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1.
板栗气体射流冲击干燥特性和工艺优化 总被引：8，自引：7，他引：1
为了解决板栗深加工中的干燥问题,将气体射流冲击干燥技术应用于板栗干燥,研究了板栗仁在不同风温（70、75、80和85℃）和风速（10、12、14和16 m/s）下的干燥特性;根据单因素试验结果进行了风温、风速和预处理（不烫漂、100℃热水烫漂和100℃蒸汽烫漂）的正交试验。试验结果表明：板栗的整个干燥过程属于降速干燥,风温和风速对板栗的干燥速率均有显著影响,但风温对其的影响比风速更为突出;正交试验各因素对明亮度、蓝黄值和感官评分的影响顺序为：预处理＞风温＞风速,对缩短板栗干燥时间的影响顺序为：风温＞风速＞ 相似文献
2.
杏子的气体射流冲击干燥特性 总被引：7，自引：12，他引：7
为了提高杏子干制的品质、缩短干制时间,该文将气体射流冲击干燥技术应用于杏子干燥,研究了杏子在不同干燥温度（50、55、60和65℃）和风速（3、6、9和12 m/s）下的干燥曲线、水分有效扩散系数以及干燥活化能。试验结果表明：干燥温度和风速对杏子的干燥速率均有显著影响,但干燥温度对其的影响比风速更为突出;杏子的整个干燥过程属于降速干燥,通过费克第二定律求出了干燥过程中杏子的有效水分扩散系数,其值在8.346～13.846×10-10 m2/s的范围内随着干燥温度和风速的升高而增大;通过阿伦尼乌斯公式计算出了杏子干燥活化能为30.62 kJ/mol,表明利用气体射流冲击干燥技术从杏子中除去1 kg水需要消耗大约1 701 kJ的能量。该研究为气体射流冲击干燥技术应用于杏子的干燥提供了技术依据。 相似文献
3.
披碱草种子的气流冲击式转筒干燥试验 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为研究气流冲击式转筒干燥结构参数（喷管直径、喷嘴高度与喷管倾角）与工艺参数（风温、风速与转筒转速）变化对牧草种子干燥速率与发芽率的影响,该文将气流冲击式转筒干燥技术应用于披碱草种子干燥,并通过Design-Expert 7.0软件对试验进行优化设计,建立了试验条件范围内平均干燥速率的预测模型。试验结果表明：气流冲击式转筒干燥技术可较好的应用于披碱草种子的干燥,干燥后的披碱草种子达到了国家一级种子标准;在试验条件范围内,风温、风速、风温和分支喷管倾角交互作用、风速和转筒转速交互作用对平均干燥速率的影响显著,影响大小依次为：风温＞风速＞风速和转筒转速交互作用＞风温和分支喷管倾角交互作用;各因素及其交互作用对发芽率的影响不显著。该研究为气流冲击式转筒干燥技术应用于种子的干燥提供了技术依据。 相似文献
4.
为提高玫瑰花瓣的干燥速率和品质,利用新型红外喷动床干燥设备,研究不同出风温度和风速下玫瑰花瓣的干燥特性并建立干燥动力学模型;对比不同干燥条件下玫瑰花瓣的品质变化。结果表明:提高出风温度和风速能够显著提高干燥速率和缩短干燥时间;玫瑰花瓣红外喷动床干燥过程主要为升速干燥和降速干燥,无明显恒速阶段;玫瑰花瓣红外喷动床干燥过程的有效水分扩散系数在6.703 85×10^-10~1.382 35×10^-9 m^2/s之间,随着出风温度和风速的增大而增大;通过模型拟合发现,Midilli模型能更好地反映玫瑰花瓣的红外喷动床干燥规律;温度和风速对复水比、总黄酮含量和总酚含量均有显著影响;风速对色泽和微观结构有显著影响。研究结果可为红外喷动床干燥的研究与应用提供参考。 相似文献
5.
