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1.
In the northern forest-steppe of European Russia, under the conditions of surface waterlogging (freshwater) and a stagnant-percolative
regime, gleyic podzolic chernozem-like soils with thick light-colored eluvial horizons are formed. These horizons are close
or similar to the podzolic horizons of bog-podzolic soils in many properties of their solid phase. They are bleached in color
and characterized by the removal of Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, and Mn and the relative accumulation of quartz SiO2. These soils differ from leached chernozems in their acid reaction and very low CEC, the presence of Fe-Mn concretions and
coatings, and the significant decrease in the clay content in the A2 horizon as compared to the parent rock.
The soils studied differ significantly from loamy podzolic and bog-podzolic soils by the composition of the clay minerals
in the A2 horizons: (1) no essential loss of smectite minerals from this horizon was found as compared to the rest of the
solum, (2) pedogenic chlorites (HIV and HIS) are absent, and (3) the distinct accumulation of illites is observed as compared
to the subsoil and parent material, probably, due to the process of illitization. 相似文献
2.
The profile distributions of aluminum extracted by the Tamm and Bascomb reagents and of the exchangeable aluminum were studied
in soils of automorphic, transitive, and accumulative positions in the landscapes of the southern taiga. In the mineral horizons
of the gleyic peaty-podzolic soils developed on poorly drained flat surfaces and in the floodplain soils, the distribution
of oxalate- and pyrophosphate-soluble aluminum has a strongly pronounced accumulative character. In the podzolic soils of
the automorphic positions and slopes, an eluvial-illuvial distribution was characteristic with the maximal aluminum content
in the podzolic horizons. The strong differentiation of the upper part of the profile in the automorphic podzolic soils in
terms of the Al content in the Tamm and Bascomb extracts is mainly related to an increase of the pedogenic chlorite content
upon the transition from the AE to the E horizon. In the podzolic horizons of these soils, aluminum can accumulate in the
form of proto-imogolite structures. The exchangeable aluminum displays an accumulative type of distribution. On the basis
of calculating the reserves of the different aluminum compounds, two main accumulative zones for the mobile compounds of this
element were recorded in the soils of the landscapes studied: the E horizon in the automorphic podzolic soils, where Al accumulates
as soil chlorite or, probably, as proto-imogolite, and the A1 horizon of the floodplain soils, where Al accumulates in aluminoorganic
complexes. 相似文献
3.
T. A. Sokolova I. I. Tolpeshta Yu. G. Izosimova V. A. Umnova P. V. Lashukov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2017,50(12):1386-1394
X-ray diffraction patterns of clay fractions from the AEL and EL horizons of pale-podzolic soil before and after treatment with 10% H2O2 and the Mehra–Jackson reagent in different sequences have been examined. The successive treatment with 10% H2O2 and then with the Mehra–Jackson reagent causes dissolution of Al-hydroxy-interlayers in pedogenic chlorites and the respective increase in the content of labile minerals because of a dramatic decrease in pH upon the treatment with hydrogen peroxide. The rate of these changes depends on the degree of chloritization of pedogenic chlorites in the initial samples. The result of the reverse sequence of the treatments of clay fractions (initially with the Mehra–Jackson reagent and then with hydrogen peroxide) is opposite: the chloritization of labile minerals becomes more intensive. It is provided by pH values that do not drop below 7.5 at any treatment stage. At particular stages, pH values favors the mobilization of Al compounds and their subsequent polymerization in the interlayer space of labile structures. We suppose that hydroxyl-aluminosilicate layers may be formed in the interlayer space upon this treatment sequence. 相似文献
4.
The biotite changes in the 1–5 μm fraction after its occurrence in the F, H, AE, and E horizons of a pale-podzolic soil for
five years under conditions of a model field experiment were assessed by X-ray diffraction analysis. It was found that the
main changes of the biotite in all the horizons included the degradational transformation of its crystal lattice to interstratified
mica-vermiculite structures and vermiculite. The intensity of this process gradually decreased from the F horizon down the
profile in parallel with the decrease in the amount of roots and the abundance and activity of microbiota. Chloritized structures
were present among the products of the biotite weathering in the H, AE, and E horizons; the degree of chloritization gradually
increased from the H horizon to the E horizon. The main identified products of the biotite weathering in the AE and E horizons
formed during the 5 years of the model experiment were identified in the clay and fine-silt fractions from these horizons
of the native pale-podzolic soils. Therefore, the vermiculite, soil chlorite, and mixed-layer illite-vermiculite minerals
in the soils studied could be considered as products of the recent soil functioning. The obtained results and literature data
showed that the weathering of biotite resulted in the formation of K- and Al-buffer systems. 相似文献
5.
