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蓟马对农作物的危害逐年加重, 为筛选防治蓟马的高效低毒药剂, 采用叶管药膜法测定了10种常用药剂对4种蓟马的室内毒力, 并开展了田间防效试验。室内毒力测定结果表明, 6%乙基多杀菌素SC和10%虫螨腈SC对4种蓟马的毒力相对较高, 25%噻虫嗪WG和5%甲维盐EC的毒力较低, 西花蓟马和瓜蓟马对10种药剂的敏感性低于花蓟马和烟蓟马。田间药效结果表明, 25%噻虫嗪WG、10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC对西花蓟马的防效较高, 药后7 d药效最高达到90%以上。综合室内毒力和田间药效试验结果, 推荐4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC和10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC为防治蓟马的首选药剂, 可与25%噻虫嗪WG、48%多杀霉素SC、1.8%阿维菌素EC和10%吡丙醚SC等药剂轮换使用。 相似文献
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施磷对紫花苜蓿光合作用及抗蓟马的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了明确施磷对苜蓿抗蓟马的影响及其相关的光合机制,本试验以西北广泛种植的感蓟马苜蓿品种‘甘农3号’和抗蓟马苜蓿品种‘甘农9号’为材料,在大田蓟马为害高峰期,调查评价了不同施磷水平下苜蓿的受害指数、生长指标和蓟马虫口数量,测定了不同施磷水平下苜蓿的光合气体交换参数、可溶性糖含量。结果表明:施磷后,‘甘农3号’和‘甘农9号’苜蓿的受害指数均显著降低,株高和产量显著增加,蓟马虫口数量无显著变化;净光合速率(Pn)和水分利用率(WUE)显著升高,蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)显著降低;苜蓿心叶可溶性糖含量显著升高,但可溶性糖含量与蓟马虫口密度间无相关性,而与受害指数之间存在极显著的负相关关系。施磷有效地增强了苜蓿的光合作用,进而增强了苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性。在大田条件下,通过增施磷肥来控制苜蓿蓟马的危害是一种经济有效的绿色防控措施。 相似文献
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黄胸蓟马对香蕉的危害及其防治 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
１９９６～１９９７年在香蕉花期调查结果表明,黄胸蓟马在广州地区香蕉园中普遍存在,香蕉花感虫率达１００％,平均每花苞感虫８２．８头。感虫数与花苞着生高度有关,以高度１２０～１４０ｃｍ的花苞感虫数最高,以后随高度的增加剧减。黄胸蓟马只危害稍开和已开的第１至第４苞片内花段,且虫口数由外向里递减。园中杂草有助于蓟马对香蕉花的危害,平均每花苞虫口数多杂草蕉园比管理精细的无杂草园多３．６倍。室内药效试验结果表明,毒死蜱、乐果、丁基克百威和灭多威对黄胸蓟马有很好的毒杀效果,氯氰菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯效果不理想。 相似文献
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芬兰根除苜蓿蓟马和番茄斑点萎蔫病毒的费用和效益的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
芬兰根除苜蓿蓟马和番茄斑点萎蔫病毒的费用和效益的比较研究苜蓿蓟马ＦｒａｎｋｌｉｎｉｅｌｌａＯｃｃｉｄｅｎｔａｌｉｓ于１９８７年９月在芬兰南部的几个温室里作为一种新的害虫发生了。调查表明，苜蓿蓟马已在温室和花店广泛分布。被检查的２１６个种植者和花店中有... 相似文献
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采用人工接虫的方法,研究了蓟马的虫口密度与苜蓿产量损失之间的关系和防治指标。结果表明,苜蓿干草产量损失率(Y)与20枝条虫量(X)的关系为Y=0.1021X-2.2461,相关系数r为0.9874,两者相关性极显著。按照防治的直接收益与成本,确定了宁夏旱地苜蓿和水地苜蓿蓟马的防治指标,即旱地苜蓿蓟马第1茬的防治指标为560头/100枝条,水地苜蓿蓟马第2茬的防治指标为390头/100枝条,第3茬的防治指标为580头/100枝条。 相似文献
