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1.
The occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in canned (26 samples) as well as dry pet foods (17 samples) for cats and dogs was investigated. In addition, 26 feline kidney samples with or without kidney alterations were surveyed for OTA-residues. The separation and detection of OTA was carried out by an isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography system based on reversed phase with fluorescence detection. After homogenization and extraction steps, immuno-affinity columns were applied for sample clean up. OTA could be detected in 47% (n=40) of the pet food samples. Those found positive contained generally low amounts of OTA (0.1–0.8  μ g/kg original substance). Higher levels were only detected in two pet food samples (3.2 and 13.1  μ g/kg toxin, respectively). Low concentrations of ochratoxin A could also be found iIn tissue of cat kidneys, with 16 of the analysed kidneys (n=26) being positive. The concentration levels were between 0.35 and 1.5  μ g/kg OTA in tissue. No relation between pathological findings and ochratoxin levels in feline kidneys could be assessed.  相似文献   

2.
Indirect, enzymoimmunological assays of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A were developed. In this technique a polyclonal (rabbit) antibody to ochratoxin A was used, along with the other, peroxidase-labelled (pig anti rabbit) antibody. The sensitivity of this method ranged around 75 pg of ochratoxin A per pit. The range of calibration curve was from 10 to 1000 pg per pit. The cross reactions with other ochratoxins made 1.4% (ochratoxin C). The ELISA test of ochratoxin A can be used as an expeditious screening method for a preliminary examination of the greater number of samples.  相似文献   

3.
Ochratoxin A in blood from slaughter pigs in western Canada.   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
Twelve hundred blood samples were obtained in 1986 from pigs slaughtered in western Canada. The samples were assayed for ochratoxin as it is a potential contaminant in the food system. Blood ochratoxin concentration is a good indicator of tissue concentrations, particularly those in the liver and kidney. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of serum for ochratoxin demonstrated that 3.6 and 4.2% of the blood samples collected in February and March (n = 194) and May, June and July (n = 1006), respectively, had ochratoxin concentrations that exceeded 20 ng/mL. Overall the percent of samples that had concentrations of greater than 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 ng/mL serum were 11.3, 4.1, 1.25, 0.42 and 0.08%, respectively. Samples that had ochratoxin concentrations that were greater than 20 ng/mL of serum were confirmed using two independent methods: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and methyl ester derivatization followed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis.  相似文献   

4.
Bisphenol A (BPA) contamination of canned foods for human use has been studied, but there are no reports concerning BPA contamination of canned pet foods. The purpose of this study was to identify the levels of BPA in canned pet foods. A total of 26 samples (15 samples of cat food and 11 samples of dog food) were prepared for analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. BPA in the samples was extracted with acetonitrile and fat in the sample extract was removed with hexane. Solid-phase extraction was used for sample clean-up prior to final analysis. The concentration of BPA ranged from 13 to 136 ng/g in canned cat food and from 11 to 206 ng/g in dog food. Also, to confirm that the BPA had originated from the can coating, distilled water was added to each washed empty can and the cans were autoclaved at 121 degrees C for 30 min. The concentration of BPA leached from empty cans was between 7 and 31 ng/ml.  相似文献   

5.
One thousand condemned pigs' kidneys were collected in February 2002 from two pig abattoirs in England to assess the possible contribution of ochratoxicosis to postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS); 250 of the kidneys with macroscopic lesions consistent with nephrosis/nephritis (pale or white cortical lesions) were selected, and the concentration of ochratoxin A was measured in samples of renal cortex by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Low concentrations were detected in 230 (92 per cent) of the kidneys tested, and in 41 (16.4 per cent) of them the concentration was below the limit of quantification of 0.2 microg/kg. In 187 (74.8 per cent) of the kidneys, the concentration was more than 0.2 microg/kg, and the highest concentration detected was 2.3 microg/kg. The mean (sd) concentration was 0.31 (0.33) microg/kg. The identification of ochratoxin A was confirmed by mass spectrometry. The concentrations of ochratoxin A did not exceed the threshold assessed by the Food Standards Agency to be safe for human food.  相似文献   