The qualitative and quantitative composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been determined in the background podzolic and gleyic peat-podzolic soils of the middle and northern taiga zones of northeastern Europe using the methods of highly efficient liquid chromatography and chromato-mass spectrometry. The distribution of polyarenes in the soil profiles follows the eluvial-illuvial pattern. Organic and illuvial horizons are the biogeochemical barriers for PAHs migrating in the soils. The revealed regularities of the accumulation and redistribution of PAHs in the soil profiles are in agreement with the character of the soil-forming processes in the northern and middle taiga zones. 相似文献
6.
Soil is a limited natural resource that needs to be efficiently salvaged during landscape construction operations for its further use as topsoil. To avoid inclusion of undesirable subsoil material (e.g. excess clay from Bt horizon), the majority of current guidelines define borrowed topsoil material as the surface layer of native soil, or the soil A horizon. Using information from over 7000 soil pedons from the 48 contiguous United States, we characterized selected topsoil properties and simulated the mixing of A and E horizons. The selected soil properties were compared among four different operationally defined topsoils: A surface layer, ASL; AP surface layer, APL; A horizon, A; and a mix of A and E horizons, AE. Average topsoil depth decreases in the order: AE > A > APL > ASL; sand content decreases in the order: ASL > AE > A > APL; clay decreases in the order: APL > A > ASL > AE; and organic carbon decreases in the order: ASL > A > APL > AE. On average, mixing of A and E horizons increases excavation depth by over 2.5 fold while having minor effects on soil texture; with AE/A ratio of 1.03, 1.00 and 1.07 for sand, silt and clay content, respectively. Yet, average soil organic matter content decreases by 38% upon mixing A and E horizons. Given the marked increase in soil volume and minor effect on soil texture, it is our suggestion that, for landscaping purposes, protocols for salvaging excavated soil material, for reuse as topsoil material include the E horizon (where it exists). Supplementing the recovered soil material with organic matter, such as compost, to overcome its dilution due to the incorporation of E horizon is recommended. 相似文献
7.
The fractional composition of aluminum compounds was studied in soil solutions obtained using vacuum lysimeters from loamy
podzolic soils on two-layered deposits. The concentration of aluminum was estimated in brooks and a river draining the area
with a predominance of these soils. In soil solutions, the concentration of aluminum was experimentally determined in the
following compounds: (1) organic and inorganic monomers, (2) stable complexes with HAs and FAs together with polymers, and
(3) the most stable complexes with HAs and FAs together with fine-crystalline and colloidal compounds. The total Al concentration
in soil solutions from forest litter was 0.111–0.175 mmol/l and decreased with depth to 0.05 mmol/l and lower in solutions
from the IIBD horizons. More than 90% of the Al in the solutions was bound into complexes with organic ligands. Some amount
of Al in solution could occur in aluminosilicate sols. The translocation of Al complexes from the litter through the AE horizon
to the podzolic horizon was accompanied by an increase in the ratio between the Al concentration in fraction 2 and the C concentration
in the solution. The concentrations of Altot in the surface waters varied in the range from 0.015 to 0.030 mmol/l. Most of the Al came to the surface waters from the
litter and AE horizons and partially from the podzolic horizon due to the lateral runoff along the waterproof IIBD horizon.
Approximate calculations showed that the recent annual removal of Al from the AE and E horizons with the lateral runoff was
7 to 560 mg (3–21 mmol) from 1 m2. 相似文献
8.
Aluminum concentrations in organoaluminum complexes, mineral polymers, Al(H2O) 6 3+ , Al(OH)(H2O) 5 2+ , Al(OH)2(H2O) 4 + , AlH3SiO 4 2+ , and Al(OH)3(H2O) 3 0 extracted with 0.001 M CaCl2 from the main genetic horizons of a podzolic soil on two-layered deposits were determined experimentally and calculated from thermodynamic equations. It was found that aluminum bound in organic complexes was predominant in extracts from the AE horizon, and mineral polymer aluminum compounds prevailed in extracts from the E and IIBD horizons. In the AE horizon, organoaluminum compounds were a major source of aluminum, which passed into solution predominantly by exchange reactions. In the E horizon, aluminum hydroxide interlayers in soil chlorites were the main source of aluminum, which passed into solution by dissolution reactions. In extracts from the IIBD horizon, aluminum was solubilized by the dissolution of aluminosilicates inherited from the parent rock. 相似文献
9.
