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1.
上海市都市农业区域地下水磷素非点源污染特征研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为研究都市农业区域非点源磷污染对地下水的影响,选择上海市南汇区新场镇果园村的地下水为研究对象,并于2009年7月到9月雨季对该区域地下水进行连续监测。研究结果表明:该区域地下水中磷的形态以水溶性有机磷为主,水溶性总磷含量介于0.75～1.97mg/L之间,平均浓度为1.31mg/L,磷酸盐浓度在0.22～0.62mg/L之间,平均浓度为0.42mg/L。水质低于地表水Ⅴ类标准(0.4mg/L),地下水污染水平已严重超标,不宜饮用。地下水中非点源磷的迁移与土地利用类型相关,果园旁地下水中磷素浓度在降雨前后变化明显。同时,降雨时地表径流加剧磷素流失,农田施肥、水体渗漏均会加剧地下水磷素非点源污染。 相似文献
2.
滇池流域不同土地利用方式土壤磷解吸研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
滇池富营养化严重,非点源磷污染对滇池有重要影响。溶解态磷一旦冲入湖中容易被水生植物利用,所以土壤中溶解态磷的输出值得专门研究。本文选取滇池流域不同土地利用类型的17样点,测定了样点土壤中全磷、速效磷、溶解性总磷和溶解性磷酸盐的含量,并进行了静态土壤磷解吸试验,以了解土壤磷的析出特征。结果表明,滇池流域土壤全磷含量为0.137～2.935 g.kg 1(不包括磷矿区的上蒜林地和上蒜坝平地),速效磷含量在0.311～96.238 mg.kg 1之间,不同土地利用方式下土壤全磷、速效磷含量均依次为湖滨废弃大棚>大棚>坝平地>坡地>林地;土壤溶解性总磷含量为0.66～9.52 mg.kg 1,不同土地利用方式的土壤溶解性总磷含量为湖滨废弃大棚>大棚>坡地>坝平地>林地;土壤溶解性磷酸盐含量较低。相关分析表明,土壤溶解性全磷含量与土壤全磷含量存在明显的正线性关系,溶解性磷酸盐含量与溶解性总磷含量线性正相关。溶解性磷酸盐在溶解性总磷中占20%～95%,说明溶解性磷酸盐是溶解性总磷的重要组成部分。结果表明,滇池流域土壤磷的溶出水平由土壤全磷含量所决定,而大量施肥不利于湖泊富营养化控制。研究结果还表明,磷的静态溶出过程在0.5～1 h能达到平衡,说明在地下水或地表径流的输移过程中有足够多时间达到溶解平衡,析出最大量。 相似文献
3.
德州引黄灌区主要河系水化学空间特征分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
通过对德州引黄灌区主要河流及引黄灌渠水质的离子化学成分分析,探讨了引黄灌区地表水化学成分特点、水化学类型及其空间变化和主要离子来源,为长期观测引黄灌溉对该区地表水、地下水的水化学特征变化的影响及地表水、地下水的循环交换提供依据,同时为该区水环境评价以及水体污染防控提供理论指导。研究结果显示,该区地表水的pH、电导率(EC)及各主要离子含量存在明显的空间差异。水体pH的变化范围为7.65~9.34,属弱碱性水;EC的变化范围为965~1 530μs.cm 1;主要阴阳离子的浓度范围分别为:NO3 1.32~60.15 mg.L 1、SO42 53.41~781.90 mg.L 1、HCO3 143.35~823.50 mg.L 1、Cl 98.00~564.00 mg.L 1、Ca2+22.57~265.00 mg.L 1、Mg2+29.41~195.50 mg.L 1、Na+103.20~472.00 mg.L 1、K+0.83~59.05 mg.L 1。该研究区水化学类型以Na+.Ca2+—HCO3.SO42水为主。各阴离子浓度的平均值HCO3(330.45 mg.L 1)SO42(308.48mg.L 1)Cl(286.83mg.L 1)NO3(29.60 mg.L 1),阳离子浓度的平均值Na+(236.85 mg.L 1)Ca2+(98.15mg.L 1)Mg2+(82.62 mg.L 1)K+(9.05 mg.L 1)。pH、Cl的最高值均出现在马颊河流域,并且该流域Mg2+浓度均值高于其他两个流域。德惠新河流域EC、NO3和HCO3的均值最高。引黄灌渠的SO42、Na+、Ca2+和K+的平均浓度高于其他两个流域。通过Piper图分析得出,不同小流域水体类型不同。对研究区灌溉水质评价结果显示,该区地表水适合灌溉。经相关分析发现,该研究区地表水中,Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+与SO42和Cl均具有极显著的相关性,此外,Ca2+与Mg2+、Na+与K+、SO42与Cl也显示出了极显著的相关性,表明这些离子相互影响,或者具有相同的来源,受人类活动影响较大。 相似文献
4.
