献   

13.
A technique that did not require use of a bronchoscope for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in dogs was developed. An inexpensive, readily available 16-F Levin-type stomach tube was modified for the procedure. The technique was effective for collecting BAL fluid in 9 dogs that ranged from 9.3 to 26.2 kg (20.5 to 57.6 lb). Recovered fluid was consistent with fluid collected bronchoscopically. Mean recovery volume was 84/125 ml (67%), mean WBC counts were high (> 300 cells/microl), and > 70% of cells were macrophages. Complications from use of the technique were not detected on the basis of pulse oximetry, thoracic radiography, and clinical observation. This effective, simple, and safe technique for BAL can be readily performed in clinical settings that do not have bronchoscopic capabilities. It also provides a less costly alternative than bronchoscopic BAL.  相似文献   

14.
Objective To evaluate the effect of collecting serial tracheal aspirate (TA) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples on the cytological findings of subsequent fluid samples obtained from horses without clinical signs of respiratory disease. Study design Experimental. Study population Six healthy Standardbred horses. Methods Endoscopically‐guided TA samples, and BAL samples collected using the blind field technique were obtained from the six horses on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, and 17. On day 17, horses were sampled three times: at baseline and at 2.5 h and 4 h apart. The differential cytology of the fluid samples collected at each time point was expressed as percentages and compared statistically. Results There was a significant increase in neutrophil percentage in the TA samples taken at day 17 (at 2.5 h but not at 4 h apart). There was no significant change in the neutrophil percentages in the TA samples when repeated samples were taken ≥24 h apart. There was no significant change in the neutrophil percentages in the BAL fluid at any collection point. There were inconsistent changes in the percentages of lymphocytes and macrophages in the BAL fluid over time, but these remained within normal reference ranges and were considered clinically insignificant. Conclusions Serial TA and BAL samples can be taken at 24 h intervals without affecting the cytological findings of subsequent fluid samples collected using the techniques described.  相似文献   

15.
The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic results and value of thoracic radiography, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytopathology, and lung histopathology in 11 cats with spontaneous respiratory disease in which radiography and cytopathology were inadequate in establishing a definitive diagnosis. In these cats, radiographic patterns were characterized as bronchial (n=6), interstitial (n=3), and alveolar (n=2); other features included hyperinflation (n=3), bronchiectasis (n=2), pleural fissure lines (n=2), pulmonary nodules (n=2), atelectasis (n=1), and a tracheal mass (n=1). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was unremarkable in two cats. Abnormal BAL fluid showed inflammation (n=5), hemorrhage (n=2), epithelial hyperplasia (n=1), or was suspicious for neoplasia (n=1). Histopathological evaluation revealed inflammation (n=8), neoplasia (n=2), and vascular congestion (n=1). The predominant radiographic location of disease correlated with the same histopathological location in seven cats, and the cytopathological class of BAL fluid was consistent with the histopathological class of disease in seven cats. There was poor correlation between the types of cells found in the BAL fluid and the pathologist's prediction of the types of cells likely to be found in the BAL fluid based on the amount and type of airway cellularity seen on histopathological examination. The results of this study suggest that in some cats, BAL fluid cytopathology does not always correlate with the type of pulmonary disease identified on histopathology. In respiratory diseases where radiography and cytopathology fail to provide a definitive diagnosis, histopathological examination of the lung may be necessary.  相似文献   

16.
The objective of this study was to compare active drug concentrations in the plasma vs. different effector compartments including interstitial fluid (ISF) and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) of healthy preruminating (3‐week‐old) and ruminating (6‐month‐old) calves. Eight calves in each age group were given a single subcutaneous (s.c.) dose (8 mg/kg) of danofloxacin. Plasma, ISF, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were collected over 96 h and analyzed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. PELF concentrations were calculated by a urea dilution assay of the BAL fluids. Plasma protein binding was measured using a microcentrifugation system. For most preruminant and ruminant calves, the concentration–time profile of the central compartment was best described by a two‐compartment open body model. For some calves, a third compartment was also observed. The time to maximum concentration in the plasma was longer in preruminating calves (3.1 h) vs. ruminating calves (1.4 h). Clearance (CL/F) was 385.15 and 535.11 mL/h/kg in preruminant and ruminant calves, respectively. Ruminant calves maintained higher ISF/plasma concentration ratios throughout the study period compared to that observed in preruminant calves. Potential reasons for age‐related differences in plasma concentration–time profiles and partitioning of the drug to lungs and ISF as a function of age are explored.  相似文献   