Characteristics of Clay Minerals in Podzols and Podzolic Soils 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yasuo Kitagawa 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2005,51(2):151-158
The clay minerals in Podzols and podzolic soils developed under coniferous forests in the Subarctic and Cool-temperate zones are characterized by the predominance of smectite and/or mica-smectite interstratified minerals in the eluvial horizons and chlorite-vermiculite intergrade in the illuvial horizons. A large amount of vermiculite is present in the eluvial horizons of some podzolic soils in the Cool-temperate zone. The illuvial horizons of these soils also contain free iron oxides such as goethite. Imogolite and allophane are present in the illuvial horizons of several soils derived from volcanic ashes. It is suggested that the critical bioclimate for the release of interlayered aluminum from the 2:1-type minerals lies between the Cool- and Warm-temperate zone. In the eluvial horizons of Podzols and podzolic soils, mica minerals and chlorite, as primary minerals, have been transformed to smectite through the pedogenic process. Based on previous studies on the structure and degradation of the dioctahedral mica minerals, it is considered that smectite is transformed from 1M-type mica minerals directly, and from 2M-type mica minerals via mica-smectite interstratifled minerals. The formation of a smectite lattice in the eluvial horizon should be a clay-mineralogical indicator of podzolization. 相似文献
10.
N. B. Kuznetsov S. A. Alekseeva G. V. Shashkova T. Ya. Dronova T. A. Sokolova 《Eurasian Soil Science》2007,40(4):353-366
Soil samples from the main genetic horizons of pale podzolic and peat gleyic podzolic soils from the Central Forest Reserve were subjected to a continuous potentiometric titration by sulfuric and nitric acids. The sulfate sorption capacity was determined in soil mineral horizons. The buffer capacity of mineral horizons of both soils to sulfuric acid was found to be higher than that to the nitric acid. This is explained by the sorption of sulfates via the mechanism of ligand exchange with the release of hydroxyl groups from the surfaces of Fe and Al hydroxide particles and edge faces of clay crystallites. The buffer capacity of organic horizons of the pale podzolic soil to sulfuric acid proved to be higher than that to nitric acid; in organic horizons of the peat gleyic podzolic soil, the buffer capacity to sulfuric acid was lower than that to nitric acid. The reasons for this phenomenon have yet to be investigated. 相似文献
11.
I. I. Tolpeshta T. A. Sokolova A. A. Vorob’eva Yu. G. Izosimova 《Eurasian Soil Science》2018,51(7):843-856
An experiment on transformation of biotite (fraction <1 μm) particles placed into containers with different permeability in the AEL horizon of podzolic soil was performed in order to estimate the contribution of different factors to the transformation of biotite in the modern soil. After two-year-long incubation in the AEL horizon, biotite was transformed into vermiculite, mixed-layer biotite–vermiculite, and pedogenic chlorite. The most intense vermiculitization of the biotite took place under the impact of fungal hyphae and, to a lower degree, fine plant roots and components of the soil solution. The formation of labile structures from biotite was accompanied by thinning of the mica crystallites, the disturbance of the homogeneity of layers, the removal of interlayer K, the removal and oxidation of octahedral Fe, the increase in the sum of exchangeable cations, and the appearance of exchangeable Al. The process of chloritization was definitely diagnosed upon the action of plant roots and fungal hyphae on the biotite. Strong complexing anions released by fungal hyphae partly inhibited chloritization. Chloritization led to a decrease in the cation exchange capacity of vermiculitic structures. 相似文献
12.
Louis M. McDonald Jr V. P. Evangelou Paul M. Bertsch 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1998,104(1-2):41-55
An understanding of the controls on aluminum solubility is essential because Al can reach toxic levels in waters that are affected by acidic precipitation or acid mine drainage. One factor which has received little attention is the role of in-lake sinks for Al. We hypothesized that a chloritization mechanism was capable of removing large amounts of Al from solution when sediments contained 2:1 minerals without well-developed Al-hydroxy interlayers. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the potential role of lake sediments in regulating Al equilibria in the overlying waters. Water chemistry data, sediment mineralogy and exchange phase composition, and Al sorption isotherms were used. Sediments with well developed Al-hydroxy interlayers sorbed less total Al, accumulated more Al on the readily reversible exchange phase, and had less pH buffering capacity than sediments without Al-hydroxy interlayers. We conclude that the mineralogy of lake sediments needs to be considered when evaluating Al equilibria in lakes. 相似文献
13.