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危害葱类蔬菜蓟马的种类调查 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
经1990～1997年对全国葱类蔬菜种植地区调查,发现危害葱类蔬菜(大葱、洋葱、韭菜、蒜、砂韭)的蓟马有3科7属20种。其中发生广、危害重的有烟蓟马、葱蓟马、稻简管蓟马等。在长江以北6～9月、长江以南4～6月是危害盛期。此类害虫大多以成虫、若虫聚集在葱类蔬菜叶部取食,致使叶面形成许多细密连片的银白色条斑,受害严重的叶变黄干枯。百合滑管蓟马、烟蓟马还危害洋葱、蒜的地下鳞茎。 相似文献
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为探究牛角花齿蓟马Odontothrips loti的产卵选择及寄主营养和次生代谢物质对其产卵行为的影响,本研究观测了牛角花齿蓟马在苜蓿Medicago sativa、草木樨Melilotus officinalis、红豆草Onobrychis cyri和红三叶Trifolium pratense 4种豆科牧草叶片上的产卵量和卵孵化率,同时测定、分析了牧草主要营养和次生代谢物质含量与蓟马产卵选择的相关性。结果表明,无选择条件下,牛角花齿蓟马在苜蓿上产卵量最高,为59.1粒/复叶,其次是草木樨,15.7粒/复叶,在红豆草和红三叶上的产卵量仅为0.9粒/复叶和1.1粒/复叶。卵孵化率在苜蓿上最高,为85.05%,在草木樨和红豆草上分别为40.09%和39.18%,红三叶上最低,为5.48%。两两选择条件下,牛角花齿蓟马明显偏好在苜蓿叶片上产卵,在其他牧草叶片上不产卵或产卵量极低。相关性分析表明,牛角花齿蓟马的产卵量与寄主可溶性蛋白含量显著正相关(r=0.722,P=0.002),卵孵化率与可溶性蛋白(r=0.673,P=0.004)和淀粉(r=0.586,P=0.017)含量显著正相关。牛... 相似文献
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几种农药对芒果蓟马的防治效果蓟马是芒果产区危害较重的一类害虫，有黄胸蓟马、褐蓟马和红蓟马３种。在云南省元江地区自１２月中、下旬随着花序的发生和生长，蓟马开始零星出现，１月下旬后逐渐增多，３月中旬达到高峰。中科院昆明植物研究所为防治芒果蓟马进行了药剂筛... 相似文献
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苜蓿田地表蜘蛛边缘效应及苜蓿刈割后的溢出效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确不同类型苜蓿田地表蜘蛛边缘效应及苜蓿刈割后地表蜘蛛溢出效应在小麦田与玉米田之间的差异,于2015年5—7月采用陷阱法调查了银川平原不同类型苜蓿田及邻作玉米田和小麦田中的蜘蛛种类及个体数,比较苜蓿田边缘区及中心区蜘蛛群落多样性指数和个体数量的时空变化以及苜蓿田刈割前后相邻农田边界处蜘蛛群落的时空动态变化。结果表明,在整个取样季节共采集蜘蛛标本7 894头,隶属10科22种,其中苜蓿单作田中蜘蛛个体数量最多,共2 550头;苜蓿-小麦邻作田中蜘蛛群落物种丰富度最高,共17种。星豹蛛Pardosa astrigera和甘肃平腹蛛Gnaphosa kansuensis为优势种,分别占个体总数的38.08%和27.17%。非量度多维尺度(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)分析显示苜蓿单作田同苜蓿邻(间)作田蜘蛛群落的结构组成差异较大,且在苜蓿田边界处和内部存在差异。不同类型苜蓿田边界处和内部蜘蛛群落的多样性指数、优势度指数、个体数量和丰富度在取样的不同时期存在显著差异。刈割可以促进苜蓿田中地表蜘蛛向邻作农田中迁移,苜蓿刈割后与苜蓿田邻作的小麦田和玉米田中蜘蛛个体数量和多样性指数均存在溢出效应,溢出效应的范围为距界面处0~20 m。小麦田中蜘蛛个体数量密度和多样性指数总体高于玉米田,溢出效应的持续时间为1~7 d,高于玉米田。 相似文献
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A. Moussart M. N. Even B. Tivoli 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,122(3):321-333
The susceptibility/resistance to Aphanomyces euteiches of various genotypes (cultivars and breeding lines) of several grain legume species was assessed in controlled conditions.
