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1.
Migration has changed the face of Vietnam's highlands in the second half of the 20th century. Areas of forest and swidden agriculture, inhabited by ethnic minorities, have lost their tree cover and, especially in the Central Highlands, are planted with coffee and other commodity agriculture. Their populations now have a high proportion of lowland Vietnamese in‐migrants. This paper argues that this transformation is the product of two sets of strategies. One is a state strategy, set in place in the North in 1954 and extended to the South after reunification, to ‘tame’ the region, in terms both of economy and security. The other consists of the strategies of ordinary people in the plains of the North, who migrated with or without reference to the state, hoping to get rich in a region recently described in the lowlands as a ‘promised land’. State organised migration programmes, the Doi Moi process of economic reform, and the decisions and struggles of these families and individuals thus combined to bring about the transformation of the highlands. As the paper shows, however, this combination, has not been without its difficulties.  相似文献   

2.
The objective of this paper is to provide an understanding of how the gap between the ‘global’ and the ‘local‐peripheral’ is bridged in the everyday life of the peasantry at a coffee pioneer front. The networks of connectivity between the spontaneous migrant‐peasants at the coffee pioneer front in the province of Dak Lak in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, and the global coffee market are explored. This set of linkages helps the peasantry to settle, despite the harsh conditions of life on the frontier. This is illustrated through a brief ethnographic account of the ‘peripheral’ characteristics of life on a coffee pioneer front. By borrowing analytical tools from actor‐network theory, the paper also illuminates the (actor) networks through which coffee finally reaches the export gate. This account suggests that global commodity production processes are often embedded in local dynamics, in this case, the political‐economy of the frontier. Further, it implies the need to transcend scales when inquiring about peasant‐market relationships in export agro‐commodity production.  相似文献   

3.
北京新农村建设与城乡一体化发展研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
中共中央国务院关于推进社会主义新农村建设的若干意见》指出:解决“三农”问题的根本途径,就是要按照统筹城乡发展的要求,一方面进一步加速工业化、城镇化和市场化进程;另一方面则是要在非农化、工业化和城镇化加速发展的基础上大力开展新农村建设。通过对北京市都市农业发展城乡一体化研究,结合北京都市农业发展实践和存在的问题,提出了北京都市农业六大优势产业: 设施农业、籽种农业、加工农业、创汇农业、观光农业和农业科技产品及服务产业。  相似文献   

4.
Railroads represent one of the most efficient methods of long‐haul transport for bulk commodities, from coal to agricultural products. Over the past 50 years, the rail network has contracted while tonnage has increased. Service, geographically, has been abandoned along short‐haul routes and increased along major long‐haul routes, resulting in a network that is more streamlined. The current rail network may be very vulnerable to disruptions, like the failure of a trestle. This paper proposes a framework to model rail network vulnerability and gives an application of this modeling framework in analyzing rail network vulnerability for the State of Washington. It concludes with a number of policy‐related issues that need to be addressed in order to identify, plan, and mitigate the risks associated with the sudden loss of a bridge or trestle.  相似文献   

5.
Using filing‐level data, we compute the average marginal income tax rate for the State of Missouri. We have data from 2000 through 2015. We start with a simple experiment: consider the effect that a $10 change in federal adjusted gross income would have on each filer’s tax payment. We find that with deductions, exemptions, and credits, the average marginal income tax rate has been remarkably steady over the years, ranging from 3.50% to 3.66%. This rate is much lower than the top marginal income tax rate, which has been 6% for taxable income greater than $9,000 for the entire sample period. In addition, we compute the average marginal income tax rate for different types of income in order to compare directly with the NBER’s reported state rate.  相似文献   

