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1.
A diagnosis of dicoumarol toxicity in a herd of Friesian cattle was made following investigation of the deaths of three mature cows and eleven yearling heifers. Affected stock had been fed wrapped, bailed silage containing approximately 90% sweet vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum). Sweet vernal grass contains coumarin, which can be converted to dicoumarol, a vitamin K antagonist, through the action of moulds. Most deaths were preceded by lethargy, severe anaemia and subcutaneous and internal haemorrhage. Dicoumarol toxicosis was suspected based on clinical signs, necropsy findings and prolonged prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times. Dicoumarol analysis of blood from affected animals and silage confirmed the diagnosis. Activated partial thromboplastin time Haemoglobin Packed cell volume Prothrombin time Red cell count 相似文献
2.
D G Pritchard L M Markson P J Brush J A Sawtell P A Bloxham 《The Veterinary record》1983,113(4):78-84
An outbreak of a haemorrhagic diathesis in cattle fed home produced hay is described. A similar syndrome was reproduced experimentally in calves by feeding them the hay. The experimental disease was characterised by increased prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times while the leucocyte and erythrocyte counts remained normal until the terminal haemorrhage. The calves ate well and grew well until the rapid onset of progressive weakness, stiff gait, mucosal pallor, tachycardia, tachypnoea and haematomata ending in sudden death. The absence of blood coagulation was seen at necropsy while petechial, ecchymotic and free haemorrhages were found in most organs. Particularly striking were massive ecchymotic haemorrhages on the peritoneal surface of the rumen, a bloody, gelatinous mass enveloping each kidney and extensive bruising, haemorrhage and haematomata in the subcutis of the limbs. In a second feeding trial the effects of various preparations of vitamin K1 and vitamin K3 were investigated. Oral administration of large quantities of vitamin K1 reduced the elevated prothrombin time; vitamin K3 acted less consistently. Analysis of the hay for trichothecene mycotoxins was negative but floral analysis revealed that sweet vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) comprised about 80 per cent of the hay. Dicoumarol was detected in the hay and in the serum and ruminal contents of the experimental calves. The diagnosis, treatment, control and importance of this syndrome in the United Kingdom are discussed. 相似文献
3.
Merry RJ Lee MR Davies DR Dewhurst RJ Moorby JM Scollan ND Theodorou MK 《Journal of animal science》2006,84(11):3049-3060
Two experiments were carried out to determine the effects of feeding grass silages differing in their water-soluble carbohydrate content, with or without red clover silage, on the efficiency of nutrient use. High-sugar grass, control grass, and red clover were ensiled in laboratory silos for use in an in vitro experiment (Exp. 1). For an in vivo experiment (Exp. 2), the same forage types were baled and ensiled. All silages were well preserved; within experiments the grass silages had similar composition, except for greater (P < 0.05) water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the high-sugar than the control grass silage. In Exp. 1, high-sugar grass, control grass, and red clover silages were fed alone or as mixtures (30:70, 50:50, or 70:30 on a DM basis, respectively) of each grass with the red clover silage to a simulated rumen culture system. There were no significant differences in microbial N flow or efficiency of microbial protein synthesis between individual forages. However, the corresponding values for the 70:30 ratio of high-sugar grass:red clover silage were greater (P < 0.05) than for the red clover silage. The value for the efficiency of N use (g of microbial N/g of feed N) was greater (0.86; P < 0.05) for high-sugar grass silage than the control grass silage. In addition, the high-sugar grass:red clover silage mixtures all gave greater (P < 0.05) values for the efficiency of N use than red clover silage alone; this difference was not achieved with the control grass mixture. Experiment 2 was an incomplete Latin square design conducted with 6 Here-ford x Friesian steers (163 +/- 5.9 kg of BW) with rumen and duodenal cannulas fed the following 5 silage diets: high-sugar grass silage; control grass silage; high-sugar grass and red clover silage (50:50 DM basis); control grass and red clover silage (50:50 DM basis); and red clover silage. Rumen NH3-N concentration was lowest (P < 0.05) with the high-sugar grass silage. Microbial N flows to the duodenum and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were greater (P < 0.05) for steers fed the high-sugar grass silage than for control grass and red clover silages, and mixing red clover with grass silages increased (P < 0.05) these values compared with red clover silage alone. In both experiments, the efficiency of incorporation of silage N into microbial N was more than 20% greater (P < 0.05) for high-sugar grass than for control grass silage. These data suggest that grass silage with high-sugar content provides a forage-based strategy for balancing N and energy supply and improving the efficiency of use of grass silage N in the rumen. 相似文献
4.