A total of 279 genotypes from the major grain legumes grown in temperate climates (faba bean, chickpea, lentil, lupin and
common vetch) and three other legumes frequently cultivated in France (French bean, clover and alfalfa) were screened with
one pea-infecting isolate from France. Four different categories of susceptibility/resistance were identified among the legume
species/cultivars tested with the pea A. euteiches isolate: (1) susceptible legume species (lentil, alfalfa, French bean) among which low levels of partial resistance was observed;
(2) legume species including susceptible genotypes and genotypes with high levels of resistance (common vetch, faba bean and
clover), (3) species with a very high level of resistance (chickpea) and (4) species displaying no symptoms (lupin). It is
therefore important to consider pathogen-species and pathogen-genotype interactions when defining the host specificity of
A. euteiches and considering the possible role of different legume species in increasing or decreasing the soil inoculum potential. 相似文献
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Growth indices describing the nature of the competitive relationship between Silene vulgaris and alfalfa during crop establishment were determined from experiments conducted outdoors in southem Manitoba in 1986 and 1987. The results of the experiments indicated that alfalfa dry matter yields were influenced more by intra- than interspecific competition. In comparison S. vulgaris was affected more by interspecific competition. Replacement diagrams and aggressivity indices both demonstrated that alfalfa and S. vulgaris were the aggressor and sub-ordinate species, respectively. Relative replacement rates for alfalfa versus S. vulgaris were significantly greater than unity, indicating that alfalfa exerted a greater replacement pressure on S. vulgaris than did S. vulgaris on alfalfa. Over time alfalfa could be expected to replace S. vulgaris as the dominant species within a population. Barley was more competitive than alfalfa with S. vulgaris. Not only was S. vulgaris shoot dry weight reduced more by barley than by alfalfa during the establishment year, but fewer S. vulgaris seedlings emerged the following year in plots that had been seeded to barley than in those that had been seeded to alfalfa. 相似文献
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为确定引起呼和浩特市苜蓿根腐病的病原菌种类,采用常规组织分离法对采集的疑似苜蓿根腐病病样进行病原菌分离与培养,利用形态学观察结合分子生物学方法对分离物代表菌株进行鉴定,并采用土壤接种法对代表菌株的致病性进行测定。结果表明,共分离获得6类形态学特征不同的分离物,各随机选择1株代表菌株进行鉴定,结合分子生物学鉴定结果确定呼和浩特市苜蓿根腐病病原菌有6种,分别是麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌Bipolaris sorokiniana、立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani、木贼镰刀菌Fusarium equiseti、变红镰刀菌F. incarnatum、锐顶镰刀菌F. acuminatum和织球壳枯萎菌Plectosphaerella cucumerina,分别分离到1、7、14、26、7和14株菌株,占总分离菌株数的1.45%、10.14%、20.29%、37.68%、10.14%和20.29%。其中,立枯丝核菌的致病力最强,接种苜蓿幼苗发病的病情指数达82.67,其次为木贼镰刀菌、变红镰刀菌、锐顶镰刀菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌和织球壳枯萎菌,病情指数分别为72.67、62.67、58.67、52.... 相似文献
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Dean K. Malvick Niklaus J. Grünwald Alan T. Dyer 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,123(2):171-182
Aphanomyces euteiches (races 1 and 2) causes root rot of alfalfa; however, its population biology and distribution are poorly understood where
alfalfa is a major crop. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterise the distribution and frequency of races of
A. euteiches in Illinois alfalfa fields, (2) determine host range of A. euteiches on cultivated and native legumes, and (iii) to describe genetic diversity and population genetic structure of A. euteiches in alfalfa fields. To accomplish this, soil samples (n = 103) were collected from 30 alfalfa fields in 18 Illinois counties. Using the susceptible cv. ‘Saranac’, 148 isolates of
A. euteiches were baited from the soil. The virulence phenotype of isolates representing all 18 counties was tested, and 54% were R1 and
46% were R2. Both races were detected in 61% of the counties, whereas only R1 was detected in 22% and R2 in 17%. Thirteen
legume hosts for isolates from alfalfa fields were identified based on symptoms and/or production of oospores in roots. In