哈密瓜片气体射流冲击干燥特性和干燥模型研究 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
本文将气体射流冲击干燥技术应用于哈密瓜片的干燥,研究了其在不同干燥温度（60、65、70、75和80℃）和风速（5、10、15和20 m/s）下的干燥曲线、水分有效扩散系数以及干燥活化能,并建立了气体射流冲击哈密瓜片的数学模型。研究结果表明：哈密瓜片的整个干燥过程属于降速干燥,水分有效扩散系数在2.38-4.55×10-9 m2/s的范围内随着干燥温度和风速的升高而升高;通过阿伦尼乌斯公式计算出了哈密瓜片的干燥活化能为29.44 kJ/mol。根据R2、RMSE和X-2得出,Modified Page方程能很好的预测哈密瓜片气体射流冲击干燥的水分比变化规律,该模型与气体射流的温度和风速有关,并得到了各参数的数值和模型表达式。 相似文献
6.
为了提高猕猴桃片的干燥品质,缩短干燥时间及降低能耗,本试验以猕猴桃为原料,采用气体射流冲击干燥技术对猕猴桃片进行干燥,研究恒温和变温对猕猴桃片干燥特性及品质指标的影响。结果表明,猕猴桃片恒温及变温气体射流冲击干燥均属于降速干燥;风温对猕猴桃片的气体射流冲击干燥特性有影响;变温干燥条件下含糖量与恒温40℃时无显著差异,可滴定酸含量与恒温70℃时无显著差异;70→40℃变温干燥的猕猴桃片回复性和维生素(Vc)保存率最高,色差(ΔE)值介于50℃恒温干燥和70℃恒温干燥组之间;70→40℃变温干燥方式的单位能耗显著低于40→70℃变温干燥组。70→40℃变温干燥方式加工的猕猴桃片综合品质最佳,本研究为变温气体射流冲击干燥技术应用于猕猴桃片的干燥提供了技术支持。 相似文献
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为了研究鸡粪的中低温干燥特性,利用恒温鼓风干燥箱,以干燥温度、粪层厚度、风速为因素研究了鸡粪含水率和干燥速率随时间变化的规律,用常见的薄层干燥模型对鸡粪的干燥曲线进行了拟合分析,并用正交试验优化了鸡粪干燥工艺参数。结果表明:鸡粪的中低温干燥过程由2个降速阶段组成,第2降速阶段的干燥速率相对于第1降速阶段下降更快。干燥温度越高,粪层厚度越小,风速越大,干燥速率曲线出现拐点的时间越早,达到干燥平衡所用时间越短;Exponential模型能较好的模拟鸡粪的干燥过程;在中低温条件下,根据Fick定律得到2~6 cm粪层厚度鸡粪的有效扩散系数在2.25×10–7~2.35×10–6 m2/h间;用正交试验得到鸡粪中低温干燥时效率最高的工艺为:干燥温度55℃,粪层厚度6 cm,风速1.2 m/s,该工艺下鸡粪的干燥效率为0.47 h/g。 相似文献
9.
预处理对线辣椒气体射流冲击干燥特性和色泽的影响 总被引：3，自引：8，他引：3
该文利用气体射流冲击干燥技术干燥线辣椒,主要探讨不同的预处理方式对线辣椒干燥特性和色泽的影响。研究结果表明:预处理对线辣椒的干燥特性和色泽有重要的影响。采用扎洞预处理可以缩短干燥时间,提高干燥速率,能够减少红色素的损失,并能减少褐变;90℃热水烫漂3 min预处理能起到护色的作用;但热风温度较高时,会延长干燥时间;110℃过热蒸汽烫漂3 min预处理能起到防止褐变的作用。经过预处理后的线辣椒在气体射流冲击干燥过程中始终处于降速干燥阶段。 相似文献
10.