O'Sullivan A O'Sullivan K Galvin K Moloney AP Troy DJ Kerry JP 《Journal of animal science》2002,80(6):1556-1563
The effects of three preslaughter diets on heifer beef quality were investigated. Heifers (n = 45) were divided into three groups and fed for ad libitum consumption either maize silage, grass silage, or a 50:50 mixture of maize silage and grass silage. Meat quality was determined by measuring color, lipid oxidation, alpha-tocopherol levels, and fatty acid composition. Beef from the maize silage group had poorest color stability (P < 0.05), whereas beef from the grass silage diet had best (P < 0.05) color stability. The visual panel least preferred the maize silage group after 2 or more days of display, and lipid oxidation was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in this group compared to the 50:50 maize:grass silage and grass silage groups. There was a significant (P < 0.001) difference in the alpha-tocopherol levels detected in the meat from the three dietary groups. Alpha-tocopherol levels increased in the order: maize silage < 50:50 maize:grass silage < grass silage, at levels of 2.08, 2.95, and 3.84 microg/g meat, respectively. Fatty acid analysis indicated 18:3 was significantly (P < 0.001) lower in the maize silage-fed group than in the maize:grass silage and grass silage groups. However, 18:3 was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the grass silage group than in the other two groups. There were no significant differences in all other fatty acids among the three dietary groups. It was concluded that beef from grass silage-fed animals had better overall quality in terms of color, lipid oxidation, and alpha-tocopherol levels than beef from maize silage fed animals. 相似文献
5.
Bartol JM Thompson LJ Minnier SM Divers TJ 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2000,216(10):1605-8, 1569-70
A 4-year-old Holstein cow from a farm where 2 cows had recently died suddenly was referred for evaluation of acute severe colic. Right flank laparotomy revealed a large mesenteric hematoma. Within 14 layer chromatographic analyses of the moldy hay and blood from the necropsied cow and the hospitalized cow were positive for dicumarol. A diagnosis of sweet vernal poisoning was confirmed on the basis of clinical and toxicologic findings. The cow was treated with supportive therapy, blood transfusions, and vitamin K1 and recovered without complications. Because sweet vernal grass is becoming common in certain areas and the use of round bales is commonplace, practitioners should be aware of the potential for this toxicosis. 相似文献
6.
Lee MR Connelly PL Tweed JK Dewhurst RJ Merry RJ Scollan ND 《Journal of animal science》2006,84(11):3061-3070
The experiment investigated the digestion of lipids from different forage silages in beef steers. Six Hereford x Friesian steers prepared with rumen and duodenal cannulas were given ad libitum access to a high-sugar grass silage, control grass silage, red clover silage, or mixtures of the red clover and each of the grass silages (50:50, DM basis). The experiment was conducted as an incomplete 5 x 5 Latin square, with an additional randomly repeated sequence. Total fatty acid and C18:3n-3 concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) for the high-sugar grass silage than the control grass silage or the red clover silage. Dry matter and total fatty acid intake were less (P < 0.05) for steers fed the control grass silage than for steers fed the other diets. Duodenal flow of C18:3n-3 was greater (P < 0.05), and flows of C18:0 and total C18:1 trans were less (P < 0.05), for the red clover silage compared with the 2 grass silage diets, with the mixtures intermediate. These results were supported by a reduction (P < 0.05) in biohydrogenation of C18:3n-3 for the red clover silage, with the mixtures again being intermediate. Flows of total branched- and odd-chain fatty acids were greater (P < 0.05) for the high-sugar grass silage diet, possibly as a result of greater microbial flow, because these fatty acids are associated with bacterial lipid. Duodenal flows of the chlorophyll metabolite, phytanic acid, were greater (P < 0.05) for animals fed the high-sugar grass silage treatments compared with the other treatments. These results confirm the potential for modifying the fatty acid composition of ruminant products by feeding red clover silage. 相似文献
7.