addition to six previously known hosts, seven species were susceptible to infection: kura clover, purple prairie clover, white
prairie clover, ladino clover, hairy vetch, Canadian milk vetch, and Illinois tick trefoil. AFLP analysis revealed high levels
of genetic diversity among the isolates from different fields and counties and a lack of genetic structuring of populations
based on race or geographical origin. The results suggest that populations of A. euteiches in alfalfa fields are diverse, often composed of races 1 and 2, and create risk for alfalfa and to multiple cultivated and
native legume species. 相似文献
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采取随机区组试验,根据农田杂草群落的生态学原理 ,运用生态学方法,通过玉米苜蓿间种与玉米清种相对照,探讨了间种抗旱植物苜蓿对玉米田杂草群落与生长发育的影响.结果表明:清种玉米田中稗草和红蓼的重要值较高,为优势种,间种苜蓿田中的优势种有红蓼、稗草、苘麻、反枝苋、龙葵、藜;在玉米各生育期,间种苜蓿田中的杂草生物量均低于清种玉米田处理,杂草株高大部分低于清种玉米处理;间种苜蓿穗长、穗行数、行粒数、穗重、穗粒重、百粒重和产量较清种玉米分别增加了6.6%、7.6%、2.2%、 12.28%、9.9%、7.8%和4.3%.认为间种苜蓿能够控制杂草数量,抑制杂草生物量增加,苜蓿有抗旱保水的作用,使玉米产量有所提高. 相似文献
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Larvae ofSpodoptera exigua (Huebner) were collected and their parasites were reared out. From larvae collected in alfalfa fields, 14 parasite species were recovered; from those collected in corn fields, 12 species were recovered; eight species were common to both situations.Meteorus unicolor Wesm. was predominant in corn fields andChelonus inanitus (L.) was predominant in alfalfa fields. 相似文献
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Aphanomyces root rot ( Aphanomyces euteiches ) has become a very destructive disease in French pea crops since 1993. The host specificity of the French pea-infecting populations of this pathogen was investigated by inoculating pea, common vetch, alfalfa, broad bean and green bean with 91 pea-infecting A. euteiches isolates, originating from the main areas of infestation in France. These isolates were compared to 13 isolates from various countries and hosts (pea, green bean, alfalfa). Virulence phenotypes were defined according to the pathogenicity data on the different hosts: all isolates from France infected two to five legume species, with most infecting pea, vetch, alfalfa and broad bean. Four pathotypes were characterized within the French isolates: one type corresponded to broad host range isolates, the second was composed of isolates preferentially agressive on pea/vetch/alfalfa and weakly aggressive on broad bean, and two others corresponding to more specialized isolates that preferentially infected pea/vetch or pea/vetch/alfalfa. Most isolates from France were preferentially pathogenic on pea, like the pea-infecting isolates from other countries, but were less specialized than the alfalfa- and green bean-infecting isolates from other countries. These results suggest that A. euteiches isolates may be maintained on wild or cultivated legumes other than pea in France. 相似文献
20.
Weed control with alfalfa pellets in transplanting rice 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
TRAN DANG XUAN EIJI TSUZUKI HIDEO UEMATSU HIROYUKI TERAO 《Weed Biology and Management》2001,1(4):231-235
Alfalfa [ Medicago sativa L. ( M. media , M. falcate )] plants contain allelochemicals that have detrimental effects on their own growth and that of surrounding plants. Alfalfa pellets, used as a food for livestock, were used as the material for the control of weeds in this study. In a greenhouse experiment, alfalfa pellets applied at 1–3 tons ha−1 completely inhibited the emergence of abunome ( Doparium junceum Hamilt.), false pimpernel ( Lindernia pyxidaria L.), and long stemmed water wort ( Elatine trianda Schk. var. pedicellata Krylov) The number and the dry weight of emerged Echinochloa oryzicola plants were significantly reduced. Application of 3 tons ha−1 alfalfa pellets completely inhibited the emergences of Eleocharis acicularis and Rotala indica. Results demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of alfalfa pellets became greater as the dose increased, and it also varied among weed species. Furthermore, the paddy field experiment suggested that the dose of 1–2 tons ha−1 of alfalfa pellets could control more weed species without any rice plant injury. 相似文献