哈密瓜片气体射流冲击干燥特性和干燥模型 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为了提高哈密瓜制干品质、缩短干燥时间,该文将气体射流冲击干燥技术应用于哈密瓜片的干燥,研究了其在不同干燥温度（60、65、70、75和80℃）和风速（5、10、15和20 m/s）下的干燥曲线、水分有效扩散系数以及干燥活化能,并建立了气体射流冲击干燥哈密瓜片的数学模型。研究结果表明：哈密瓜片的整个干燥过程属于降速干燥,水分有效扩散系数在2.38～4.55×10-9 m2/s的范围内随着干燥温度和风速的升高而升高;通过阿伦尼乌斯公式计算出了哈密瓜片的干燥活化能为29.44 kJ/mol。通过决定系数R2、均方误差的根（RMSE）和卡方检验值（2）等拟合优度评价指标对各种干燥模型进行评价,结果表明：Modified Page模型能很好的预测哈密瓜片气体射流冲击干燥过程中的水分比变化规律。该研究为使用气体射流冲击技术工业化干燥哈密瓜提供了技术依据。 相似文献
11.
Serratosa MP Lopez-Toledano A Medina M Merida J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(22):10739-10746
The drying of Pedro Ximenez grapes in chamber at a controlled temperature of 40 or 50 degrees C is studied. Compared to traditional sun-drying, the chamber-drying shortened the drying time by about 40% at 50 degrees C. In color terms, the musts obtained from grapes dried at 50 degrees C were closer in CIELab coordinates to those obtained by sun-dried grapes, with similar h(ab) values and slightly lower L* and C(ab)*. To shorten further the drying times at 50 degrees C, the grapes were dipped in olive oil or ethyl oleate emulsions containing potassium carbonate. The ethyl oleate pretreatment shortened additionally the drying time by about 25%, providing musts with chroma, lightness, and hue similar to those without grape pretreatment. In general, except for the phenolic compounds corresponding to the drying with ethyl oleate pretreatment, most of these compounds in the remainding conditions studied increased to a lesser extent than expected because of water losses of the grapes during drying, revealing degradation reactions. 相似文献
12.
快速脱水抑制葡萄干制过程中膜脂过氧化及褐变 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
为探索脱水速度对无核白葡萄干制过程中膜脂过氧化作用及褐变的影响,以新疆无核白葡萄为试验材料,经过葡萄促干剂处理后,采用快速脱水和缓慢脱水2种处理,质量每减轻10%进行取样,测定脱水过程中果实干基含水率、干燥速率、褐变度、细胞膜透性、丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量、脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性以及总酚含量的变化。结果表明:与缓慢脱水相比,快速脱水处理显著(P0.05)降低了无核白葡萄褐变度的上升,减少MDA生成量以及膜透性的增加,抑制LOX活性的升高,保持较高的活性氧清除酶SOD、CAT及POD活性及较高的总酚含量,且使PPO活性保持在一个较低的水平。因此认为,快速脱水可以有效地抑制无核白葡萄的膜脂过氧化作用对细胞膜的破坏,保持细胞的完整性,且PPO活性较低,从而减少无核白葡萄脱水褐变的发生。研究结果为快速脱水在无核白葡萄干制中的应用提供参考。 相似文献
13.
Serratosa MP Marquez A Lopez-Toledano A Medina M Merida J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(5):1882-1892
The purpose of this work was to study the variation of phenol compounds, as measured by HPLC, during the chamber drying under controlled temperature conditions of red grapes of the Merlot and Tempranillo varieties in relation to antioxidant activity. Both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant activities in these grapes increased during the drying process; the former was measured via proton transfer in the coupled oxidation reaction between linoleic acid and β-carotene, and the second via electron transfer in the DPPH assay. The hydrophilic component was invariably greater in Tempranillo grapes, and so was the lipophilic component in Merlot grapes. Only the increase in hydrophilic antioxidant activity obtained a significant correlation with the phenolic compounds during the drying process. However, based on the phenolic fraction analysis, this result was primarily due to phenolic polymers and, to a lesser extent, also to phenolic acids, flavans, and some flavonols and anthocyans. 相似文献
14.