6.
真菌毒素是真菌在食品或饲料中生长所产生的代谢产物,这些低分子质量化合物既是天然存在的,同时也是无法避免的。真菌通过两种途径进入食物链,一方面可以直接从受真菌毒素污染的植物性食品成分进入食物链;另一方面也可以通过食物中产毒真菌生长的间接污染进入食物链。真菌毒素广泛存在于成熟的玉米、谷物、大豆、高粱、花生和饲料作物中。食用受真菌毒素污染的食物或饲料会对人和动物造成急性或慢性毒性。真菌毒素除了有直接食用受霉菌毒素污染的食物和饲料造成的不良影响外,还有因为摄入动物源性食品,如肉类、牛奶或鸡蛋,含有真菌毒素的残留物或代谢物而引起的公众健康问题。目前虽然已经鉴定出超过400种真菌毒素,但食物中广泛存在的6种毒素：黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素、呕吐毒素及T-2毒素,已在世界范围内引发了持续的食品安全问题。该论文总结了6种真菌毒素的毒性,重点分析了近年来电化学生物传感器在这几种真菌毒素检测中的研究进展,旨在通过一系列的总结分析去展望其在真菌毒素检测方面的发展前景。  相似文献   

7.
Ochratoxin A in blood of slaughter pigs   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The global ochratoxin A contamination of Swedish feed cereals was studied by analysis of pig blood samples from 122 different herds. The samples were collected at seven Swedish slaughterhouses. The ochratoxin A analysis showed 21% of the samples to contain greater than or equal to 2 ng ochratoxin A per ml. Samples from Visby showed a significantly higher frequency of contamination compared with the rest of the country.  相似文献   

8.
Ninety five samples of various Egyptian feedstuffs were investigated for the aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 means thin layer chromatography (TLC). Out of these samples 44.2% were positive (maize, rice crack, rice germ, rice germ cake, rice bran, wheat bran, cotton seed, cotton seed cake, peanut, and mixed feed for broilers, egg production, calf fattening and milk production). High percentage (90.5%) of the positive samples were contaminated with less than 100 ppb total aflatoxins. Peanut from "Ismailia" showed the highest contamination-mean of 400 ppb aflatoxin B1. The contamination relationship between kernels and shell of the same pods of the peanut was 1:7. The lowest contamination-mean was 5 ppb B1 in soya bean samples. All samples of horse bean and fish meal were negative. Aflatoxin B1 was present alone so frequently (in 76.2% of the positive samples). The relationship between the concentrations of aflatoxins B2:G1:B1 was 1:2.3:22.4. 51 different samples of foods and feeds from various Egyptian regions were collected and investigated for the nephrotoxic mycotoxin ochratoxin A means TLC. Twelve samples (23.5%) from them were designated as positive samples. The positive samples belonged to white maize, wheat, wheat bran, beans, rice germ, rice germ cake, broilers feed, egg production feed, and milk production feed; whereas the yellow maize (hybrid), soya beans, wheat soya meal, rice crack, cotton seed, cotton seed cake, and fish meal samples were negative. The contamination range was from 4 ppb to 577 ppb with an average of 58.2 +/- 22.9 ppb. Half of the positive samples was contaminated with 10-100 ppb whereas 41.7% from the positive samples had less than 10 ppb and 8.3% only had more than 100 ppb. Citrinin is existing in Egyptian food and feedstuffs. Out of 52 different samples--from various Egyptian regions-15.4% were positive. These were rice bran, rice germ, maize (white), wheat bran, cotton seed cake and fish meal. The highest contamination was in fish meal (40-70 ppb) whereas the lowest was in wheat bran (3 ppb). Mean of the contamination level was 25.9 +/- 3.4 ppb with a range of 3-70 ppb. For the first time in the Egyptian foods and feeds will be informed about the presence of the mycotoxin zearalenone with a high concentration. From several Egyptian places, 64 samples were collected (4 samples for each food or feed stuff).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)  相似文献   

9.
In a survey during the years 1985, 1986 and 1987 the quality of Swedish feeding grain was followed by the analysis of ochratoxin A in blood collected from swine at slaughter. The swine herds sampled were selected on feed handling procedures used. From information about the feed used, risk parameters for ochratoxin A contamination were identified. The results showed annual variation in the content of ochratoxin A in the grain and that ochratoxin A increased during storage of grain, particularly in the harvest of 1985. Drying of the grain with forced ambient air was found to be inferior to the use of heated forced air. It was also noticed that more than 9% of the grain was contaminated with ochratoxin A regardless of handling. The pronounced difference between the samples studied was seen mainly as a function of geographical origin, with the island of Gotland having a much higher frequency of positive samples than the rest of Sweden. No correlation between ochratoxin A in swine feed and post mortem signs of infectious diseases in the swine herds was found.  相似文献   

