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1.
 Potential effects of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) inoculated into soil on fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O were investigated for an untreated and a limed soil under beech in open topsoil columns under field conditions for 120 days. Gas fluxes from L. terrestris, beech litter and mineral soil from soil columns were measured separately in jars at 17  °C. The inoculation with L. terrestris and the application of lime had no effect on cumulative CO2 emissions from soil. During the first 3–4 weeks earthworms significantly (P<0.05) increased CO2 emissions by 16% to 28%. In contrast, significantly lower (P<0.05) CO2 emission rates were measured after 11 weeks. The data suggest that earthworm activity was high during the first weeks due to the creation of burrows and incorporation of beech litter into the mineral soil. Low cumulative CH4 oxidation rates were found in all soil columns as a result of CH4 production and oxidation processes. L. terrestris with fresh feces and the beech litter produced CH4 during the laboratory incubation, whereas the mineral soil oxidised atmospheric CH4. Inoculation with L. terrestris led to a significant reduction (P<0.02) in the CH4 oxidation rate of soil, i.e. 53% reduction. Liming had no effect on cumulative CH4 oxidation rates of soil columns and on CH4 fluxes during the laboratory incubation. L. terrestris significantly increased (P<0.001) cumulative N2O emissions of unlimed soil columns by 57%. The separate incubation of L. terrestris with fresh feces resulted in rather high N2O emissions, but the rate strongly decreased from 54 to 2 μg N kg–1 (dry weight) h–1 during the 100 h of incubation. Liming had a marked effect on N2O formation and significantly (P<0.001) reduced cumulative N2O emissions by 34%. Although the interaction of liming and L. terrestris was not significant, N2O emissions of limed soil columns with L. terrestris were 8% lower than those of the control. Received: 2 September 1999  相似文献   

2.
 The simultaneous impact of three successive crops of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L.) on the mineralisation of 15N-labelled organic compounds adsorbed to different soil size fractions (sand and organic residues >50 μm; silt 50–2 μm; coarse clay 2–0.2 μm and fine clay <0.2 μm) was studied under controlled conditions in the greenhouse. Unplanted soils (UPS) were used as controls. In planted soils without earthworm (PS) total plant biomass decreased with each cropping by up to 50%. However, in planted soils with earthworms (PES) the total plant biomass loss was only 17%. This pattern was explained by the earthworm effect. Compared to the unplanted soils, the planted soils had an increased (mean +37%) mineralisation of 15N adsorbed onto fine clays and a partial transfer of 15N to silt and coarse clay. The quantities of 15N mineralised and transferred were higher in the planted soils with earthworms, indicating an amplification of the phenomenon in the presence of earthworms. The simultaneous effect of the rhizosphere and the drilosphere did not lead to increased mineralisation of N adsorbed onto coarse clays and silts but instead a greater transfer of N associated with the fine fractions towards the coarser fractions. Received: 25 April 2000  相似文献   

3.
Significance of earthworms in stimulating soil microbial activity   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
 The stimulatory effect of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) on soil microbial activity was studied under microcosm-controlled conditions. The hypothesis was tested that microbial stimulation observed in the presence of a soil invertebrate would be due to the utilization of additional nutritive substances (secretion and excretion products) that it provides. Changes in microbial activity were monitored by measuring simultaneously CO2 release and protozoan population density. The increase in CO2 released in the presence of earthworms was found to result from both earthworm respiration and enhanced microbial respiration. The stimulation of microbial activity was confirmed by a significant increase in protozoan population density, which was 3–19 times greater in the presence of earthworms. The respiratory rate of L. terrestris was estimated to be 53 μl O2 g–1 h–1. Earthworm respiration significantly correlated with individual earthworm weight, but there was no correlation between the increase in microbial respiration and earthworm weight. This finding does not support the hypothesis given above that enhanced microbial respiration is due to utilization of earthworm excreta. A new hypothesis that relationships between microbial activity and earthworms are not based on trophic links alone but also on catalytic mechanisms is proposed and discussed. Received: 26 August 1997  相似文献   

