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在甜菜育种史上,自从发现秋水仙素有独特作用以后,甜菜育种工作者便开始了诱变二倍体甜菜为四倍体甜菜来培育多倍体甜菜品种。据国内外试验证明,以普通四倍体甜菜为母本的杂交多倍体品种,杂交率仅在60％左右,产糖量一般超过系选品种的15～20％。如果将四倍体甜菜选育成雄性不育系,杂交率可达到100％,那么单位面积产糖量就会提高到另一个新水平.然而,选育四倍体不育系比选育二倍体不育系有着较多的困难。四倍体甜菜本身存在着结实率低的弊病,选育不育系其父本需要多代自交,甜菜是异花授粉自交不亲合性很强的作物,四倍体甜菜强制自交以后,结实率有明显的下降,种子发芽率有明显的降低,而且连续多代自交其不亲合现象就越发严重, 相似文献
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甜菜四倍体的选育是多倍体甜菜育种不可缺少的重要环节。所采用的选育方法是否得当,将直接影响材料的选育进度与质量。一般来讲,获得甜菜四倍体的方法主要是利用秋水仙碱溶液处理二倍体材料。大量研究表明,被处理的二倍体亲本的特性如何,在相当大的程度上支配着四倍体品系的产质量性状。因此,选择特性优良的二倍体材料作为处理亲本是极为重要的。一般最普遍而又简便易行的方法是使用秋水仙碱溶液浸泡甜菜种子。而选育四倍体最关键的技术则为处理种子在播种出苗后的叶绿体检定与染色体检定等一系列措施。只有这些技术措施妥当合理,才能够顺利地获得稳定的四倍体材料。 相似文献
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为了缩短甜菜多倍体育种年限,加速繁殖四倍体早代育种材料,尽快地选育出优良的多倍体品种提供生产应用,几年来,我们充分利用我国土地辽阔、南北气温相差较大的有利条件,进行了南繁培育母根的试验,取得了良好的效果。自一九七五至一九七八连续四年,我们在湖北省武汉市(中国农业科学院油料作物研究所农场)进行了甜菜四倍体的南繁工作,南繁的材料绝大部分为需要加速镜检提 相似文献
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甜菜多倍体新品种-包育302的选育 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
甜菜多倍体新品种—包育302系多倍体高糖型杂交种,由四倍体品系BS95429作母本,与自育二倍体品系BS79-1作父本杂交育成,该品种丰产性稳定,含糖高,抗病性强,对丛根病有较强耐病性。在2000～2001年的内蒙古自治区甜菜品种区域试验中,两年均达到高糖型品种标准,其块根产量、含糖率、产糖量两年平均比对照分别提高3.5%、1.00度和9.7%;在2001年的生产试验中,根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别比对照提高28.1%、1.28度和37.1%。 相似文献
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甜菜是异花授粉作物,人类利用的主要是它的营养体——块根。近二十年来,杂种优势育种在甜菜上得到了广泛的应用和比较深入的研究,世界各国的甜菜育种工作者将杂种优势原理与不同染色体倍数间的差异性结合,成功地选育出了许多高产质优的甜菜多倍体品种,在生产上推广应用,取得了显著的增产效果。多倍体品种一般比普通二倍体品种块根产量提高15—20％。目前,欧洲各主产甜菜国家在生产中基本上都是应用多倍体品种(包括雄性不育多倍体、单粒多倍体)。 相似文献
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甜菜普通多倍体亲本系号选择效果的研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用多种方法对甜研系列普通多倍体亲本进行多种系号的选择，研究结果表明：在含糖率方面，同一品系不同号间差异显著或极显著，除个别四倍体品系的系号与对照比差异显著或极显著外，其它品系选择的系号与对照比差异不显著。在根产量和产糖量方面，除少数品系选择的系号与对照比差异显著或极显著外，多数品系的系号与对照比差异不显著。二倍体亲本“连作”系号在根产量和产糖量方面与对照比差异显著或极显著。有关亲本系号的优劣，需在不同的生态环境下结合多年的能种经验进行鉴定选择。 相似文献
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甜菜多倍体品种骨干亲本的重要农艺性状鉴定与评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对11个多倍体甜菜品种骨干亲本的主要农艺性状进行了鉴定,发现它们在根产量、含糖率和产糖量方面差异极显著。四倍体品系的根产量和含糖率均优于二倍体材料,而褐斑病抗性差别不大。遗传相关性分析表明,除褐斑病病情与根产量、含糖率及产糖量呈负相关外,其余3个性状间均呈正相关。 相似文献
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Preliminary studies have been undertaken to determine the degree to which diploid and tetraploid ryegrass varieties intercross under field conditions. The results obtained through the use of diploid and tetraploid non-red-base tester plants indicate that pollen from tetraploid ryegrasses constitutes little or no danger to the genetic purity of diploid seed crops, even if grown in close proximity. A small proportion of viable triploid hybrids can arise in the progenies of tetraploid plants heavily exposed to diploid pollen, but here again their frequency and incidence are not of practical consequence. 相似文献
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《作物学报(英文版)》2015,(4)
The rich genetic variation preserved in collections of Aegilops tauschii can be readily exploited to improve common wheat using synthetic hexaploid wheat lines. However,hybrid necrosis, which is characterized by progressive death of leaves or plants, has been observed in certain interspecific crosses between tetraploid wheat and Ae. tauschii. The aim of this study was to construct a fine genetic map of a gene(temporarily named Net Jing Y176)conferring hybrid necrosis in Ae. tauschii accession Jing Y176. A triploid F1 population derived from distant hybridization between Ae. tauschii and tetraploid wheat was used to map the gene with microsatellite markers. The newly developed markers Xsdau K539 and Xsdau K561 co-segregated with Net Jing Y176 on chromosome arm 2DS. The tightly linked markers developed in this study were used to genotype 91 Ae. tauschii accessions. The marker genotype analysis suggested that 49.45% of the Ae. tauschii accessions carry Net Jing Y176. Interestingly, hybrid necrosis genotypes tended to appear more commonly in Ae. tauschii ssp. tauschii than in Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata. 相似文献
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Kazuyoshi Hosaka Yuko Hosaka Motoyuki Mori Tsutomu Maida Hiroshi Matsunaga 《American Journal of Potato Research》2001,78(3):191-196
Extreme resistance to potato virus Y, derived from a wild diploid speciesSolanum chacoense, was found in Japanese cultivar Konafubuki. The segregation ratio of resistant vs susceptible in the tetraploid population from Kita-akari (susceptible) x Konafubuki (resistant) indicated that the resistance gene followed a monogenic dominant fashion. Bulked DNA samples of resistant and of susceptible clones were screened with 306 decamer primers by PCR to find RAPD markers linked to the resistance. The RAPD marker 38-530 was reproducibly detected in the resistant clones with a recombination frequency of 16.3%. Except for Konafubuki the marker band was found only in a few limited parental lines and cultivars where the resistance is not involved. Thus, using Konafubuki as a resistance gene source, the RAPD marker 38-530 would be practically and widely useful in tetraploid breeding programs. 相似文献