10.
Twenty-one pigs weighing approximately 18 kg were placed in 7 groups of 3 and given diets containing respectively aflatoxin B1 alone at 0.375 and 0.0750 mg/kg, ochratoxin A alone at 1 and 2 mg/kg, 0.375 mg/kg of aflatoxin B1 plus 1 mg/kg of ochratoxin A and 0.750 mg/kg aflatoxin B1 and 2 mg/kg of ochratoxin A. The remaining group served as untreated control. At the respective dose levels, pigs receiving similar doses of ochratoxin A alone or in combination with aflatoxin B1, were similarly affected, the clinical effects of aflatoxin having been mostly obscured by those due to ochratoxin A. Mild degenerative hepatic changes typical of aflatoxicosis were observed in pigs fed this toxin alone or in combination with ochratoxin A. In kidneys of pigs fed diet containing 1 and 2 mg of ochratoxin A alone changes included interstitial fibrosis of the vortex and dystrophy and degeneration of the tubular epithelium. Similar lesions but less pronounced fibrosis were found in kidneys of pigs receiving both toxins. The respective lower dose levels of mycotoxins selected were judged to be about the no-effect levels for each dosed separately under the conditions of the trial. Such levels have been found not infrequently on mould affected grain and stock foods. The result highlights the difficulties that may be experienced in the recognition of such multimycotoxicoses as they are likely to occur in the field and indicate the need for toxicological analysis as well as pathological investigation in establishing a diagnosis.  相似文献   

11.
Mycotoxins were detected in 13 out of 131 feed samples examined over two years. Screening of feeds associated with cases of suspected mycotoxicosis occurring in farm animals over a further 12 month period showed that most incidents occurred during the winter and involved mainly cattle and pigs fed concentrates. A haemorrhagic syndrome in cattle and abortions in sows were most frequently connected with mouldy food. One or more known toxins (the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin and zearalenone) were detected in three out of 65 cases and a wide variety of fungi were isolated. Toxicity to experimental animals was demonstrated in four out of 22 samples.  相似文献   

12.
Fourteen pigs were fed ochratoxin A and citrinin through a stomach tube at daily doses of 0.02 and 0.01 mg/kg body mass for 57 days. These toxin doses correspond to the average toxin contamination level of feeds in Central Europe. The clinical status of the pigs was monitored and clinical laboratory, haematological and mycotoxin-analytical examinations were performed throughout the trial. At the end of the experiment gross and histopathological examinations were carried out. The results of ochratoxin A and citrinin determination in the blood, obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), are important from the food hygienic point of view. The sensitivity of the method was 2 and 10 ng/ml for ochratoxin A and citrinin, respectively. The recovery rate of the mycotoxins was above 60%.  相似文献   

13.
A feeding trial was performed with chick broilers (cockerels). The feed with an addition of 850 micrograms ochratoxin A (OA) per kg was administered for six weeks. The feeding of the chicks stopped twelve hours before slaughter (in keeping with slaughter technology for chicks). Blood, liver and kidney samples were taken. At the end of trial the level of OA residues in the samples did not exceed 5 micrograms per kg. In other trials the dynamics of OA residues in the blood plasma of chicks was investigated after i.v. implantation at an amount of 2 and 20 micrograms per chick (1.5 kg lw.). An open two-compartment model was used to estimate toxicokinetic parameters. The half-time of elimination (t1/2(beta)) was about 3.3 hours. The high total clearance (CL) of 34.2 ml/min/kg lw. and apparent distribution volume (Vd(area)) of 9.8 l/kg lw. demonstrate rapid distribution to the tissues and rapid OA elimination. The results document that neither at a long-term intake of feed contaminated to the level of 850 micrograms OA per kg will the present hygienic limits of residues for foods be exceeded (5 and 20 micrograms per kg) if the principles of correct slaughter technology are observed. The blood of chicks used as feed is not an important source of OA in this case.  相似文献   

14.
The concentration of mycotoxins in sward depending on time of pre-utilisation in summer and date of harvest in winter was analysed during the 2000-2002 vegetation seasons. Additionally, the yield of pasture sward was estimated. Higher concentrations of ochratoxin A--respectively: 0.55 and 050 ng/g DM--were found in the pasture sward harvested in December and January when compared to the sward collected in November (0.36 ng/g DM). The average concentration of zearalenone varied from 2.74 ng/g DM in December, to 6.00 ng/g DM in November and 9.77 ng/g DM in January. The highest concentration of ochratoxin A was 1.82 ng/g DM and zearalenone 47.89 ng/g DM. The highest number of samples in which ochratoxin A exceeded the level of 0.3 ng/g DM was noted in sward harvested in January (61.1%), while in the case of zearalenone, the number of samples containing this mycotoxin at a level exceeding 3.0 ng/g DM varied from 55.6% in December to 66.7% in November and January. It seems that the percentage of ochratoxin A positive samples and the toxin concentration level in the sward of winter pastures increased during the time of sward regrowth.  相似文献   