为了阐明铁炉渣施加对稻田水养分动态的影响,对福州平原稻田不同铁炉渣施加水平下稻田水养分动态进行测定与分析。结果表明:对照、处理一、处理二、处理三样地稻田表层水中磷酸盐含量分别为657.3,622.2,546.8,474.1μg/L;铵氮含量分别为3.9,3.5,3.1,2.4mg/L;硫酸盐含量分别为82.8,69.1,66.0,69.6mg/L;溶解性有机碳含量分别为13.1,14.4,14.2,13.4mg/L。0-10cm土壤水中磷酸盐含量分别为135.4,141.7,161.1,201.4μg/L;铵氮含量分别为3.0,4.8,5.5,5.1mg/L;硫酸盐含量分别为84.6,59.1,81.6,70.6mg/L;溶解性有机碳含量分别为37.6,46.0,44.5,43.6mg/L。10-20cm土壤水中磷酸盐含量分别为68.6,100.3,113.8,141.6μg/L;铵氮含量分别为4.7,4.9,8.7,5.6mg/L;硫酸盐含量分别为81.9,75.1,62.8,60.0mg/L;溶解性有机碳含量分别为55.5,43.8,58.3,48.8mg/L。20-30cm土壤水中磷酸盐含量分别为138.0,156.1,166.6,188.6μg/L;铵氮含量分别为2.3,2.3,4.2,4.7mg/L;硫酸盐含量分别为78.6,61.5,70.2,73.3mg/L;溶解性有机碳含量分别为49.4,42.8,50.1,45.4mg/L。表层水中磷酸盐、铵氮和硫酸盐含量对照样地高于处理样地,0-30cm土壤水中磷酸盐、铵氮对照样地低于处理样地,硫酸盐含量高于处理样地,溶解性有机碳变化特征不明显。 相似文献
5.
以城市河道上覆水和底泥为材料,研究了扰动对底泥持留磷能力的强化作用,并分析了强化机理。结果表明,底泥扰动促进了上覆水中磷向底泥中迁移。与对照试验相比,溶解性磷酸盐（DIP）和总磷（TP）平衡浓度分别降低了73．02％和42．39％;与原底泥相比,扰动试验底泥中溶解性磷酸盐（DIP）的释放量降低了173．77mg·kg^-1,对照试验底泥中DIP的释放量基本保持一致。另外,底泥扰动后,钙结合态磷（Ca—P）含量显著增加,并接近总磷的增加量;而对照试验底泥中,总磷的净增加量比较均匀地分配到弱吸附态磷（NH4Cl-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe—P）、钙结合态磷（Ca—P）中。 相似文献
6.
6种水生植物及其组合对模拟污水中磷的净化效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]针对河流湖泊水体污染严重现状,选择6种水生植物进行水质净化试验,为污染水体的水生植物治理提供选择依据。[方法]选择6种具观赏效果的水生植物菖蒲、美人蕉、大薸、凤眼莲、金鱼藻、穗花狐尾藻,采用静态水培的方法,研究6种水生植物及其组合对不同浓度模拟污水中总磷净化效果。[结果]单一水生植物试验中,凤眼莲在高(2 mg/L)、中浓度(0.5 mg/L)磷水体中总磷去除效果最好,去除率分别为95.9%,93.4%。金鱼藻在低浓度磷(0.1 mg/L)水体中总磷去除效果最好,去除率为91.1%。组合水生植物试验中,高浓度磷水体中金鱼藻+菖蒲+凤眼莲的水生植物组合对水体中总磷去除效果最好,去除率为96%。中浓度磷水体中穗花狐尾藻+菖蒲+凤眼莲水生植物组合总磷去除效果最好,去除率为98.8%。低浓度磷水体中穗花狐尾藻+菖蒲+大薸水生植物组合总磷去除效果最好,去除率为94.3%。[结论]选择的6种水生植物对总磷均有一定的去除效果,对水生植物的种植数量、面积、时间以及组合方式进行优化配置,可用于污染水体水质净化。 相似文献
7.