6.
For many years, we have seen an increasing specialization of agricultural systems and territories, with a clear separation between territories with very high animal densities and those devoted to the growing of annual crops. This development is explained by market and sector economic logic and has been reinforced by the availability of low-cost inputs and animal housing systems based on direct grazing not requiring straw. It has, however, also involved negative environmental impacts and, in some cases, the impoverishment of soil fertility, a loss of biodiversity, and excesses of N and P, leading to eutrophication and hot spots of ammonia emission in livestock-breeding territories. Having recapped the mechanisms behind the specialization of systems and territories, we examined the extent to which the development of innovative mixed-farming systems that reconnect livestock and crop production on various territorial scales (farm, district, region) can reduce the negative impacts of agriculture on the environment, produce valuable ecosystem services and achieve acceptable economic efficiency for farming enterprises. Examples from temperate regions will be used to show that mixed-farming systems increase the possibilities of better recycling of nutrients within systems, limiting recourse to the purchase of increasingly expensive inputs and safeguarding the biodiversity of agricultural ecosystems.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract: This article focuses on a significant paradigm shift in the approaches to biodiversity conservation in the developing countries that has affected important international organisations, including the Global Environment Facility (GEF). This paradigm shift marks a movement beyond protected areas to production landscapes. It is argued that one particular project, People, Land Management and Environmental Change (PLEC), developed under the leadership of Harold Brookfield has contributed significantly to the shift. The project was instrumental in introducing the term ‘agrodiversity’ that encompasses biological diversity as well as the management diversity found in smallholder agricultural systems at all levels. The article describes the evolution of PLEC into a major international collaborative project funded through the GEF. It highlights the project's main achievements and its influence on the policy‐making in the GEF relying on the findings of independent evaluations.  相似文献   

8.
During April/May 1985–1987 some of Ursin's (Ursin, 1960) stations on the Dogger Bank from April/May 1951–1952 were revisited. This paper concentrates on results from the ‘Tail End’, the northeastern part of the Dogger Bank. The polychaete species Ophelia borealis and Goniada maculata, which were dominant species in 1951–1952, showed similar distributions in 1985–1987 on the whole of the Dogger Bank. Changes in the macrofauna distribution are obvious in the increase of opportunistic small polychaete species like Spiophanes bombyx, Scoloplos armiger and Magelona spp. In 1985–1987 these species occurred in high individual numbers per m2 all over the Dogger Bank in contrast to 1951–1952, when they were found only in few individuals. Extensive patches of the bivalve species Spisula subtruncata discovered at the northeastern border of the Dogger Bank in the fifties were not found. Only small, fast-growing species like Abra prismatica, Tellina fabula and Montacuta bidentata occurred in high individual numbers per m2. In 1987 the total biomass shows a reduction of about 30% in the area compared with 1950–1954Some hypotheses are given to explain the changes in macrofauna distribution on the Dogger Bank between 1950–1954 and 1985–1987, taking into account the increasing eutrophication and pollution.  相似文献   

9.
Brown midrib sorghum × sudangrass is attracting attention in the north‐eastern USA because of its ability to produce acceptable forage yields on marginal corn ground. Other potential advantages include conservation of soil on highly erosive ground, the possibility to spread manure mid‐summer (after first cutting) when runoff risk is minimal, greatly reduced needs for herbicides and the potential to reduce the importation of phosphorus onto the farm. Best management practices need to be developed to take full advantage of the crop in the north‐east. Seven field studies were conducted from 2000 to 2002 in four different agricultural regions in New York to determine the time of harvest optimum for yield and quality in one‐ to three‐cut management systems. Yield, rather than a change in forage quality indicators, was the key determining factor for estimated milk production. However, to prevent the shift from vegetative to reproductive growth (and associated decline in quality) and to better manage the amount of water at harvest, we recommend that in the north‐eastern USA brown midrib sorghum sudangrass be managed using a two‐cut system with harvest taking place when stand heights are about 125 cm or less.  相似文献   

10.
跨越农业信息化“最后一公里”之路径分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
在跨越农业信息化“最后一公里”时，决定技术和组织管理路径选择的基本因素是“经济可行性”。在边际收益有限的情况下，性能卓越但成本高昂的计算机网络手段存在更为突出的“最后一公里”问题，有成本优势的技术创新得到优先使用；作为技术手段的配套或补充，可降低成本的信息服务的组织管理创新陆续出现；组织管理手段应与农业信息化的技术手段配套和协调。“三网合一”的技术选择与农业合作化的组织管理创新是新形势下跨越农业信息化“最后一公里”的现实选择。  相似文献   

