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1.
Anesthetics are commonly used in the aquaculture industry to reduce stress and prevent mortality of fish during transportation, handling, and surgical procedures. This study assessed the efficacy of four anesthetic agents (clove oil, propofol, 2‐phenoxyethanol [2‐PE], and ketamine hydrochloride) on Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus, juveniles. In addition, results of the first experiment were used to evaluate sedation concentrations suitable for transportation of Persian sturgeon. The concentrations of anesthetics or sedatives evaluated in the first experiment were: 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L for clove oil; 1, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/L for propofol; 110, 330, 550, and 770 mg/L for 2‐PE; and 1250, 2500, 3750, and 5000 mg/L for ketamine hydrochloride. Results show significant reduction in time to anesthesia and significant increase in recovery time with increase in concentration of all anesthetics. The most clinically useful concentrations of anesthetics tested were between 25 and 50 mg/L for clove oil, less than 1 mg/L for propofol, 330 mg/L for 2‐PE, and none of the tested concentrations for ketamine hydrochloride. In the second experiment, juveniles were placed in low concentrations of anesthetic solutions for 24 h and survival assessed. The four anesthetics tested are suitable for light sedation during transportation of A. persicus juveniles. Results are helpful to scientists working with Persian sturgeon aquaculture and restocking programs.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract— The freshwater prawn Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii is a commercially important culture species in the South Central United States. Two major constraints in the commercial culture of the freshwater prawn in the U.S. are poor survival during live transportation of seed‐stock to growout ponds, and live transportation of pond harvested prawn to distant live markets due to the territorial and cannibalistic nature of prawn. The use of anesthetics could possibly improve transport survival; however, to date anesthetic agents have not been evaluated for use with prawn. Two trials were conducted with juvenile freshwater prawn to compare the efficacy of anesthetics commonly used on fish. The first trial was designed to identify the most promising candidates. In Study 1, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS‐222), 2‐phenoxyethanol, quinaldine sulfate (quinaldine), clove oil, and Aqui‐STM were evaluated at 25 and 100 mg/L for 1 h in three replicate 10‐L glass containers, containing five juvenile prawn each. Relative sedation level was determined every 3 min for 1 h, then recovery time and survival were measured. In Study 1, MS‐222 and 2‐phenoxyethanol were determined to be ineffective on prawn at all rates tested. Based on their performance in Study 1, quinaldine, clove oil, and AquiSTM were evaluated at 100, 200, and 300 mg/L in Study 2. Observations were determined as in Study 1. Clove oil and Aqui‐STM induced anesthesia faster and at lower concentrations than quinaldine. At the highest treatment rate (300 mg/L) prawn suffered 60% mortality in the Aqui‐STM treatment, 13% mortality in the quinaldine treatment, and 0% mortality in the clove oil treatment and control following a 1‐h exposure to these concentrations. Based on these data, Aqui‐STM and clove oil applied at 100 mg/L may be suitable anesthetic treatments for prawn. Additional research is needed to determine optimal time and dose relationships to minimize stress during holding, handling, and transportation of prawn.  相似文献   

3.
The comparative effectiveness of 2-phenoxyethanol and Propiscin as anesthetics were studied on juvenile sea bass. Both anesthetics showed low toxicity and good hypnotic characteristics, however median survival times at the same concentration of both anesthetics differed. Propiscin showed much lower LT50 than 2-phenoxyethanol, pointing towards its elevated toxicity in juvenile sea bass, even the same concentrations of Propiscin induced slower anesthesia than 2-phenoxyethanol. The most suitable Propiscin concentration for anesthesia was 0.56 ml/l, while the most suitable concentration of 2-phenoxyethanol was 0.32 ml/l for juvenile sea bass. Mortalities after 96 h were induced with Propiscin at lower concentrations then of 2-phenoxyethanol, resulting in the conclusion that the 2-phenoxyethanol is a safer anesthetic for use with juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.).  相似文献   