为深入了解规模化养殖场肥水水质特征,在华北典型种养结合区河北徐水,以规模化养殖场为研究对象,采集养殖场肥水水样,研究养殖肥水中氮磷形态分布、阳离子和重金属含量特征。结果表明,猪场肥水中总氮和总磷含量平均值分别为804.6mg·L~(-1)和38.9 mg·L~(-1),牛场肥水中总氮和总磷含量平均值分别为137.5 mg·L~(-1)和38.2 mg·L~(-1)。猪场和牛场肥水的铵态氮含量平均值占肥水中总氮含量平均值的66.0%,溶解性正磷酸盐含量平均值占总磷含量平均值的90.9%;肥水中K~+、Na~+、Ca2~+和Mg2~+含量平均值分别为568.5、299.5、33.5 mg·L~(-1)和50.5 mg·L~(-1)。研究表明,养殖肥水中含有大量氮磷养分,肥水中氮磷以速效养分为主,四种阳离子含量与电导率呈正相关关系,复相关系数0.4;肥水中重金属含量均未超出《GB 5084—2005农田灌溉水质标准》的限值。 相似文献
8.
通过实验考察了锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附去除作用,并考察了锆改性沸石活性覆盖控制底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵释放的效率。锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力随pH值的增加而降低：当pH值由4增加到5时,锆改性沸石对水中铵的吸附能力增加;当pH值5-8时,对铵的吸附能力较高;当pH值由8增加到10时,对铵的吸附能力下降。锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附动力学满足准二级动力学模型,并且对磷酸盐和铵的吸附速率比较快。Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型可以用于描述锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附平衡数据,根据Langmuir模型计算得到的锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的最大吸附量分别为7．75mg·g-1和9．59mg·g-1（pH7和25℃）。锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的去除率随锆改性沸石投加量的增加而增加,其吸附水中磷酸盐的主要机制是配位体交换,吸附水中铵的主要机制是阳离子交换。被锆改性沸石所吸附的磷酸盐大部分（82．5％）以较为稳定形态磷（NaOH—P）存在,低溶解氧条件下不容易重新被释放出来。吸附磷酸盐后锆改性沸石中水溶性磷（WSP）、易解吸磷（RDP）和NaHCO,可提取态磷（Olsen—P）含量非常低,藻类可利用磷（AAP）含量仅占总磷含量的29％左右。低溶解氧条件下,重污染河道底泥会释放出大量的溶解性磷酸盐和铵,锆改性沸石活性覆盖则不仅可以使上覆水中的溶解性磷酸盐浓度控制到很低的水平,而且可以明显降低铵由底泥向上覆水迁移的速率。上述实验结果表明,锆改性沸石适合作为一种活性覆盖材料用于控制底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵的释放。 相似文献
9.
为了深入了解植株残体中磷的分级情况以及在降解过程中的供磷情况,采用~(31)P核磁共振(31phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance,~(31)P-NMR)技术,分析了油菜、蚕豆不同部位的磷的分级情况,并采用室内模拟的方法评价不同植物材料还田后的有效性。结果表明,不同植物材料中都以正磷酸盐所占比例最高,在60%~67%之间,其次为磷酸单酯,占浓缩液全磷的比例为20%~28%;高磷植株的正磷酸盐和磷酸单酯含量显著高于中磷和低磷植株,这与植物吸收磷的特性以及磷在植物体内的储存方式有关。结果表明,~(31)P-NMR分析技术能较好地反应植物材料还田后的供磷潜力。 相似文献
10.
太子河流域地表水和地下水硝酸盐污染特征及来源分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
地下水作为一种主要的饮用水和重要农业用水水源,其环境质量状况关乎人类健康、粮食安全与生态可持续发展。本研究对太子河流域地表水、地下水的NO-3-N污染状况进行了调查,并结合水化学与NO-3-N同位素对其来源进行了分析,探讨太子河流域地下水的水化学特征和硝酸盐污染状况,为理解该区域地下水的水化学组成特点和开展水环境质量评价提供理论依据。结果表明,太子河流域地表水氮主要以NO-3-N的形式存在,占总氮78.38%,浓度为0.75~6.40 mg·L-1,从上游到下游其含量变化趋势为先上升后下降,在S6采样点达到最高值6.40 mg·L-1;地表水中NO-2-N所占比例仅为0.78%,且沿河流变化较小;由于施用化肥肥料和有机氮的矿化作用,下游地表水Cl-浓度和NH4+含量增高。太子河流域地下水NO-3-N浓度普遍高于地表水,NO-3-N浓度为0.57~55.78 mg·L-1,平均20.26 mg·L-1;NO-2-N浓度为0~0.04 mg·L-1,平均0.017 mg·L-1。太子河流域地下水的NO-3和NO-2污染状况较重。NO-3-N同位素结果显示,地表水的δ15N为-0.74‰~13.27‰;上游NO-3-N主要来源于土壤有机氮矿化,中下游受农业化肥和人畜粪便共同影响。地下水δ15N为5.7‰~17.5‰,受人类活动影响较大,人畜粪便堆肥和农业化肥的渗漏是主要影响因素。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献