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2004年,在三峡库区莲峡河小流域马尾松林地进行了大气降水、林内透雨、树干茎流的测定,进行了林下枯落物和土壤对降雨影响的研究.结果表明:观测期,马尾松林内透雨占大气降水总量的76.70%,林冠层截留量占降雨总量的23.03%,树干茎流占降雨总量的0.27%;林下枯落物的最大持水量为3.40 mm,林地0～40 cm层土壤饱和蓄水量为183.60 mm;林内透雨、树干茎流、林冠截流与大气降水量以及降雨强度具有显著的二元线性相关关系. 相似文献
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为了科学评价城市景观公益林的生态效益,采用森林水文定位观测、样品采集和实验分析相结合的方法,从森林林冠层、林下枯落物层、土壤层3个生态作用层对长沙市郊枫香人工林水文生态效应进行研究并以荒地作为对照。结果表明:观测期内林冠截留量占平均总降雨量的22.37%,穿透雨、树干茎流与林外降雨存在线性关系,林冠截留量与降雨量具有显著的幂函数关系;林下枯落物贮量为4.56 t.hm-2,枯落物最大持水量为6.79t.hm-2;林地土壤容重小于荒地,非毛管孔隙度是荒地的2倍,林地0～45 cm层土壤最大持水量为197.80 mm;枫香人工林能够改善土壤结构,相对于荒地具有明显的水土保持作用。 相似文献
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采用空间代替时间的方法,对太行山油松中龄林(22年生)和成熟林(58年生)水量平衡组分的季节性变化进行同步观测,探讨林龄对生态系统蒸散及水量平衡的影响。结果表明:油松中龄林、成熟林生长季总蒸散(包括蒸腾、蒸发和截留)量分别为406.87和418.49mm,水分总支出量分别为431.07和459.57mm,均无明显差异,但蒸散和支出组分不同,成熟林乔木层蒸腾量、乔木层截留量、枯落物截留量、地表径流量各自占降雨量(445.4mm)的比率比中龄林分别下降了6.01%,2.21%,0.81%和0.26%,而灌草群落蒸散量、土壤出流量和灌草层截留量各自占降雨量的比率比中龄林分别增加了8.80%,3.87%和2.94%。林龄变化主要改变了蒸散和水分支出各组分的贡献率,而不是其总量;成熟林生长季土壤含水量略有下降,而中龄林小幅增加。 相似文献
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扁柏林混交阔叶树对林地土壤化学性质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
１前言现在人们普遍认为,扁柏人工纯林会使地力减退,其主要原因是林下植被少,枯落物难以堆积,土壤Ａ０层有机物数量减少。防止地力衰退的措施不外乎混交阔叶树,引进林下植被。扁柏人工林由于引进林地植被或其它树种,其林地枯落物可防止表层土壤流失。同时,扁柏林地... 相似文献
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选取浑善达克沙地南缘沙质草原风蚀破口不同植被恢复模式,对人工林和林下草本层、土壤进行调查,研究了采取不同治理措施9年后的恢复效果。结果表明：在7种不同治理措施下,造林树种生长状况良好,保存率均达到85%以上;在不同模式下,林下草本层发育和生长受到明显影响。樟子松＋山杏混交林、柠条锦鸡儿纯林模式下,林下草本植物丰富度和盖度较高。黄柳＋杨柴＋小叶锦鸡儿混交林下草本种类少,盖度和地上生物量较低。杨树＋沙棘混交林、柠条锦鸡儿纯林草本群落中赖草、冰草占优势。沙棘和杨柴林下草本层以沙蓬、黄蒿、雾冰藜等1、2年生沙生植物为主;杨树＋沙棘混交林和沙棘纯林林下枯落物较多,其次为黄柳＋杨柴＋小叶锦鸡儿混交林和杨柴人工林,其他模式下还没有积累枯落物;樟子松＋山杏、杨树＋沙棘混交林、樟子松林0～40 cm土壤含水率维持在4%～8%之间。黄柳＋杨柴＋小叶锦鸡儿混交林、柠条锦鸡儿和沙棘人工林下土壤含水率均低于3%,而且在不同土层之间差异较小。 相似文献
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黄土塬区盛果期苹果园的蒸散特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
《林业科学》2016,(1)
[目的]水分是黄土高原地区植被恢复与农林产业持续发展的主要限制因子,通过对半湿润长武塬区苹果经济林的蒸散研究,掌握苹果林生长季的蒸散耗水规律,为区域性苹果经济林的科学管理及充分挖掘苹果林的生产潜力提供依据。[方法]运用水量平衡法于2012—2014年生长季期间(4月15日—10月15日)对苹果园进行蒸散量估算。其中,降水量由自动气象站实时观测,并结合人工观测数据,保证降水数据的连续性;同时,于每月15日和30日利用中子仪(CNC503B)监测0~6 m特定土层的土壤贮水量,其中0~100 cm阶段土层按每10 cm记录读数1次,100~600 cm土层按每20 cm记录读数1次,并利用土钻法进行校准。[结果]盛果期苹果园在生长季内蒸散量呈明显的双峰曲线,第一峰值出现在7月后半月或者8月前半月,第二峰值出现在9月前半月;2012,2013和2014年苹果生长季内的蒸散量占降水量的比例分别为103%,104%与99%;2012年的蒸散量高出降水量12.1 mm,2013年的蒸散量高出降水量18.2 mm,2014年的蒸散量小于降水量1.2 mm;苹果园蒸散量在生长季内的变异系数为1.0左右。[结论]在属于典型雨养农业区的长武塬区,自然降水是苹果经济林生态系统蒸散耗水的主要水分来源,降水量的多少直接影响着苹果的质量与数量。在枯水年(2012年)和偏枯的平水年(2013年),蒸散量大于降水量,即降水输入不能满足果园蒸散需水,土壤贮水表现为亏缺状态;在平水年(2014年),当年降水量可以满足果园蒸散耗水的要求。黄土塬区苹果园土壤水及蒸散对降雨产生快速水文响应机制,降落到林地的雨水迅速以土壤蒸发、植被蒸腾等形式进行水分输出。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):166-178
This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes. 相似文献