4.
The aim of the present study was to investigate anesthetic efficacy of myrcene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) along with the fish biochemical response to anesthesia in comparison with eugenol. In the first experiment, 240 fish were stocked in 12 tanks and acclimatized to experimental conditions for 2 weeks. Then, the fish of each tank were subjected to one concentration of either eugenol (12, 20, 30, 50, 80, and 130 μL/L) or myrcene (100, 150, 200, 300, 400, and 500 μL/L) concentrations. Induction time of and recovery time from anesthesia were recorded for each fish separately. Using these results, desired concentrations to induce anesthesia within 60, 180, 300, and 600 s were determined, being 81, 30, 19, and 10 μL/L eugenol and 531, 251, 177, and 111 μL/L myrcene. In the second experiment, 96 fish were stocked in 8 tanks. Six fish were netted from each tank and exposed to the calculated eugenol or myrcene concentrations. Blood samples were taken after the fish reached anesthesia. The results showed that there was no significant difference in serum lactate, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase. Increase in the induction time of anesthesia resulted in increased serum glucose with no significant difference between the anesthetics. Increase in induction time of anesthesia led to increase in serum lactate dehydrogenase activity in the eugenol-anesthetized fish and aspartate transaminase activity in myrcene-anesthetized fish. In conclusion, myrcene is capable to anesthetize rainbow trout, but at higher concentrations compared to eugenol. In addition, biochemical analysis showed that increase in induction time of anesthesia leads to hyperglycemia and increase in AST and LDH activities depending on anesthetic type.  相似文献   

5.
Meagre, Argyrosomus regius, is a candidate marine fish species for aquaculture diversification, presenting a high economic value in the Mediterranean. Tolerance of juvenile meagre to nitrite (NO2‐N) was determined relating to temperature. Fish (3.2 ± 0.6 g and 5.4 ± 0.9 cm) were exposed to different NO2‐N concentrations in a series of acute toxicity tests by the static renewal method at three temperatures (18, 22, and 26 C) at a pH of 8.0. Low temperature clearly increased tolerance to NO2‐N (P < 0.05). The 96‐h median lethal concentration (LC50) values of NO2‐N were 177.63, 139.55, and 49.61 mg/L, at 18, 22, and 26 C, respectively. The safe levels of NO2‐N for juvenile meagre were estimated to be 17.7, 13.9, and 4.9 mg/L at 18, 22, and 26 C, respectively (P < 0.05). This study indicates A. regius is more sensitive to nitrite than other marine fish species cultured in the Mediterranean.  相似文献   

6.
The preparation and use of two anesthetic agents for fish, a buffered metacaine solution for anesthesia in connection with vaccination procedure, and an available benzocaine solution for minor procedures, were studied at a commercial fish farm producing Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts. The procedures were compared with the given recommendations to evaluate compliance with recommended procedures and labels. The personnel were evaluated to be non‐compliant with labels and procedures for both anesthetic agents used and the recommended exposure time in the baths. Five important themes were identified: the preparation and use of the anesthetics, fish welfare, training procedures, and occupational hazard aspects. One important reason for non‐compliance was that the rate of delivery of anesthetized fish to the vaccination table was more dependent on the speed of vaccination, and less on the anesthetic depth of the fish. This may be a management issue. Management decisions may create an environment leading to situations where errors are more likely to occur. Better communication between the fish health‐service team and the personnel, more tailored procedures, and a preprepared anesthetic agent might increase compliance with procedures and may promote fish welfare and welfare of the employees.  相似文献   

7.
Anesthetic disposal for fish often results in physiological and behavioral responses. There is limited information involved on the metabolic and behavioral responses of the seahorses. The lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus, is of great interest in the sciences because of its unusual S‐shaped morphology and male pregnancy behavior. This study found that the lined seahorse could be effectively anesthetized into Stage II at the concentrations of 10 mg/L clove oil or 20 mg/L MS‐222 based on the comparison of six different treatments. The ventilation frequency, oxygen consumption, and ammonia‐N excretion of the seahorses were decreased significantly as soon as they were exposed to the anesthetic agents. A higher O : N ratio was found in seahorses anesthetized by clove oil as compared to those exposed to MS‐222. After the anesthetic treatment, the feeding frequencies of recovered seahorses were low at the beginning and then increased during the 7‐d culture. Moreover, there was no incremental difference of wet weights among the tested seahorses (P = 0.534). The findings indicate that the anesthetic process has few effects on the feeding and short‐term growth of seahorses in spite of the occurrence of physiological and behavioral responses.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract.— The use of clove oil as an anesthetic for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings was examined. At 100 mg/L. clove oil induced anesthesia within 1 min following exposure. Fish recovered from a 10-min period of anesthesia in 100 mg/L clove oil within 4 min following removal from the anesthetic solution. At clove oil concentrations of 150 mg/L or greater, recovery times were prolonged, requiring longer than 10 min for recovery. At 300 mg/L, mortality was observed with half of the catfish fingerlings failing to recover from the 10-min exposure. Fish could be safely maintained in 100 mg/L clove oil for periods of up to 15 min; exposure for longer than 15 min produced both prolonged recovery times and mortality. At a concentration of 100 ma clove oil produced responses similar to those of the commonly used fish anesthetic MS-222. The low cost of clove oil relative to MS-222 and the extensive testing and use of clove oil in dentistry and as a food ingredient make clove oil an attractive candidate as a fish anesthetic.  相似文献   