4.
 In less populated rural areas constructed wetlands with a groundfilter made out of the local soil mixed with peat and planted with common reed (Phragmites australis) are increasingly used to purify waste water. Particularly in the rhizosphere of the reed, nitrification and denitrification processes take place varying locally and temporally, and the question arises to what extent this type of waste-water treatment plant may contribute to the release of N2O. In situ N2O measurements were carried out in the two reed beds of the Friedelhausen dairy farm, Hesse, Germany, irrigated with the waste water from a cheese dairy and 70 local inhabitants (12 m3 waste water or 6 kg BOD5 or 11 kg chemical O2 demand (CODMn) day–1). During November 1995 to March 1996, the release of N2O was measured weekly at 1 m distances using eight open chambers and molecular-sieve traps to collect and absorb the emitted N2O. Simultanously, the N2O trapped in the soil, the soil temperature, as well as the concentrations of NH4 +-N, NO3 –-N, NO2 –-N, water-soluble C and the pH were determined at depths of 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm. In the waste water from the in- and outflow the concentrations of CODMn, BOD5, NH4 +-N, NO3 –-N, NO2 –-N, as well as the pH, were determined weekly. Highly varying amounts of N2O were emitted at all measuring dates during the winter. Even at soil temperatures of –1.5  °C in 10 cm depth of soil or 2  °C at a depth of 50 cm, N2O was released. The highest organic matter and N transformation rates were recorded in the upper 20 cm of soil and in the region closest to the outflow of the constructed wetland. Not until a freezing period of several weeks did the N2O emissions drop drastically. During the period of decreasing temperatures less NO3 –-N was formed in the soil, but the NH4 +-N concentrations increased. On average the constructed wetlands of Friedelhausen emitted about 15 mg N2O-N inhabitant equivalent–1 day–1 during the winter period. Nitrification-denitrification processes rather than heterotrophic denitrification are assumed to be responsible for the N2O production. Received: 28 October 1998  相似文献   

5.
 The 15N isotope dilution method was combined with a field incubation technique to provide simultaneous measurements of gross and net rates of N turnover in three long-term swards: unfertilized (Z) or receiving N either from N fixation as clover (C), or as 200 kg fertilizer N ha–1 year–1 (F). Uniform N enrichment of soil microplots was achieved with a multi-point soil injector to measure mineralization/immobilization turnover and nitrification over a 4-day incubation. Net rates of mineralization ranged between 0.6 and 2.9 μg N g–1 day–1 and in all three treatments were approximately half the gross rates. Nitrification rates (gross) were between 1.0 and 1.6 μg N g–1 day–1. In the F treatment, the turnover of NH4 +-N and NO3 –-N pools was on a 2- and 4-day cycle, respectively, whereas in the N-limited treatments (C and Z) turnover rates were faster, with the NO3 –-N pools turning over twice as fast as the NH4 +-N pools. Therefore, available N was recycled more efficiently in the C and Z treatments, whereas in the F treatment a higher N pool size was maintained which would be more vulnerable to leakage. A large proportion of the added 15N was recovered in the soil microbial biomass (SMB), which represented a 4–5 times larger sink for N than the plant biomass. Although the C treatment had a significantly lower SMB than the grass-only treatments, there were no differences in microbial activity. Gross rates of nitrification increased along the gradient of N input intensity (i.e. Z<C<F), and the addition of a nitrification inhibitor (C2H2) tended to increase microbial immobilization, but did not influence plant N uptake. In this study, the value of combining different techniques to verify net rates was demonstrated and the improved methodology for 15N labelling of soil enabled measurements to be obtained from relatively undisturbed soil under natural field conditions. Received: 25 May 1999  相似文献   

6.
 The effects of a large species of anecic earthworm, Martiodrilus carimaguensis Jiménez and Moreno, on soil C and N dynamics were investigated in a native savanna and a man-made pasture of the eastern plains of Colombia. We compared, across time (11 months), the total C, total N, NH+ 4 and NO– 3 contents in the earthworm casts, the underlying soil and the adjacent soil. Additional sampling of root biomass and macrofauna was performed. In the two management systems, the total C and N contents were higher in casts (4.33–7.50%) than in the bulk soil (2.81–4.08%), showing that the earthworms selected food substrates with high organic contents. In general, C contents significantly increased during cast ageing (+100%), possibly because of CO2 fixation processes, dead root accumulation and/or macrofaunal activities in casts. In fresh casts, NH+ 4 levels were very high (294.20–233.98 μg g–1 dry cast) when compared to the soil (26.96–73.95 μg g–1 dry soil), due to the intense mineralisation processes that occurred during the transit of soil and organic matter through the earthworm gut. During the first week of cast ageing, NH+ 4 levels sharply decreased, while NH– 3 levels showed successive peaks in the casts, the underlying soil and the adjacent soil. These results suggested the rapid production of NO– 3 by nitrification processes in the fresh casts, followed by diffusion to the nearby soil, first vertically, then horizontally. After 2 weeks of cast ageing, NH+ 4 and NO– 3 levels only showed slight variations, likely because of organic matter protection in stable dry casts. The root biomass was higher (1.6–4.7 times) below the old earthworm casts. The ecological significance of these results is discussed. Received: 22 October 1998  相似文献   