17.
In diagnosing inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in performance horses, a histamine bronchoprovocation (HBP) test is often performed. In previously published studies, HBP is usually undertaken prior to cytological examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells. The purpose of this study was to determine if HBP alters (1) the total nucleated cell numbers and distribution in BAL fluid (BALF) and (2) the mRNA and protein concentrations of selected cytokines in BAL cells and BALF, respectively. BALF was initially collected endoscopically from the right middle or diaphragmatic lung lobe in eight healthy young Standardbred horses. Five to six days later, HBP was performed by aerosolization of histamine (8mg) over a 2min period. BALF was again collected within 2-4h of the HBP from the left middle or diaphragmatic lung lobe. In both samples, total and differential WBC counts were obtained. The gene expressions of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-8, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and beta-actin in BAL cells were measured using real-time RT-PCR. The cytokine protein concentrations were measured in the BALF using ELISA. HBP was not associated with either a change in the total BAL cell number or in the distribution of the BAL cells. BAL cell expression of IL-4, IL-8 and IFN-gamma, detected in all samples with the exception of IL-4 in one horse (post-HBP), was not altered as a result of HBP. HBP was not associated with a significant change in IL-8 or IFN-gamma concentrations in the BALF. IL-4 protein was undetectable in BALF either prior to or following HBP. We conclude that HBP can precede BALF collection performed within 2-4h of the former without affecting selected parameters analysed in the BAL cells or BALF.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of inhalation of feed flour dust and dustborne endotoxin on respiratory tracts of pigs. ANIMALS: 29 healthy Belgian Landrace pigs. PROCEDURE: Pigs housed in an environmental chamber were exposed for 6 days to feed flour dust (1 to 15 mg/m3) and dustborne endotoxins (50 to 2,500 ng/m3). Effects were evaluated by measuring albumin concentration, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, cell composition of nasal lavage (NL) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids and blood, and percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in blood and lavage fluids. Dustborne endotoxin was obtained by mixing endotoxins from Escherichia coli (serotype O127:B8) with feed flour before spraying the flour in the environmental chamber. RESULTS: Exposure did not affect cell composition of NL fluid or blood. Total cell counts of BAL fluids were increased in all groups exposed to dust. Macrophage counts were increased in pigs exposed to inhalable dust concentrations as low as 4.4 mg/m3, and lymphocyte counts were increased in groups exposed to high dust concentrations. Percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in blood and lavage fluids were unchanged. In all dust-exposed groups, albumin content of BAL fluid was increased, whereas LDH activity was unaffected. Macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration and edema in the bronchi were identified by light microscopy. Effects attributable to E. coli endotoxin exposure were not identified. CONCLUSIONS: Inhalation of feed flour dust did not affect nasal mucosa but did induce bronchial airway inflammation. Dustborne endotoxins did not have effects attributable to endotoxin alone.  相似文献   

19.
Thirty-nine horses and 3 ponies underwent a thorough respiratory examination and were grouped as follows: healthy (4 horses and 1 pony); mild chronic pulmonary disease (CPD 11 horses); moderate CPD (16 horses and 1 pony); and severe CPD (8 horses and 1 pony). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid collected from all animals and respiratory secretions (RS) obtained from 39 of these animals were evaluated cytologically and the results were compared. It was concluded that cytological examination of either BAL fluid or RS was useful in diagnosing various equine pulmonary diseases. The only advantage that BAL offered over RS sampling was in cases in which there was no RS available in the trachea. In addition, the severity of the CPD did not always correlate with either RS or BAL cytology.  相似文献   

20.
The relationship between acute pulmonary cell injury and inflammatory response was investigated in rats killed 1, 3, and 7 days after intratracheal inoculation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and bronchoalveolar cell (BAC) lysate supernatants were used as indicators of cell injury in the lung. Concentrations of protein in BAL fluid and the number and types of BAC were used as indicators of pulmonary inflammatory response. The magnitude of inflammation and cell injury was calculated as the percentage difference of cellular and biochemical values, compared with values of nontreated controls. Inoculation with LPS induced a significant and dramatic (greater than 18,000%) influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and a mild (approx 250%) increase in pulmonary alveolar macrophages. A moderate, significant and time-dependent increase in LDH (up to approx 260%) and AP (up to approx 220%) was detected in BAL fluid and BAC lysate supernatants after LPS inoculations. Inoculation with saline solution alone resulted in increased PMN (approx 975%), but did not alter LDH and AP values. In all rats evaluated, protein concentrations did not change. Numbers of PMN significantly and positively correlated with activities of LDH and AP. Protein concentrations and PMN counts had a negative nonsignificant association. Evidence of further cell injury was not detected after massive influx of PMN into the bronchoalveolar space. Therefore, the cellular influx of PMN induced by LPS probably was disproportionate to the magnitude of pulmonary cell injury.  相似文献   

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