9.
Summer stratification often leads to large areas of hypolimnetic hypoxia in lakes and reservoirs. These areas of hypoxia alter fish behaviours and distributions as well as restrict access to valuable prey resources, yet few studies have examined foraging behaviour of fish in response to low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. We observed foraging behaviour of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, in response to varying DO concentrations in tanks that simulated a stratified lake water column during the summer: 28°C oxygenated epilimnion, 15°C deoxygenated hypolimnion. Compared with saturated concentrations (8.0–9.0 mg/L), hypolimnetic oxygen concentrations of 3.0 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L resulted in a drastic decrease in prey consumption, handling efficiency and time spent below the thermocline mainly due to avoidance behaviour of hypoxic conditions. However, we found at high hypolimnetic prey densities, individual fish were more willing to venture into reduced oxygen concentrations. Several unique behaviours including transporting prey above the oxycline for consumption, aquatic surface respiration and gill flaring were employed by largemouth bass foraging in low oxygen environments. Reduced hypolimnetic oxygen concentrations may influence and alter feeding strategies, especially for fish that rely on benthic prey resources.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract.— The present study investigated the use of benzocaine as an anesthetic for juvenile Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui). In the first experiment, fish were exposed to various doses of benzocaine for 10 min at 24 C. The second experiment examined the effects of duration of exposure to 100 mg/L of benzocaine. In the third experiment, fish were exposed to 100 mg/L at temperatures of 24, 27, and 30 C. Benzocaine concentrations of 100–150 mg/L were considered ideal for quickly inducing total immobilization and fast recovery. Fish exposed to 350 mg/L benzocaine exhibited 30% mortality. No changes in hemat-ocrit were recorded in fish exposed to different concentrations of benzocaine. Plasma glucose increased significantly when fish were exposed to benzocaine concentrations greater than 200 mg/L. Recovery time after a 30-min exposure to 100 mg/L benzocaine was significantly greater than after an exposure for 10 and 20 min. No mortality was observed 96 h after exposure to 100 mg/L benzocaine for 10, 20, and 30 min. Dosages in the 100–150 mg/L range were effective for periods of up to 20 min of anesthesia. There was no effect of temperature on the time required for fish to lose equilibrium. However, recovery was significantly faster for fish anesthetized at 30 C. Benzocaine is an effective anesthetic agent for tambaqui juveniles, providing rapid immobilization and rapid recovery. Benzocaine is also less expensive than other available anesthetic compounds.  相似文献   

11.
The aim of the study was to determine the optimum concentration of MS‐222 for given size groups of pikeperch and water temperatures. The study considered three size groups of pikeperch (body weight [BW] 8.56, 15.72, 52.91 g), an MS‐222 water solution (50, 100, and 150 mg/L), and two temperatures (20 or 23°C). It was revealed that the optimum MS‐222 concentration depended largely on the size of the pikeperch and on water temperature. For fish with a BW <10 g the recommended concentration is 100 mg/L but only at 23°C. For fish with a BW of 10–40 g at an immersion temperature of 20°C the safe MS‐222 concentration ranges from 100 to 150 mg/L. However, at a temperature of 23°C the recommended concentration of the anesthetic is 100 mg/L. Similarly for larger fish, that is, fish with a BW >40 g, the optimum MS‐222 concentration at a water temperature of 20°C is in the range of 100–150 mg/L, but at a temperature of 23°C is it approximately 100 mg/L. Additionally, when exposure to the anesthetic is shorter (several min), a concentration of 150 mg/L is also safe for juvenile pikeperch of this size.  相似文献   