7.
 The objectives of this work were to evaluate the inhibitory action on nitrification of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) added to ammonium sulphate nitrate [(NH4)2SO4 plus NH4NO3; ASN] in a Citrus-cultivated soil, and to study its effect on N uptake. In a greenhouse experiment, 2 g N as ASN either with or without 0.015 g DMPP (1% DMPP relative to NH4 +-N) was applied 6 times at 20-day intervals to plants grown in 14-l pots filled with soil. Addition of DMPP to ASN resulted in higher levels of NH4 +-N and lower levels of NO3 –-N in the soil during the whole experimental period. The NO3 –-N concentration in drainage water was lower in the ASN plus DMPP (ASN+DMPP)-treated pots. Also, DMPP supplementation resulted in greater uptake of the fertilizer-N by citrus plants. In another experiment, 100 g N as ASN, either with or without 0.75 g DMPP (1% DMPP relative to NH4 +-N) was applied to 6-year-old citrus plants grown individually outdoors in containers. Concentrations of NH4 +-N and NO3 –-N at different soil depths and N distribution in the soil profile after consecutive flood irrigations were monitored. In the ASN-amended soil, nitrification was faster, whereas the addition of the inhibitor led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH4 +-N and NO3 –-N in soil for longer than when ASN was added alone. At the end of the experiment (120 days) 68.5% and 53.1% of the applied N was leached below 0.60 m in the ASN and ASN+DMPP treatments, respectively. Also, leaf N levels were higher in plants fertilized with ASN+DMPP. Collectively, these results indicate that the DMPP nitrification inhibitor improved N fertilizer efficiency and reduced NO3 – leaching losses by retaining the applied N in the ammoniacal form. Received: 31 May 1999  相似文献   

8.
 The short-term (24 h) and medium-term (30 day) influence of N salts (NH4Cl, NaNO3 and NaNO2) and a non-N salt (NaCl) on first-order rate constants, k (h–1) and thresholds (CTh) for atmospheric CH4 oxidation by homogenized composites of upland boreal forest and tundra soils was assessed at salt additions ranging to 20 μmol g–1 dry weight (dw) soil. Additions of NH4Cl, NaNO3 and NaCl to 0.5 μmol g–1 dw soil did not significantly decrease k relative to watered controls in the short term. Higher concentrations significantly reduced k, with the degree of inhibition increasing with increasing dose. Similar doses of NH4Cl and NaCl gave comparable decreases in k relative to controls and both soils showed low native concentrations of NH4 +-N (≤1 μmol g–1dw soil), suggesting that the reduction in k was due primarily to a salt influence rather than competitive inhibition of CH4 oxidation by exogenous NH4 +-N or NH4 +-N released through cation exchange. The decrease in k was consistently less for NaNO3 than for NH4Cl and NaCl at similar doses, pointing to a strong inhibitory effect of the Cl– counter-anion. Thresholds for CH4 oxidation were less sensitive to salt addition than k for these three salts, as significant increases in CTh relative to controls were only observed at concentrations ≥1.0 μmol g–1 dw soil. Both soils were more sensitive to NaNO2 than to other salts in the short term, showing a significant decrease in k at an addition of 0.25 μmol NaNO2 g–1 dw soil that was clearly attributable to NO2 –. Soils showed no recovery from NaCl, NH4 +-N or NaNO3 addition with respect to atmospheric CH4 oxidation after 30 days. However, soils amended with NaNO2 to 1.0 μmol NaNO2 g–1 dw showed values of k that were not significantly different from controls. Recovery of CH4-oxidizing ability was due to complete oxidation of NO2 –-N to NO3 –-N. Analysis of soil concentrations of N salts necessary to inhibit atmospheric CH4 oxidation and regional rates of N deposition suggest that N deposition will not decrease the future sink strength of upland high-latitude soils in the atmospheric CH4 budget. Received: 30 April 1999  相似文献   