11.
Southeast Asia has the world's oldest and largest backpacker trails. This paper examines the geographies of such flows, drawing upon the largest survey to date of backpackers in Asia using qualitative research to survey the key changes from the 1970s to the 2000s. Backpacker trails have changed significantly and new routes have emerged including the “northern trail” (Bangkok–Cambodia–Vietnam–Laos). It is to be expected that routes change as backpackers constantly seek new places, pioneering for later mass tourism. However, this paper suggests that using institutionalization as a framework, these changing trails and backpacker “choices” can be seen as driven by growing commercialization and institutionalization. This then operates in combination with external variables (travel innovations—low cost airlines, and new transport networks); exogenous shock (political instability, terrorism); and growing regional competition from emerging destinations such as Vietnam and Cambodia.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract: On many measures of ethno‐linguistic diversity, Papua New Guinea is the most fragmented society in the world. I argue that the macro‐level political effect of this diversity has been to reduce, rather than increase, the impact of ethnic conflict on the state. Outside the Bougainville conflict, and (to a lesser extent) the recent upsurge of violence in the Southern Highlands, ethnic conflicts in Papua New Guinea have not presented a threat to national government. In contrast to most other ethnically diverse societies, the most consequential impacts of ethnic conflict in Papua New Guinea are at the local level. This paper therefore examines the disparate impacts of local‐ and national‐level forms of ethnic conflict in Papua New Guinea.  相似文献   

13.
黄淮海地区粮棉作物生产力的研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
黄淮海地区光、热、水资源较丰富,气候-土壤资源的生产潜力较大。本文在对作物各层次生产力计算方法研究的基础上,对该地区冬小麦、夏玉米、夏大豆、棉花等作物各层次生产力进行了计算。初步认为,在一定的农业技术水平条件下,近期(2000年以后)粮棉生产力比1989年可增加1/3,远期(30～50年以后)可增加1倍或稍多。  相似文献   

14.
Abstract: The Melanesian sub‐region of the South Pacific, in particular, has been branded by some political analysts as an ‘arc of instability’ because of upheavals such as coups (Fiji), ethnic conflict (Solomon Islands), paramilitary revolts (Vanuatu), and secessionist rebellion and civil war (Bougainville‐Papua New Guinea and the Southern Highlands). Simplistic notions and prejudices about the region pose challenges for journalists attempting to report with depth, context and analytical skill. Pressures and dilemmas for the news media continue to gain momentum in the South Pacific, often from a cultural as well as socio‐political dimension. While the media in some countries is refreshingly outspoken and courageous, in others it has a trend towards self‐censorship. This article critiques coverage in the region and some of the problems in an age of globalisation and preoccupation with security. It also sketches the challenges for media education designed to contest images of the region beyond ‘coups, conflicts and contraband’.  相似文献   

15.
ABSTRACT This paper documents the results of a twelve‐year tracking study of New York State (NYS) manufacturers of scientific instruments (1994–2005). The main goal of the tracking exercise was to probe for firm‐level changes in the use of external producer services, notably in technical fields such as industrial design, contract research, and engineering. Another goal was to assess the extent to which these outside inputs have been contributing to the product innovation efforts of users. The results show that innovation and service utilization rates have converged across NYS's three major regions (i.e., Western New York, Upstate/Central, and the New York City metropolitan area). This convergence has been powered by Internet‐based technologies, as well as by strategic management change at the company level. The link between recourse to external technical help and successful innovation is found to be statistically stronger in 2005 than it was twelve years ago. Of special importance is the fact that a growing number of manufacturers have been outsourcing research, design, and product development activities at levels that far exceed those reported in the 1990s. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications of these trends for the geography of innovation within high‐technology sectors.  相似文献   