The OAh and Ah horizons of acid brown and podzolic forest soils are reported to fix more radiocaesium than the mineral B horizons beneath them. We determined the respective influence of organic matter and clay minerals on the magnitude of Cs+ retention in a strongly acid brown forest soil in Belgium. The soil contained mica throughout the profile. Vermiculite was identified in the OAh and Ah horizons, and hydroxy interlayered vermiculite (HIV) in the Bw horizon. The OAh and Ah clay fraction retained much more Cs+ than the Bw horizon. The extraction of Al interlayers by Na-citrate resulted in a marked increase in Cs+ fixation in the Bw clays as well as the collapse of the vermiculitic layers after K+ saturation. Organic matter had a strong but indirect effect on Cs+ fixation. In the Bw horizon, acid weathering of layer silicates releases free Al and produces HIV minerals in which Al polymers block the access of radiocaesium onto Cs+-specific sites. In OAh and Ah horizons, free Al is complexed by organic acids. Consequently, the interlayer specific sites remain accessible for Cs+ fixation. 相似文献
14.
Equal or comparable contents of Fe and Al extractable by Tamm and Mehra-Jackson solutions have been revealed in all the horizons of a loamy mucky-peaty-podzolic gley soil on binary deposits. The content of Si extractable by the Mehra-Jackson solution has exceeded that of oxalate-soluble Si by an order of magnitude. The distributions of Al in the Tamm solutions from the entire soil and its fractions of 1–5 and >5 μm are of accumulative type with a maximum in the mucky H horizon and a gradual decrease of the content with depth in relation with the analogous distribution of Al-organic complexes. The maximum content of oxalate-soluble Al in the clay fraction has been found in the eluvial ELg horizon, which can be due to the partial dissolution of Al hydroxide interlayers in soil chlorites. The distribution of Fe in the entire soil has two maximums, in the H horizon due to the accumulation of Fe-organic complexes and in the concretion-rich ELnn,g horizon due to the accumulation of Fe hydroxides. Depletion of oxalate-soluble Fe in the eluvial ELg horizon has been observed in all the fractions, which can be related to its mobilization and removal under strongly acidic conditions and the development of reductive processes, as well as the enrichment of the concretion-rich horizon with these compounds because of an increase in pH and the development of conditions favorable for water stagnation and Fe segregation. 相似文献
15.
The profile distributions of oxalate- and pyrophosphate-soluble Al compounds and oxalate-soluble Si compounds in the main horizons of pale-podzolic soils of the Central Forest Reserve and the fractions <1. 1–5, and >5 μm have been considered. In the clay-eluvial part of soil profile, the content of these compounds is differentiated by the eluvial–illuvial type with a clear accumulation in the EL horizon compared to the AEL horizon. This distribution is largely ensured by their differentiation in the clay and fine silt fractions, while an accumulative distribution of mobile Al compounds is observed in fractions >5 μm. The high correlation between the Al and Si contents in the Tamm extracts from the clay and fine silt fractions with the (Alox–Alpy)/Siox molar ratios, which are in the range of 1–3 in the EL horizon, confirms that mobile compounds are accumulated in these fractions in the form of amorphous aluminosilicates. In the AEL and EL horizons, an additional amount of Al can pass into the oxalate solution from the fine fractions due to the dissolution of Al hydroxide interlayers of soil chlorites. The eluvial–illuvial distribution of mobile Al and Si compounds typical for Al–Fe–humus podzols within the clay-illuvial part of profiles of the soils under study can be considered as an example of superimposed evolution. 相似文献
16.
T. A. Sokolova E. Yu. Pakhomova F. R. Zaidelman 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2012,67(4):143-151
The composition and the regularities of the profile distribution of the clay minerals in the solods of the Baraba Steppe (ground moistening) and the Priobskoe Plateau (atmospheric moistening) were studied. The two profiles have the distinct eluvial-illuvial distribution of the clay fraction. The composition of the clay fraction in the eluvial layer is dominated by illite. The content of chlorite and labile minerals of the montmorillonite group increases downwards in the profile. The revealed regularities in the profile distribution of the clay fraction and some groups of clay minerals are explained by the joint influence of the mineral dissolution under the influence of the gleying and alkaline hydrolysis, as well as the processes of illitization and lessivage. The major differences in the content and distribution of the clay minerals between the solods and the podzolic soils are the following. The solods have a clear illuvial layer in the clay, while the majority of podzolic soil profiles have the eluvial distribution of the silty fraction. The solods in the eluvial part of the profile and sometimes in even the bottom layers have an unusually high content of the illite minerals in the clay fraction due to illitization. The podzolic layers of the solods do not contain soil chlorites common for the eluvial layers of the podzolic soils, which is due here to a less acidic medium that can not provide the proper conditions of aluminum mobilization and migration needed for the development of chloritization. 相似文献
17.