12.
Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of nitrite in dark‐banded rockfish, Sebastes inermis (83.3 ± 7.2 g), were studied under static conditions for a period of 96 h. The acute toxicity of nitrite evaluated for the 96‐h lethal concentration (LC50) was 700 mg/L. The sublethal effects on selected hematological parameters of S. inermis, such as total erythrocyte count (TEC), hemoglobin, plasma glucose, and serum protein content, were measured after 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure to 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 700 mg/L of nitrite. Sublethal nitrite caused progressive reduction in the TEC, hemoglobin, and serum protein content in fish depending on the nitrite concentration and exposure period. The 96‐h exposure resulted in a 14–42% reduction in TEC and 25–33% reduction in hemoglobin content for 100–700 mg/L of nitrite compared to the control. A dose‐related reduction in plasma glucose (25.7–34.2%) was observed for concentrations of 200–700 mg/L of nitrite during 48 h of exposure, followed by an increase through 96 h. A significant reduction in serum protein (7.3–12.6%) was observed for 200–700 mg/L of nitrite after 96 h of exposure. Abnormal histological changes in skin, gill, liver, and kidney tissue were observed in fish exposed to 700 mg/L of nitrite after 96 h of exposure compared to the control. Although no mortality of S. inermis occurred at 500 mg/L of nitrite, all hematological parameters adversely responded to a nitrite dose of 200 mg/L for 96 h. These results showed that although acute toxicity concentration of nitrite in S. inermis is higher than 700 mg/L, sublethal concentrations of nitrite also negatively affect hematological parameters.  相似文献   

13.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of clove solution on anesthesia and hematological parameters in Beluga, Huso huso (L.). In the experiment 1, fish were exposed to concentrations of 300, 500, 700, 1,800 and 3,000 ppm clove solution and induction (stage 3 and 4) as well as recovery period lengths were recorded. These concentrations were led to induction and recovery time between 42–365 and 125–235 s, respectively, in dose-dependent manner. There was negative correlation between induction and recovery time (R 2 = 0.92). In the experiment 2, fish were exposed to each aforementioned concentrations and let to reach stage 4 anesthesia and then blood-sampled. Control group was sampled without anesthesia. Hematological studies between groups showed no significant changes in white blood cell (WBC) and differential leukocyte count (P > 0.05). Hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration levels were significantly high in concentrations of 300–700 ppm compared to control, 1,800 and 3,000 ppm. Control and 500–3,000 ppm groups have similar mean corpuscular volume values and significantly higher than 300 ppm. Lower values of mean corpuscular hemoglobin were related to control, 3,000 and 1,800 ppm and higher values were observed in the others. Strong positive correlation were observed between induction periods and Hct, Hb and RBC levels (R 2 = 0.095, 0.99 and 0.92, respectively). Results suggested that anesthesia with low concentrations of clove solution over a long period is stressful compared to high concentrations over short period.  相似文献   

14.
High mortality is common when culturing most marine fish larvae, especially during the transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding. In aquaculture, many species of marine fish are not able to survive when only fed enriched rotifers and Artemia spp. nauplii. Ciliates are a potential alternative live food organism for first‐feeding larvae, because they can grow to high population densities, accept inert diets, and are natural prey organisms of marine fish larvae. The range of culture parameters to optimize population growth of the ciliate Euplotes sp. are unknown. Five experiments were conducted to determine the effects of food concentration and abiotic factors including salinity, aeration rate, temperature and photoperiod on population growth of the ciliate Euplotes sp. Results indicated the optimal ranges for population growth of Euplotes sp. was a temperature between 26 and 32°C, salinities from 20 and 35 g/L, food (Protein Selco®) concentrations of 250 and 500 mg/million ciliates, absence of or low aeration (8.5 cm3/min) and the photoperiod 0L:24D. Euplotes sp. can tolerate high ammonia and very low dissolved oxygen concentrations, and population growth can occur in these conditions for at least 7 days.  相似文献   

15.
为研究丁香酚对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼的麻醉效果。采用静水方法在水温(27±1)℃下研究不同质量浓度丁香酚(20、25、30、40、50、60、80 mg/L和100 mg/L)对规格为(21.6±2.75)cm长和(110.3±30.67)g重的花鲈麻醉效果和呼吸频率的影响。25~100 mg/L质量浓度的丁香酚均能使花鲈进入深度麻醉期,且麻醉浓度与平均入麻时间呈负相关,与平均复苏时间成正相关;丁香酚质量浓度为50 mg/L时,麻醉效果较好。低浓度丁香酚20 mg/L对花鲈呼吸频率影响不明显。在质量浓度达到40~100 mg/L时,鱼体由麻醉期(A3)进入深度麻醉期(A4),呼吸频率迅速降低。以50 mg/L丁香酚将花鲈麻醉后再在空气中进行暴露,暴露时间与复苏时间呈正相关。暴露时间在2~30 min范围内的复苏率为100%。当时间增加至35、40和45 min时,复苏率降低至66%,33%和0。且暴露时间大于20 min花鲈只能进入恢复期3期(R3)。因此,50 mg/L的丁香酚麻醉液是花鲈幼鱼的理想麻醉浓度。  相似文献   

16.