9.
Summary The effects of the endogeic earthworm, Aporrectodea caliginosa tuberculata (Eisen) on decomposition processes in moist coniferous forest soil were studied in the laboratory. The pH preference of this species and its effects on microbial activity, N and P mineralization, and the growth of birch seedlings were determined in separate pot experiments. Homogenized humus from a spruce stand was shown to be too acid for A. c. tuberculata. After liming, the earthworms thrived in the humus and their biomass increased (at pH above 4.8). In later experiments in which the humus was limed, the earthworms positively influenced the biological activity in humus and also increased the rate of N mineralization. A. c. tuberculata increased the growth of birch seedlings, with increases observed in stems, leaves, and roots. Neither NH 4 + -N fertilizer nor mechanical mixing with artificial worms affected seedling growth. No plant-growth-affecting compounds (e.g., hormone-like compounds) due to the earthworms were present in the humus. The shoot: root ratio in the birch seedlings was not affected by either the earthworms or the fertilizer. The experiments revealed the impact of earthworm activity on soil processes and plant growth.  相似文献   

10.
 Rapid nitrate leaching losses due to current agricultural N management practices under the humid tropical environmental conditions of the Pacific island of Guam may contaminate fresh and salt water resources. Potential environmental contamination of the Northern Guam aquifer, which is overlain by shallow limestone-derived soils, is a major public concern because the aquifer is the sole underground source of fresh water for the island. The objectives of this study were to examine the use of waste office paper as a possible management alternative for reducing nitrate leaching due to N fertilizer applications in northern Guam while also providing sufficient N for crop growth. In a laboratory study, increasing rates of waste paper application reduced NO3 –-N leaching up to approximately 200 days after incorporation of N fertilizer and paper treatments. Subsequent mineralization of immobilized N from paper applications was also observed, although cumulative NO3 –-N leaching at the highest rate of paper addition was lower than the control after 394 days of incubation. The effect of waste paper on N availability and NO3 –-N leaching after application of N fertilizer at rates up to 500 kg N ha–1 was also evaluated in two field experiments planted with sweet corn (Zea mays var. rugosa Bonaf.) during consecutive dry and wet periods. Leaching losses of NO3 –-N were higher during the wet cropping season, leading to lower crop yields and crop N uptake. Combining paper with N fertilizer reduced NO3 –-N leaching losses but also decreased crop ear yields up to N fertilizer application rates of 250 kg N ha–1 during the dry cropping season and up to rates of 100 kg N ha–1 during the wet period. Although combining waste paper with N fertilizer reduced NO3 –-N leaching losses, no improvements in fertilizer N recovery were observed during the field experiments. This lack of crop response may be due to the importance of early season N availability for the short-season horticultural crops grown on Guam. We suggest that the application of waste paper may be a useful management practice to reduce NO3 –-N leaching losses when high soil NO3 –-N levels remain after cropping due either to crop failure or to over-application of N fertilizer. Received: 11 May 1999  相似文献   

11.
 Under normal conditions, CH4, one of the most important greenhouse gases, is subject to biological oxidation in forest soils. However, this process can be negatively affected by N amendment. The reported experiment was conducted in order to study the short- and long-term effects of N amendment on CH4 oxidation in pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest soils. Soil samples were taken from three experimental sites, two of which had been amended with N once, over 20 years earlier, while the third had been amended 3 weeks earlier. The soil samples were incubated fresh at 15  °C at ambient CH4 concentrations (ca. 1.8 ppmv CH4). The variation in CH4-turnover rates was high within the treatments: CH4 was produced [up to 22.6 pmol CH4 g dry wt. soil–1 h–1] in samples from the recently amended site, whereas it was consumed at high rates (up to 431 pmol CH4 g dry wt. soil–1 h–1) in samples from the plot that had received the highest N amendment 27 years before sampling. Although no significant differences were found between N treatments, in the oldest plots there was a correlation between consumption of atmospheric CH4 and the total C content at a depth of 7.5–15 cm in the mineral soil (r 2=0.74). This indicates that in the long-term, increased C retention in forest soils following N amendment could lead to increased CH4 oxidation. Received: 3 September 1997  相似文献   