Blakley BR 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1985,26(11):357-360
Information pertaining to 286 animals from 56 herds affected by moldy sweet clover poisoning in Saskatchewan during 1983 was tabulated from the toxicology laboratory records. The morbidity in the affected herds was 12.1%, with a case fatality of 65.5%. Aborted fetuses and calves less than two weeks of age were affected with sweet clover poisoning most often. Sweet clover poisoning was more common during the period from January to April, 91.6% of the morbid animals were seen at this time. The rates of poisoning in beef and dairy cattle were estimated to be 0.156 and 0.095 cases per 1000 cattle respectively. Sweet clover poisoning was observed with the use of large of small bales of sweet clover in 78.9% of the affected herds. The geographical distribution of sweet clover poisoning in Saskatchewan followed the northern regions of the dark brown soil zone and the southern regions of the black soil zone which extend from the mid northwest portion of the province to the extreme southeast region.
Dicoumarol concentrations were determined on a variety of tissues including liver, plasma, serum, kidney and muscle. Significant differences in the liver dicoumarol concentrations were found between animals of different ages (P = 0.045). Livers from younger animals, in particular, the fetus, contained lower concentrations of dicoumarol.
相似文献8.
Four weeks before their predicted mean second lactation calving date, 60 spring-calving Holstein-Friesian cows were blocked into groups of six on the basis of their predicted calving date and body condition score, and allocated at random to one of six dietary treatments in a factorial design: ad libitum grass silage, ad libitum grass silage plus barley straw or ad libitum grass silage plus 3 kg of concentrates, was offered for four weeks before the expected calving date, and after calving they were offered either 4 kg or 8 kg of concentrates plus ad libitum grass silage for eight weeks. On average, the first luteal activity occurred in all the groups at 29 days after calving. Seventeen of the cows had an atypical first plasma progesterone profile; 12 were anovulatory, three had prolonged luteal phases and two became anovulatory after having been cyclic. The cows offered grass silage only before calving had a significantly shorter mean (se) interval between calving and second luteal activity (44.9 [2.1] days), than the cows offered grass silage and straw (53.5 [1.9] days) or grass silage and concentrates (51.5 [3.2] days) (P<0.05). After calving none of the 28 cows offered grass silage and 4 kg of concentrates started cycling before day 21, whereas five of the 30 cows offered grass silage and 8 kg of concentrates cycled before day 21 (P<0.05). 相似文献
9.
本研究评估了仙人掌果实与不同粗饲料结合对荷斯坦奶牛采食量、营养物质消化率、氮平衡、摄食行为和泌乳性能的影响。试验选择泌乳期为(72±11)d的8头奶牛,采用4×4拉丁试验设计,共4种试验日粮:T1组为75%青贮高粱组,T2组为75%象草组,T3组为37.5%青贮高粱+37.5%仙人掌果实,T4组为37.5%象草+37.5%仙人掌果实。结果:青贮高粱组干物质摄入量最高(P<0.05)。不同日粮组干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、非纤维碳水化合物和总可消化养分摄入量存在显著差异(P<0.05)。仙人掌果实组较青贮高粱和象草组日饮水量降低44.52%(P<0.05)。与象草组、象草+仙人掌果实组相比,青贮高粱组、青贮高粱+仙人掌果实组氮平衡降低59.71%和27.49%(P<0.05)。结论:奶牛日粮中以仙人掌果实与青贮高粱或象草的组合并没有改变荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量,但降低了营养物质和水分摄入量,同时提高了养分消化率。 相似文献
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11.