Residues of azoxystrobin from grapes to raisins 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Lentza-Rizos C Avramides EJ Kokkinaki K 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(1):138-141
Azoxystrobin, a fungicide of the strobilurin group, has an European Union maximum residue level (MRL) of 2 mg/kg for grapes. This work aimed to assess residues on fresh and washed grapes and on raisins following processing with (i) alkali treatment and sun drying and (ii) sun drying only. QUADRIS 25% SC was applied according to good agricultural practice for two consecutive years on a typical cv. Thomson seedless and a seed-producing clone. Samples were collected 0, 15, and 21 days postapplication and analyzed using gas chromatography/electron capture detection; recoveries were 86 +/- 12% for grapes and 99 +/- 15% for raisins. Residues on grapes were 0.49-1.84 mg/kg, and washing removed 75% of the residue. Residues in raisins produced from seedless grapes were 0.51-1.49 (treatment 1) and 1.42-2.08 mg/kg (treatment 2), with residue transfer factors sometimes >1, even following alkali treatment, which reduced residues considerably. To avoid trade problems, a higher MRL for raisins is necessary. 相似文献
15.
Off-vine grape drying effect on volatile compounds and aromatic series in must from Pedro Ximénez grape variety 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Franco M Peinado RA Medina M Moreno J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(12):3905-3910
Changes in 36 volatile compounds of must from ripe grapes dried by direct exposure to sun and must from ripe grapes were studied. Compounds not dependent on sampling site in both musts were selected, and their concentration/Brix degree ratio values, were subjected to variance analysis. Only butan-1-ol and isoamyl alcohols showed no differences, while (E)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (E)-hex-2-en-1-ol, (E)-hex-2-enal, hexanoic acid, isobutanol, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, gamma-butyrolactone, gamma-hexalactone, and 5-methylfurfural, showed significant differences between the two must types, which may be ascribed to the drying process. An approach to describe must odor has been carried out by grouping volatile compounds in aromatic series, increasing their values in the fruity, solvent, sweet, and roasted series and diminishing the herbaceous as a consequence of the drying process. 相似文献
16.
Ruíz Bejarano MJ Rodríguez Dodero MC García Barroso C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2010,58(24):13006-13012
During the drying process of raisins, the grapes are subjected to climatic variations that can result in heavy infections of some fungal species that produce ochratoxin A (OTA), a powerful toxic metabolite, whose maximum permitted content is set by the European Union at 2.0 μg/L for grapes, wine and other drinks derived from the grape. The aim of this paper is to optimize the process of making sweet wines in order to minimize the content of ochratoxin A. The results reflect a reduction of the OTA content in grapes dried under controlled conditions in a climatic chamber up to 24% compared to those sunned in the traditional way. A decrease of the concentrations of OTA is also observed during the processes of vinification. Those wines with prefermentative maceration reached a higher OTA content than the wines without maceration, but unexpectedly were not those preferred from a sensorial point of view. In addition, the process of aging in oak casks has been shown to serve as a natural method for reducing the OTA content of these wines. 相似文献
17.
荔枝的微波干燥特性及其对品质的影响研究 总被引：18，自引：5，他引：18
针对荔枝热风干燥中存在的问题，应用自制的微波干燥试验测试系统，采用间歇干燥工艺，试验研究了荔枝微波干燥特性及干燥条件对干后品质、能耗的影响。结果表明：荔枝微波干燥主要处于恒速阶段，干燥速度取决于不同的间歇比；温度变化可分为上升和趋于稳定两个阶段；微波间歇时间对干后品质有显著影响，干燥能耗受间歇比的影响，但主要影响因素是加热时间。 相似文献
18.