12.
Vermicomposting is an efficient and environmentally friendly technology to dispose of agricultural organic residues. The efficiency of organic residue decomposition during vermicomposting is directly affected by the biomass and population structure of earthworms. In this study, we investigated how the earthworm biomass and population structure responded to changes in the physicochemical properties of six types of organic residue (cattle dung, herbal waste, rice straw, soybean straw, garden waste, and tea residues) during vermicomposting. Each type of organic residues was placed in a pot with earthworms Eisenia fetida, and the physicochemical properties of the organic residues and earthworm growth dynamics were recorded at 0, 30, 60, and 90 d of vermicomposting. The biomass and population structure of earthworms were stable or increased in rice straw, garden waste, and cattle dung within 60 d of vermicomposting, whereas in tea residues and herb waste, very little earthworm activity (3 adults and 2 cocoons) was recorded on day 30. Among the physicochemical parameters, the substrate C/N ratio was negatively correlated with earthworm growth dynamics. Decomposing organic residues showed higher NH4+-N and NH3--N concentrations but a lower total organic carbon content, which negatively affected earthworm growth and reproduction. We recommend that chemical properties of vermicomposting systems should be monitored regularly. At the threshold levels of decomposing organic residue NH4+-N and NH3--N concentrations, earthworms should be removed and the vermicompost can be harvested. Small- and large-scale farmers thus need to monitor the physicochemical properties of vermicompost to sustain active earthworm populations.  相似文献   

13.
Nutrient concentrations in the soil and crop uptake from incorporated green manure and urea in flooded rice was studied in field experiments. Release of plant-available nitrogen (NH4 +-N) from green manure was slightly delayed compared with that from prilled urea (PU) because Sesbania rostrata L. and Aeschynomene afraspera L. released the N gradually after their decomposition, whereas N became available immediately after PU application. Exchangeable NH4 +-N concentration in soil peaked at 163 mg kg–1 in the transplanted rice (TPR) and 198 mg kg—1 in broadcast-seeded rice (BSR) at 0 and 1 week after PU application. Broadcast-seeded rice depleted NH4 +-N faster than did TPR because of the crop‘s vigorous growth in the former during the early stage. Soil solution NH4 +-N followed a similar trend to that of soil NH4 +-N. Incorporation of S. rostrata and A. afraspera increased the concentration of P, K+, Fe2+ and Mn2+ in soil solution more than did the application of PU. However, zinc concentration decreased in all treatments. Both PU and green manure increased the N status of the rice plants and enhanced the uptake of P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn by the rice crop. This suggests that application of green manures improves the uptake of these nutrients by the crop. The highest apparent N recovery was obtained with PU followed by green manure. Received: 11 November 1996  相似文献   

14.
Effects of earthworms on nitrogen mineralization   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  
The influence of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea tuberculata) on the rate of net N mineralization was studied, both in soil columns with intact soil structure (partly influenced by past earthworm activity) and in columns with sieved soil. Soil columns were collected from a well drained silt loam soil, and before the experiment all earthworms present were removed. Next, either new earthworms (at the rate of five earthworms per 1200 cm3, which was only slightly higher than field numbers and biomass) were added or they were left out. At five points in time, the columns were analyzed for NH 4 + , NO 3 – , and microbial biomass in separate samples from the upper and lower layers of the columns. N mineralization was estimated from these measurements. The total C and N content and the microbial biomass in the upper 5 cm of the intact soil columns was higher than in the lower layer. In the homogenized columns, the C and N content and the microbial biomass were equally divided over both layers. In all columns, the concentration of NH 4 + was small at the start of the experiment and decreased over time. No earthworm effects on extractable NH 4 + were observed. However, when earthworms were present, the concentration of NO 3 – increased in both intact and homogenized cores. The microbial biomass content did not change significantly with time in any of the treatments. In both intact and homogenized soil, N mineralization increased when earthworms were present. Without earthworms, both type of cores mineralized comparable amounts of N, which indicates that mainly direct and indirect biological effects are responsible for the increase in mineralization in the presence of earthworms. The results of this study indicate that earthworm activity can result in considerable amounts of N being mineralized, up to 90 kg N ha–1 year–1, at the density used in this experiment.  相似文献   