J Kamphues 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1991,98(1):35-36
20 heifers got ammoniated grass silage ad libitum (self feeding system in front of the silo), the ration was supplemented by small amounts of maize silage and concentrate only. During a few hours past feed intake the heifers developed hyperesthetic, hyperactive symptoms and massive salivation. Without any treatment the clinical symptoms disappeared. The analysed sample of grass silage contained about 9 g ammonia per kg fresh weight. Changing the feeding system (offering the roughage past 1 day of aeration) the same grass silage did not lead to any disturbances or health problems in the heifers. It was assumed, that the observed symptoms were typical signs of ammonia-intoxication. 相似文献
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13.
Fatty liver disease usually occurs in periparturient dairy cows. However, this case study describes the occurrence of the disease in maiden heifers on a dairy farm during late gestation. It resulted in the death of 5 heifers (21-25 months of age) within 31 days after turning them out to grass. The diagnosis was confirmed by blood testing and gross pathology findings. Housing the animals and providing them with good quality grass silage prevented further clinical cases. 相似文献
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15.
Bulang M Kluth H Engelhard T Spilke J Rodehutscord M 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2006,90(3-4):89-102
Studies on the use of lucerne silage as a forage source for high-yielding dairy cows. It was the main objective of this study to investigate effects of lucerne silage inclusion in maize silage-based rations on dry matter intake, milk yield and metabolic parameters of high yielding dairy cows. Three total mixed rations (TMR) were used. They contained as the main forage source on a dry matter basis 41.5% maize silage and 12% grass silage (ration maize) or 18% maize silage and 29% of either grass silage (ration grass) or lucerne silage (ration lucerne). Organic matter digestibility, determined with wether sheep, was 77 and 65% for the grass and the lucerne silage, respectively. Each TMR was fed to 4 wether sheep to determine crude nutrient digestibilities. The content of net energy for lactation (NEL), as calculated from digestible crude nutrients, was (MJ/kg dry matter (DM)): 7.1 (maize), 7.2 (grass) and 6.8 (lucerne). Based on the results of a chemical fractionation of crude protein it was calculated that the content of utilisable crude protein (nXP) was not below 167 g/kg DM and that the N balance in the rumen was not negative for all 3 TMR. The TMR were fed for 169 days to at least 28 dairy cows per treatment which were in their first half of lactation. Feed intake, milk performance data and physiological indicators were measured for each individual cow. The DM intake was significantly higher in treatment lucerne (23.2 kg/d) than in treatments grass (21.2 kg/d) and maize (22.6 kg/d). Daily intakes of NEL and nXP were significantly lower in treatment grass than in the other two treatments. Milk yield was significantly higher in treatment maize (41.7 kg/d) than in treatments grass (37.3 kg/d) and lucerne (38.5 kg/d). This was associated with a significantly lower milk fat content in treatment maize (3.5%) in comparison with the other two treatments (3.9% each). Milk protein content was unaffected by treatment (3.4% on average). Similarly, the acetone content of milk was not significantly different between treatments. The beta-hydroxybutyrate content of the deproteinized blood was significantly higher in treatment lucerne at start of lactation, but this difference disappeared in subsequent parts of the experimental period. Measurements of back fat thickness indicated mobilisation and retention of energy by cows during the experimental period to be similar in all treatments. It is concluded that lucerne silage is a suitable forage source for high yielding dairy cows in spite of its low digestibility. 相似文献
16.