T. A. Sokolova I. I. Tolpeshta I. V. Topunova 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2010,65(2):61-68
Changes in biotite (fraction 1–5 μm) after exposure in the T2, H, Eih, and E horizons of peatypodzolic gleyic soil under conditions
of a model field experiment were studied by X-ray diffraction. It was found that the main transformations of the biotite in
all horizons included the degradation of its crystal lattice into regularly interstratified biotite-vermiculite and randomly
interstratified biotite-smectite structures and vermiculite. The transformation intensity decreased down the profile simultaneously
with a reduction in the content of organic matter, roots, and microbiota population and activity. Chloritized structures were
also present among the biotite weathering products in the E horizon. The main identified products of biotite weathering formed
in horizons Eih and E over a five-year period of the model experiment were detected in the clay and fine silt fractions of
these horizons and in native peaty-podzolic gleyic soils. This suggests that vermiculite and soil chlorite in the soils studied
are products of soil functioning. It follows from the results, with consideration for literature data, that the weathering
of biotite results in the formation of a potassium-buffering system. 相似文献
18.
The contents of free radicals in preparations of humic and fulvic acids extracted from virgin and plowed podzolic, surface gleyic podzolic, and peaty podzolic-gleyic soils were determined. The concentration of paramagnetic centers in the humic acids was 1.5–2 times higher than that in the fulvic acids. The agricultural use decreases the paramagnetic activity of the humus compounds and promotes the accumulation of biothermodynamically stable organic compounds in the plow horizons. 相似文献
19.
Soil development in the surrounding of oligotrophic mires in the Berlin region Polygenetic soils, surrounding oligotrophic kettle hole mires in the valley and aeolian sand areas of the Berlin region, were investigated. The typical soil catena is formed by the sequence of Ombric Histosol (Niedermoor), Ombric Histosol/Albi‐gleyic Podzol (Moor‐Podsol‐Gley), Albi‐gleyic Podzol (Nasspodsol‐Gley), Gleyic Podzol (Podsol‐Gley), and Dystri‐gleyic Arenosol (Gley‐Podsol‐Braunerde) (German soil classifications in parenthesis). Field and laboratory work showed, that the investigated soils were strongly related to each other and that their development depends on the trophy of the mire and groundwater fluctuations during the Holocene. Compared with the Bh‐horizon of terrestrial soils the Gh‐horizon is nearly free of Fe and Mn, but very rich in pedogenic Al‐oxides and rich in organic matter. The genesis of the soils is explained as follows: 1. The development of different Gleyic Podzols was due to rise of groundwater. Consequently the Bh and Bs horizons of Podzols surrounding the mire were converted to Gh and Gr horizons. 2. Humic substances and Al in the Gh and Gr horizons were not re‐mobilized due to the rise of groundwater, whereas Fe and Mn were reduced and removed by groundwater. 3. At the periphery of the mire Fe was enriched in the Go horizon of the Gley‐Podzols but not Mn. 4. The fact that the mire is completely surrounded by Podzol‐Gleys, indicates, that movement of the groundwater from the central parts of mires towards the periphery is an essential pedogenetic factor. 相似文献
20.
Eleonora Bonifacio Marcella Catoni Gloria Falsone Daniel Said-Pullicino Luisella Celi 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2013,49(5):505-516
In podzolic B horizons illuviated Al, Fe and organic matter (OM) increase with the ongoing of the pedogenic process. Depending on OM load on mineral surfaces, modifications of the soil surface properties are expected and may influence OM stabilisation. The proportion of labile organic pools should thus vary depending on the type of podzolic horizon. In this work, we selected B horizons at increasing intensity of podzolisation, evaluated the labile OM pools through oxidation with 2 % NaClO and characterised surface properties with N2 and phosphate sorption. Before and after oxidation, we assessed the NaOH-extractable OM fractions. Oxidation was more effective on the least polar organic compounds and led to an increase in the fulvic to humic acid ratio. Specific surface area (SSA) increased after oxidation only in the least podzolised horizons, while selectively preserved OM induced a decrease in SSA in the more developed Bs, Bsm and Bhs. Phosphate sorption induced a release of OM and always decreased after oxidation, although variations in P affinity for the surfaces were observed. The effect of oxidation on surface parameters pointed to a specific association between organics and minerals that changed during soil development. At the very beginning of podzolisation, the dominant forms seemed related to organo-metallic complexes with little interaction with surfaces. With Bs development, weak interactions between mineral surfaces and OM appeared, while at a later stage OM differentiated into bulky structures and tightly bound, rigid ones, with extremely low N2 accessibility. The latter were not sensitive to low concentration NaClO while the former were easily oxidised. 相似文献