Fish are frequently anesthetized to reduce stress and injury during various procedures, particularly surgery. Nonetheless, the majority of chemical fish anesthetics have some negative effects on both fish and humans. 2-Phenoxyethanol (2-PE), for example, which is normally used as an anesthetic for ornamental fish, can cause neuropsychological syndromes in humans. To reduce toxicity, some herbal essential oils have been applied as an anesthetic to fish. However, essential oils must be dissolved in ethanol, which has side effects such as disrupting gas exchange in fish. This study aimed to develop mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) oil as a nanoemulsion without ethanol and determine their optimal concentrations to use as an anesthetic for surgery on koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to examine the chemical compositions of mugwort oil. The droplet size of mugwort oil nanoemulsion was measured by the dynamic light scattering method. The results revealed that mugwort oil consisted of three major active compounds which were b-pinene (11.7%), 1,8-cineole (10.34%), and a-pinene (8.29%). The average diameter of mugwort oil nanoemulsion droplets was 22.08 ± 0.70 nm. The lowest effective concentrations were 0.6 ml/L for mugwort oil and 12.5 ml/L for mugwort oil nanoemulsion.

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17.
This study investigated the efficacy of Lippia grata essential oil (EO) against monogeneans of Colossoma macropomum and effects on the haematology after immersion baths. In the in vitro assays, the efficacy of 100, 250, 350 and 700 mg/L of L. grata EO and two controls were tested, of which one control was with the cultivation tank water and the other was with the tank water and 70% ethyl alcohol. Composition of majority bioactive compounds in the EO was carvacrol (48.12%), p‐cymene (24.39%) and γ‐terpinene (2.49%). Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis, Mymarothecium boegeri and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni obtained of fish gills showed 100% immobilization in the in vitro assays when exposed to 700 and 350 mg/L after 30 min and 2 hr respectively. Fish showed tolerance to 700 mg/L of the EO, which was used in therapeutic in three consecutive baths, which caused lamellar hyperplasia in C. macropomum gills. The 700 mg/L of the EO in the therapeutic baths showed an efficacy of 95.1% against the monogeneans and caused decrease in haemoglobin, whereas control fish showed a reduction in mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. Results indicated that 700 mg/L of L. grata EO is a safe and effective concentration to treat C. macropomum infected with monogeneans.  相似文献   

18.
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19.
Abstract.— Following exposure to the anesthetic AQUI-S™, plasma cortisol concentration in immature rainbow trout was measured as (mean) 293 ± 48 ng/ mL, which was significantly ( P > 0.05) higher than the mean concentration in resting fish. Cortisol concentrations remained significantly ( P > 0.05) elevated for at least 24 h after treatment. This was accompanied by a significant increase and decrease in hematocrit and plasma potassium, respectively. These perturbations continued for at least 48 h following recovery from anesthesia. Plasma concentrations of total protein and sodium remained unchanged following anesthesia with AQUI-S™. Crowding stress is commonly encountered by fish during manipulation in aquaculture situations. Anesthetising fish prior to, and during, manipulation may reduce the associated stress. Changes in cortisol values resulting from crowding (30 min; 0.1 kg/L) during anesthesia with AQUI-S™ were not appreciably different from those in fish crowded without anesthesia. Thus, anesthesia with AQUI-S™ at the recommended dose of 17 mg/L did not appear to be effective for alleviating the stress of crowding under the conditions of our experiments.  相似文献   

20.
Monocrotophos (MCP) is one of the organophosphate pesticides extensively used in agriculture and animal husbandry. The present study reports the effects of sub‐lethal concentrations of MCP on gonadosomatic index (GSI), gonadal histology and breeding fitness of the fish Anabas testudineus. The fish were exposed to three sub‐lethal concentrations of monocrotophos (T1: 3.5 mg/L, T2: 5.3 mg/L and T3: 10.6 mg/L) for 45 days with 12 fish (males and females in equal numbers) in each tank, and one group was kept as control (C) without any treatment. GSI decreased in all treatment groups in comparison with control. Significant decrease in fertilization and hatching rate was observed at all concentrations in comparison with control on 15, 30 and 45 days of monocrotophos exposure. The decreased vitellogenesis, disruption of follicular wall and oocyte atresia were observed in all the treated females at 30 and 45 days of exposure. Rupture of seminiferous tubules was noticed in all the treated males irrespective of exposure periods. The results thus indicated that monocrotophos could deleteriously impact the gonadal structure and function in A. testudineus, which could seriously impact the reproductive success of the animal.  相似文献   

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