象草收获时往往具有较高水分，单独青贮发酵品质不佳。为提高象草青贮品质，研究了不同水分吸附材料对象草青贮发酵品质和好氧稳定性的影响。处理设为对照、分别添加象草鲜重10%的米糠、小麦粉、干豆腐渣和麦麸。青贮60 d后分析发酵品质和好氧稳定性。结果表明：所有添加处理均比对照显著增加了青贮原材料的干物质（DM， P<0.01），降低了缓冲能（P<0.05）；青贮后，所有添加处理均显著提高了乳酸含量（P<0.01）。添加小麦粉显著增加了丁酸（0.81% DM）和氨态氮（NH3-N， 14.40% TN）含量（P<0.05），而其他添加处理无显著影响（P>0.05），添加干豆腐渣的处理丁酸和氨态氮含量最低，分别只有0.04% DM和9.75% TN。添加小麦粉和干豆腐渣对青贮饲料好氧稳定性改善效果最佳。综合比较分析营养特性、青贮发酵品质和好氧稳定性，添加干豆腐渣的处理青贮效果最优。 相似文献
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为研究不同含水率条件下象草（Pennisetum purpureum）与玉米（Zea mays var.rugosa）秸秆混合青贮的效果,用含水率同为71.20%的象草与玉米秸秆调制了含水率为73.86%~73.10%的混合青贮（MC1青贮）,用含水率分别为59.30%与59.10%的象草与玉米秸秆调制了含水率为62.30%~60.91%的混合青贮（MC2青贮）,MC1和MC2青贮均设3种混合比例（象草与玉米秸秆质量比为80∶20、70∶30和60∶40）。每个处理重复3次,常温下贮存60 d,开封后评定青贮的品质。结果表明,所有青贮的品质优良;MC1和MC2青贮均随玉米秸秆比例的升高,乳酸含量极显著增加（P<0.01）,pH值极显著降低,水分、乙酸、氨态氮、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量极显著或显著减少,干物质回收率极显著提高;MC2青贮的品质优于MC1青贮。 相似文献
18.
不同乳酸菌添加剂对青贮黑麦草和青贮玉米微生物群集的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在青贮黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和青贮玉米(Zea mays)中添加鼠李糖乳杆菌和布氏乳杆菌,研究其对微生物群集的影响,青贮饲料贮藏时间为14,56,120 d.结果表明:添加布氏乳杆菌的青贮黑麦草组细菌与真菌群集都很稳定,大肠菌中的Erwinia persicina, Pantoea agglomerans和Rahnella aquatilis 在青贮黑麦草对照组中被发现,鼠李糖乳杆菌组没有发现.Saccharomyces cerevisiae 和Pichia anomala是对照组与鼠李糖乳杆菌组青贮黑麦草中的主要真菌;P. anomala在布氏乳杆菌组未检测到.Candida magnolia, Cryptococcus flavus和Candida intermedia在青贮玉米原料与发酵过程中均检测到,Candida glabrata 和Candida quercitrusa 只在发酵过程检测到.有氧腐败发生时,青贮玉米真菌菌群发生明显变化,Saccharomyces exiguus, Saccharomyces martiniae, Pichia fermentans, Pichia deserticola 和Pichia kudriavzevii 可在腐败的青贮玉米中检测到.这表明添加乳酸菌制剂可以改变青贮黑麦草的菌群,但是对青贮玉米菌群影响较小,发生腐败时真菌菌群与细菌菌群均发生变化. 相似文献
19.
饲料中娄地青霉(P.roqueforti)的检测 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
饲料中霉菌及其毒素的污染严重影响畜牧生产和人类健康 ,娄地青霉 (P .roquefortin)是饲料中新近发现的产毒霉菌 ,特别是在青贮饲料中有较高的检出率。其所产毒素对动物有明显的毒性作用 ,值得重视。本试验检测了 1 1 1份饲料样品 ,分别来自德国和中国的猪场、牛场以及鸡场 ,包括玉米、玉米青贮、牧草青贮以及混合饲料和牧草在内的多种饲料。通过霉菌形态学检查 ,对上述样品进行了全面检测 ,确定饲料中霉菌的含量为 2 0 0～ 8 0 0CFU/g饲料 ,青贮料中的优势菌为娄地青霉 相似文献