González-Barrio R Salmenkallio-Marttila M Tomás-Barberán FA Cantos E Espín JC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(15):5990-5996
White table grapes, var. Superior, were treated with UV-C light after harvest to increase stilbenes concentration, especially trans-resveratrol (RES), because this may be of relevance to the health-promoting properties assigned to these compounds. However, irradiated grapes also developed some browning on the surface on the third day of storage at 22 degrees C, with the subsequent detriment in the sensorial quality of the fruit. Possible causes for browning development during storage were investigated. The phenolic-related oxidative enzymes, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD), were not specifically activated, and no new isoforms appeared upon UV-C treatment. UV-treated grapes had lower content of chlorophyll b than control grapes on the fourth day of storage, concomitant with the increase of pheophytins (chlorophyll degradation derived compounds). Microscopy data showed lower fluorescence emission in chloroplasts from the UV-treated samples, which may explain the decrease of chlorophylls content in the corresponding grape berries extracts. In addition, microscopy images showed cell wall thickening in the skin tissue of UV-treated grapes which could be considered as a general wound response in plant tissues. These results suggest that the development of browning in Superior white grapes after UV-C treatment is not closely related with the evolution of oxidative enzymes during storage and may be mainly due to the decrease of chlorophylls content. 相似文献
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20.
Pesticide residues in grapes, wine, and their processing products 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
In this review the results obtained in the 1990s from research on the behavior of pesticide residues on grapes, from treatment to harvest, and their fate in drying, wine-making, and alcoholic beverage processing are reported. The fungicide residues on grapes (cyproconazole, hexaconazole, kresoxim-methyl, myclobutanil, penconazole, tetraconazole, and triadimenol), the application rates of which were of a few tens of grams per hectare, were very low after treatment and were not detectable at harvest. Pyrimethanil residues were constant up to harvest, whereas fluazinam, cyprodinil, mepanipyrim, azoxystrobin, and fludioxonil showed different disappearance rates (t(1/2) = 4.3, 12, 12.8, 15.2, and 24 days, respectively). The decay rate of the organophosphorus insecticides was very fast with t(1/2) ranging between 0.97 and 3.84 days. The drying process determined a fruit concentration of 4 times. Despite this, the residue levels of benalaxyl, phosalone, metalaxyl, and procymidone on sun-dried grapes equalled those on the fresh grape, whereas they were higher for iprodione (1.6 times) and lower for vinclozolin and dimethoate (one-third and one-fifth, respectively). In the oven-drying process, benalaxyl, metalaxyl, and vinclozolin showed the same residue value in the fresh and dried fruit, whereas iprodione and procymidone resides were lower in raisins than in the fresh fruit. The wine-making process begins with the pressing of grapes. From this moment onward, because the pesticide on the grape surface comes into contact with the must, it is in a biphasic system, made up of a liquid phase (the must) and a solid phase (cake and lees), and will be apportioned between the two phases. The new fungicides have shown no effect on alcoholic or malolactic fermentation. In some cases the presence of pesticides has also stimulated the yeasts, especially Kloeckera apiculata, to produce more alcohol. After fermentation, pesticide residues in wine were always smaller than those on the grapes and in the must, except for those pesticides that did not have a preferential partition between liquid and solid phase (azoxystrobin, dimethoate, and pyrimethanil) and were present in wine at the same concentration as on the grapes. In some cases (mepanipyrim, fluazinam, and chlorpyrifos) no detectable residues were found in the wines at the end of fermentation. From a comparison of residues in wine obtained by vinification with and without skins, it can be seen that their values were generally not different. Among the clarifying substances commonly used in wine (bentonite, charcoal, gelatin, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, potassium caseinate, and colloidal silicon dioxide), charcoal allowed the complete elimination of most pesticides, especially at low levels, whereas the other clarifying substances were ineffective. Wine and its byproducts (cake and lees) are used in the industry to produce alcohol and alcoholic beverages. Fenthion, quinalphos, and vinclozolin pass into the distillate from the lees only if present at very high concentrations, but with a very low transfer percantage (2, 1, and 0.1%, respectively). No residue passed from the cake into the distillate, whereas fenthion and vinclozolin pass from the wine, but only at low transfer percentages (13 and 5%, respectively). 相似文献