15.
 The aim of this study was to measure the pressures exerted by earthworms during burrowing. For this purpose we developed two methods with which to quantify the axial and radial pressure. The data were recorded with an electronic balance that was connected to a PC. Artificial earthworm burrows were used to standardize the measurements. Plexiglas tubes with diameters ranging from 2 to 6.3 mm which corresponded to the diameter of the earthworms were used. A pin was placed inside the tubes, on which the earthworms exerted a pressure by peristaltic locomotion. Only the maximum values of the pressure measurement were taken into account for evaluation, and the arithmetic mean was calculated. The measurements were conducted with Aporrectodea longa, Lumbricus terrestris, Aporrectodea caliginosa, Octolasion cyaneum, Allolobophora chlorotica, Aporrectodea rosea, Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrobaena octaedra. The species examined were classified into ecological groups. The mean axial pressures exerted by each group were in the order: epigeic (14–25 kPa), endogeic (27–39 kPa) and anecic (46–65 kPa). For the mean radial pressure the order was: epigeic (39–63 kPa), anecic (72–93 kPa) and endogeic (59–195 kPa). It was apparent from the results that radial pressure is the most important pressure with respect to the burrowing activity of earthworms. Received: 28 April 1998  相似文献   

16.
 High molecular weight, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is currently being used as an irrigation water additive to significantly reduce soil erosion associated with furrow irrigation. PAM contains amide-N, and PAM application to soils has been correlated with increased activity of soil enzymes, such as urease and amidase, involved in N cycling. Therefore we investigated potential impacts of PAM treatment on the rate at which fertilizer N is transformed into NH4 + and NO3 – in soil. PAM-treated and untreated soil microcosms were amended with a variety of fertilizers, ranging from common rapid-release forms, such as ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] and urea, to a variety of slow-release formulations, including polymerized urea and polymer-encapsulated urea. Ammonium sulfate was also tested together with the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD). The fertilizers were applied at a concentration of 1.0 mg g–1, which is comparable to 100 lb acre–l, or 112 kg ha–1. Potassium chloride-extractable NH4 +-N and NO3 –-N were quantified periodically during 2–4 week incubations. PAM treatment had no significant effect on NH4 + release rates for any of the fertilizers tested and did not alter the efficacy of DCD as a nitrification inhibitor. However, the nitrification rate of urea and encapsulated urea-derived NH4 +-N was slightly accelerated in the PAM-treated soil. Received: 16 January 1998  相似文献   

17.
 The effects of salt type and its concentration on nitrification, N mineralization and N2O emission were examined under two levels of moisture content in Yellow soil and Andosol samples as simulated to agriculture under arid/semi-arid conditions and under heavy application of fertilizer in a glass-house, respectively. The salt mixtures were composed of chlorides (NaCl and NH4Cl) or sulphates [Na2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4] and were added at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 M as in the soil solution). These salts were added to non-saline Yellow soil at different moisture contents (45 or 40 and 65% of maximum water-holding capacity; WHC) and their effects on the changes in mineral N (NH4 +-N and NO3 –-N) concentration as well as N2O emission were examined periodically during laboratory incubation. We also measured urease activities to know the effect of salts on N mineralization. Furthermore, Ca(NO3)2 solution was added at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8 M as in the soil solution) to a non-saline Andosol taken from the subsurface layer in a glass-house and incubated at different moisture contents (50% and 70% of WHC) to examine their effects on changes in mineral N. Nitrification was inhibited by high, but remained unaffected by low, salt concentrations. These phenomena were shown in both the model experiments. It was considered that the salinity level for inhibition of nitrification was an electric conductivity (1 : 5) of 1 dS m–1. This level was independent of the type of salts or soil, and was not affected by soil moisture content. The critical level of salts for urease activities was about 2 dS m–1. The emission rate of N2O was maximum at the beginning of the incubation period and stabilized at a low level after an initial peak. There was no significant difference in N2O emission among the treatments at different salt concentrations, while higher moisture level enhanced N2O emission remarkably. Received: 29 July 1998  相似文献   

18.
Zeller  V.  Bahn  M.  Aichner  M.  Tappeiner  U. 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,31(5):441-448
 A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of abandonment of management on net N mineralization (NNM) in subalpine meadows. NNM, soil microbial biomass N (SMBN), fungal biomass and physicochemical characteristics (total C, total N, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pH) were determined in surface (0–10 cm) soil from May to October 1997 in an intensively managed and an abandoned meadow at 1770 m a.s.l.. The cumulative NNM was lower in the abandoned area and ranged from 150 to 373 and from 25 to 85 μg N g–1 soil in the intensively managed and the abandoned areas, respectively. The total organic C increased in the abandoned area, while total N showed no difference between abandoned and managed meadow. SMBN showed no difference between the investigated sites, whereas ergosterol, a measure of fungal biomass, increased significantly at the abandoned site. The cumulative NNM was negatively correlated with total organic C, C : N ratio, DOC and ergosterol content, and positively correlated with the NH4 +-N content of soil. The decrease in NNM at the abandoned site may be explained by the lower availability of N in substrates characterized by a high C : N ratio which, together with a decrease in pH in the litter layer, may have increased fungal biomass. Received: 8 January 1999  相似文献   