15.
Comparative net digestive and absorptive efficiency was assessed with adult Beagles and domestic cats by apparent digestibility assays. Eight foods were used comprising two canned dog foods; canned cat foods; two samples of semipurified diet; and single samples of experimental dry cat food and fresh mince. Apparent digestibility percentages of crude protein, fat, nitrogen-free extract (NFE) and gross energy were all significantly higher in dogs than cats. Mean values obtained for dogs were (per cent): crude protein 87; fat 92; NFE 70 and energy 89. Respective values for cats were 82, 76, 67 and 79. On average, dogs obtained 11 and 9 per cent more digestible energy and protein per unit food eaten than cats. Most digestibility characteristics of foods measured in cats were significantly correlated with those for dogs and regression equations are presented predicting digestibility in cats from dog data.  相似文献   

16.
Mycotoxins are considered unavoidable contaminants in foods and feeds because agronomic technology has not yet advanced to the stage at which preharvest infection of susceptible crops by fungi can be eliminated. The aflatoxins have received greater attention than any of the other mycotoxins because of their demonstrated carcinogenic effects in susceptible animals and their acute toxic effects in humans. Since 1965, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has enforced regulatory limits on the concentrations of these toxins in foods and feeds involved in interstate commerce. The FDA routinely monitors the food and feed industries through compliance programs to ensure that the levels of exposure to these toxins are kept as low as practical. This report summarizes data generated from compliance programs on aflatoxins for the fiscal years 1989, 1990, and the first half of 1991. Commodities sampled included peanuts and peanut products, tree nuts, corn and corn products, cottonseed, and milk. Higher than usual levels of contamination were found in corn examined from all areas of the United States in 1989 as a result of the severe drought that affected the 1988 corn crop. The drought in parts of the South and Southeast in 1990 resulted in increased contamination in corn and peanuts from those areas. A review of the surveillance data obtained on deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, penicillic acid, and patulin over the years along with available toxicological data for these mycotoxins indicated that no regulatory actions were warranted. The lack of sufficient surveillance data on other mycotoxins that occur in the United States can be attributed in part to the unavailability of reliable analytical methodology.  相似文献   

17.
Qualitative and quantitative contamination of ready-to-eat food-stuffs with the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes was studied in 1586 samples collected from 103 supermarkets (n = 946) and 61 households (n = 640) in Vienna, Austria. Seventeen groups of ready-to-eat foods were classified into three risk categories for contamination (CP1-CP3). Three to four samples were randomly collected at the retail level from each CP. Regarding the households, the sampling procedure was started with food items of CP1, and if not available, was continued with sampling of food items of CP2 and finally of CP3. Additionally, 184 environmental samples (swabs from the kitchen area, dust samples from the vacuum cleaner) and faecal samples (household members and pet animals) were included. One-hundred and twenty-four (13.1%) and 45 (4.8%) samples out of 946 food samples collected from food retailers tested positive for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, respectively, with five smoked fish samples exceeding the tolerated limit of 100 CFU/g food. Food-stuffs associated with the highest risk of contamination were twice as frequently contaminated with L. monocytogenes as food-stuffs associated with a medium risk of contamination. Products showing the highest contamination rate were fish and seafood (19.4%), followed by raw meat sausages (6.3%), soft cheese (5.5%) and cooked meat products/patés (4.5%). The overall contamination rate of foods collected at the household level was more than two times lower. Only 5.6% and 1.7% of 640 food-stuffs analysed tested positive for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, respectively. However, CP1 foods were rarely collected. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing of the collected L. monocytogenes isolates revealed a high degree of diversity between the isolates, with some exceptions. PFGE typing of isolates harvested from green-veined cheese revealed a match among strains, although the manufacturer seemed to be distinguishable. Typing of household strains revealed an epidemiological link within one family. In this case, food-stuffs and the kitchen environment were contaminated by an indistinguishable isolate. In addition, the same isolate was collected from a pooled faecal sample of the household members suggesting that consumption of even low contaminated food items (<100 CFU/g) results in Listeria shedding after the passage through the gut.  相似文献   