16.
This paper investigates the adaptation processes with reference to the narrative analysis of human–environment interactions in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. From the political ecology perspective, it focuses on the discourses of the power relationships embedded within the ‘state‐society‐flood’ nexus over the course of its ‘opening‐up and closing‐off’ processes (e.g. excavating large‐scale canals for human settlements and agricultural expansion (opening‐up) and human interventions into natural systems through water control structures (closing‐off)). Drawing on empirical data gathered from 33 interviews and nine focus group discussions in three study areas and relevant literature, the paper argues that human interactions with the flood environments are intertwined with adjustments of adaptation patterns as evidenced through three periods: free adaptation (pre‐1975), transitional adaptation (1976–2010) and forced adaptation (after 2010). These processes have witnessed a gradual power shift in the ‘state‐society’ relations in manipulating floods, which moves from the top‐down towards a more collaborative fashion. By unravelling the political ecology of the ‘state‐society‐flood’ nexus, this paper exhibits the skewed development in the delta, which is largely bound to short‐term development planning to prioritise local socio‐economic and political objectives. The paper contributes important policy implications for achieving socially just and environmentally sustainable development in the delta.  相似文献   

17.
《Soil Technology》1988,1(4):333-348
Severe erosion occurred as a result of heavy rainfall on 7 October 1987 and subsequent storms. Rates of erosion were highest on land drilled with winter cereals in the previous three weeks but erosion also occurred on ploughed land. In an area of c36 km2 some erosion was recorded on all cereal fields. Several fields suffered losses >50 m3 ha−1 and rates reached>200 m3 ha−1 on one field. This is the most serious erosion on agricultural land recorded in Britain.In autumn months heavy rain on erodible, silt-rich soils prone to crusting inevitably leads to runoff and high rates of soil loss but a number of factors contributed to the severity of this event: the amount of bare, recently drilled land; the timing of drilling; the size of fields, steepness and length of slopes; the rolling of drilled fields, and the prevalence of wheelings.  相似文献   

18.
随着农业的发展,越南秸秆资源总量不断增加。但秸秆资源综合利用程度较低,产业化发展滞后,秸秆焚烧而引发的环境问题日益突出。近年来,高温热裂解生物质炭化与生物质农业应用成为秸秆资源化的新方向。笔者以越南广宁省为研究对象,通过随机走访农村并发放调查问卷,采集农业废弃物利用信息,特别是资源化利用中存在的实际问题,进而采用成本效益分析方法估算农户规模水稻秸秆生产生物质炭的经济效益。结果表明:农户秸秆炭化收益最高可达1275元/(hm2·a),生物质炭的碳交易收益可达117元/(hm2·a)。笔者还分析了农业废弃物制成生物质炭对环境和社会的效益,以期为越南乃至东盟国家秸秆炭化的资源化利用提供科学依据与生物质炭产业发展的参考。  相似文献   

19.
A study was carried out at Mushaqqar Agricultural Experiment Station located in the Central Highlands of East Jordan. The objectives were to study and compare three crop rotations: Duck foot fallow–wheat; chemical fallow–wheat; and wheat–wheat, on soil moisture conservation and storage and on wheat yield.
Results indicated that, the storage efficiency for the duck foot fallow treatment was higher than that of chemical fallow (13.4 and 8.7% respectively). Also it was found that two duck foot or chemical fallow applications, for weed control, were needed before June.
Wheat yield was the highest after the duck foot fallow, followed by chemical fallow. Wheat yield had decreased from 3.34 Mg/ha to 1.08 Mg/ha, for continuous wheat.  相似文献   

20.
玉米产量的边际效应及与主要农艺性状的相关分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
研究玉米主要农艺性状与产量边际效应指数的相关性,为选育耐密植玉米品种提供参考。以品比试验中的10个玉米杂交组合为试验材料,对玉米产量边际效应曲线进行拟合,同时对产量边际效应指数与玉米主要农艺性状进行相关分析。结果表明,玉米产量的边际效应曲线符合方程Yi=e-ai,t值及Xc2值均未达到显著水平。玉米产量边际效应指数与穗长、穗粗、行粒数、出籽率等性状的边际效应指数相关性达到显著或极显著水平。穗行数边际效应指数与玉米产量边际效应指数的相关未达到显著水平。由此可见,在选育耐密植玉米品种时,应注重穗长、穗粗、行粒数、出籽率等性状的边际效应,可不考虑玉米穗行数的边际效应。  相似文献   

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