19.
 The evoluion of NH4 +-N and NO3 –-N was monitored during three growing seasons, 1992–1993, 1993–1994, 1994–1995 in the soil profile (0–60 or 0–90 cm) under bare fallow and wheat on a vertisol site of the Sais plateau, Morocco. The aim of this study was to relate the soil mineral N dynamics to crop N uptake and soil N transformation processes. The efficacy of the current N fertilisation rate (100 kg N ha–1) for wheat production in the region was evaluated. The high level of residual mineral N in the soil profile resulted from a low N plant uptake relative to the soil N supply and N fertilisation, and masked the effect of N fertilisation on dry matter accumulation. NH4 +-N was present in considerable amounts, suggesting a low nitrification rate under the given pedo-climatic conditions. An artefact due to the sampling procedure was encountered shortly after the application of N fertiliser. Losses through leaching and denitrification occurred after heavy rainfall, but were limited. At least part of the exchangeable NH4 +-N seemed to be barely taken up by the crop. NO3 –-N was therefore considered to be a better indicator of plant-available N than total mineral N for this type of soil. The low N fertiliser use efficiencies demonstrated clearly that the current fertilisation rate (100 kg N ha–1) for wheat production in this region is unsustainable. The maximum N uptake ranged from 40 kg N ha–1 to 180 kg N ha–1. The estimation of the seasonal production potential is considered to be the main prerequisite for the determination of the best rates and timing of N fertiliser application in this region. Received: 9 December 1997  相似文献   

20.
Background, aim, and scope  Earthworms make a major contribution to decomposition in ecosystems where they are present, mainly acting in the drilosphere, that is, galleries, burrows, casts, and middens. Earthworm middens are hot-spots of microbial activity and nutrient dynamics and represent a suitable model for studying earthworm-mediated influences on soil microbial communities by alteration of the patch structure of the microbial environment. We studied the structure and activity of the microbial communities in the soil system formed by middens of Lumbricus terrestris and the soil below and surrounding them and the role of earthworms in maintaining these structures through time. Material and methods  We set up an experiment in which middens were either left (control) or removed from their original place (translocated) and left in a nearby area free of earthworm activity for 2 months. After 1 and 2 months we sampled middens, soil below them, and surrounding soil. We analyzed the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles and measured respiratory fluxes of CO2 and CH4. Results  Microbial communities of middens clearly differed from those of soil below and surrounding soil samples, showing higher bacterial and fungal PLFAs (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01, respectively); furthermore, changes in microbial communities were stronger in control middens than in translocated middens. Moreover, gram positive and negative bacterial PLFAs were greater in translocated than control middens (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.001, respectively), as well as total organic carbon (p < 0.001). Microbial activity was higher in middens than in soil below and surrounding soil samples both for CO2 (p < 0.0001) and CH4 (p < 0.0001). Discussion  Soil bioturbation by the earthworm L. terrestris was strong in their middens, but there was not any effect on soil below and surrounding soil. Microbial communities of middens maintain their biomass and activity when earthworms were not present, whereas they decreased their biomass and increased their activity when earthworms were present. Conclusions  Earthworms strongly enhanced microbial activity measured as CO2 production in middens, which indicates that there are hot spots for soil microbial dynamics and increasing habitat heterogeneity for soil microorganisms. Moreover, our data strongly support the fact that the impact of this earthworm species in this soil is restricted to their middens and increasing soil heterogeneity. Recommendations and perspectives  Our data indicate that it is not clear if earthworms enhance or depress microbial communities of middens since the microbial activity increased, but did not modify their biomass and this was not dependent on soil organic C content. These results indicate no competence for C pools between this anecic earthworm and microorganisms, which has been found for other earthworm species, mainly endogeics. Conversely, they suggest some type of facilitation due to the release of additional nutrient pools in middens when earthworms are present, through the digestion of middens' material or the addition of casts produced from other food sources.  相似文献   

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