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一粒小麦种质遗传多样性分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了从野生一粒小麦中发掘有用基因,随机选取33个普通小麦EST-SSR标记和定位于小麦A基因组的41个普通小麦基因组DNA-SSR标记,对35份一粒小麦、3份四倍体小麦和1份普通小麦进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在扩增这些标记位点的引物中有45对在一粒小麦上有扩增产物,其中33对检测出位点多态性,而且基因组DNA-SSR标记的多态检测率明显高于EST-SSR标记多态检测率。这些多态位点包括211个等位位点,平均每个位点有6.03个等位变异。利用PHYLIP分析软件按UPGMA方法对这些一粒小麦种质进行了聚类分析,以遗传距离0.5为界,可以将其分为7种类型。这种聚类关系与对应种质的白粉病抗性呈现出一定的相关性,因此根据聚类结果可以在一定程度上推测相关种质所携带的抗白粉病基因的起源和变异。对一粒小麦与野生二粒小麦种质的遗传距离的分析结果表明,不同来源的二粒小麦的A基因组可能有不同的起源。 相似文献
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The increased seed size of induced polyploid forms has been an important component of improved seedling vigour of small-seeded pasture species. Nitrous oxide was used to produce an octoploid form of the F3 generation of a cross between the closely related tetraploid cultivars, Uneta and Australian phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.; 2n=28). A high degree of recovery of octoploid plants (30%) was attained by nitrous oxide treatment. Increases in seed weight, glume length, stomatal guard cell length and pollen grain diameter of 13–84% were recorded in glasshouse-grown plants of the octoploid compared with the tetraploid parent population. In a field experiment the superior establishment of the octoploid compared with the tetraploid was interpreted as evidence of the better establishment capacity of the octoploid from deep placement of the seed. However, there was a greater loss of octoploid seedlings over summer, and a greater reduction in the basal area of the sward under continuous grazing than in the tetraploid. Although the octoploid swards produced significantly less phalaris dry weight than the tetraploid in exclosures, the total herbage dry weight of the two types was not significantly different in three of four cuts taken over 2 years. This result supports the view that the more erect, sparsely tillered growth habit of the octoploid phalaris is conducive to the productivity of other sward components. 相似文献
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Summary The diploid clone DW.84-1457 which has outstanding resistance to potato leafroll virus (PLRV), has been selected at the Mlochów
Centre of the Institute for Potato Research. It has in its pedigree PLRV-resistant clones from the Max Planck Institute nos.
MPI 44.1016/10, MPI 44.335/130 and MPI 49.540/2. Its behaviour in the field and response to aphid inoculation indicate high
resistance to infection, and the low concentration of the virus in graft-inoculated plants indicates high resistance to multiplication.
This combination within one genotype of two aspects of resistance is not connected with hypersensitivity, and is heritable.
Clone DW.84-1457 has other desirable characters such as extreme resistance to potato virus X (PVX), high resistance to potato
virus M (PVM) and good table and processing quality. It is being utilized in the development of parental lines, both at the
diploid and tetraploid level. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1):79-93
Summary Phylogenetic relationships among 16 diploid species, including at least one species for each of the A, C, D, E and G genomic groups, and for the natural AD tetraploid species and one synthetic AD tetraploid species were investigated using starch gel electrophoretic techniques for isozyme detection in conjunction with multivariate analysis. The species were polymorphic for phosphoglucomutase (PGM), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH), aconitase (ACO) and isozymes, but monomorphic for phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI). Similar isozyme arrays indicated close or perhaps conspecific relationships between natural tetraploids G. hirsutum and G. lanceolatum and between G. barbadense and G. darwinii. Natural tetraploid G. mustelinum was found to be relatively distinct from the other tetraploid species. The synthetic AD tetraploid was intermediate between the natural AD tetraploid and the A and D diploid clusters. The two A genome species, G. aboreum and G. herbaceum were closely related to each other. These results supported the hypothesis that the A and D genome species, or their closely related progenitors, were the ancestors of the tetraploid species. The C1 and E2 genome diploid species differed extensively from other diploid and tetraploid species, suggesting that they are very distantly related to the diploid and tetraploid species. These genome types would be very useful resources for germplasm introgression and improvement of the cultivated diploid and tetraploid species because of their significant genetic differences. 相似文献