18.
首先进行了李斯特氏菌因子血清的研制，制备出了可对所有李斯特氏菌分型的 １５ 个 Ｏ 抗原因子和４ 个 Ｈ 抗原因子的因子血清。利用复合因子血清的多克隆抗体包被磁性球，对食品中的单核细胞增多性李斯特氏菌进行免疫磁性分离，并与 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 方法相结合，建立了检测食品中单核细胞增多性李斯特氏菌的 Ｍ Ｉ Ｐ Ａ方法（免疫磁性分离—聚合酶链反应方法，ｍ ａｇｎ ｅｔｉｃ ｉｍ ｍ ｕｎｏｐｏｌｙｍ ｅｒａｓｅ ｃｈａｉｎ ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ ａｓｓａｙ）。对菌液、模拟样品的检测表明，本方法能够有效地克服食品基质、培养基成分和杂菌对 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 检验的干扰作用。食品样品在 Ｅ Ｂ增菌液中增菌 １２ ｈ 后，检测的敏感度达 ５ Ｃ Ｆ Ｕ／ｍ Ｌ，可以在 ２０ ｈ 内完成检测。本方法对实际食品样品的检测结果，与国家标准检验方法检测的结果一致。  相似文献   

19.
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin, a secondary metabolite produced by mould fungi belonging to several Aspergillus and Penicillium species. It is formed during the storage of cereal grains and other plant-derived products. OTA ingested by humans and animals with the food or feed may exert deleterious effects on health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ochratoxin contamination of the most important potential sources of OTA. The OTA content of cereal samples for human consumption (36 baking wheat, 16 wheat flour and 6 maize coarse meal samples) and feed grain samples (30 feeding wheat, 32 feeding maize and 20 feeding barley samples) collected in the mid-phase or at the end of the storage period and of 50 commercial coffee samples was determined. The analyses were performed by immunoaffinity column--high-performance liquid chromatography (IAC-HPLC). The limit of detection of the method was 0.1 ng/g. Of the wheat samples intended for human consumption, 8.3% contained OTA at 0.29 ng/g on the average (OTA ranges: 0.12-0.5 ng/g; Table 2). The OTA contamination of wheat flour and maize meal samples for human consumption was similar to that of the baking wheat samples. OTA contamination was found in 26.7% of the feeding wheat, 15.6% of the feeding maize and 35% of the feeding barley samples. The average values and the ranges of OTA levels found in the above samples were 12.2 and 0.3-62.8 ng/g, 4.9 and 1.9-8.3 ng/g, and 72 and 0.14-212 ng/g, respectively (Table 3). Sixty-six percent of the coffee samples were contaminated with OA (average level: 0.57 ng/g, ranges: 0.17-1.3 ng/g; Table 4). OTA contamination of baking wheat samples was found to be relatively low, presumably as a result of the favourable weather at harvest and the optimal storage conditions. Calculations made on the basis of the obtained results show that the daily OTA intake of an adult human from edible cereals is only 6.7 ng, while the amount taken up with coffee is 4.1 ng daily. The high prevalence and high levels of OTA contamination in feed grains can be explained by the unfavourable storage conditions, and this finding suggests that OA-related health problems may arise in animals, and that foods of animal origin may be contaminated with this mycotoxin.  相似文献   

20.
Feed samples checked for the mycotoxins zearalenone and ochratoxin A from the harvest 1987 were positive at a markedly higher percentage (37.5%) compared to previous years, which is explained by the especially unfavourable harvesting conditions of 1987. In certain herd problems affecting the digestive or respiratory tract, mycotoxins could be detected with a much higher frequency (64.7% and 50.0% respectively). The mean level detected in feed samples by thin layer chromatography ranged within 30.3 ppb for zearalenone and within 58.3 ppb for ochratoxin A. In most cases there was a history of infertility. Considering the clinical situation, which is presented comparatively in herds with positive mycotoxin results, the possible involvement of mycotoxins in the disease, even at very low concentrations, is pointed out. In this context, zearalenone is incriminated of being an indicator of a multitoxic process besides its own direct effects. According to own experiences low levels of zearalenone in the range of 20-50 ppb in the feed have to be considered hazardous. If changing of pig feed in cases of herd problems will be recommended, a level of less than 10 ppb of zearalenone, especially in sow and piglet rations, should not be exceeded. Same may be valid to ochratoxin A.  相似文献   

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