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1.
《农业工程学报》2015,(Z2)
精确预测作物产量对于作物生产、栽培措施优化等具有重要意义。玉米单个籽粒的质量差异对玉米产量有显著影响,并且雌穗不同位置的籽粒获取同化物的能力不同。当前的玉米模型中由于缺乏基于单个籽粒生长机制的模拟过程,从而限制了其在更广泛环境下对产量的模拟精度和预测能力。为了量化雌穗不同位置籽粒对于同化物的竞争能力,基于源库理论建立了玉米单个籽粒灌浆过程的模型,并引入"优先权"方程量化雌穗一列籽粒中每个籽粒获取同化物的"优先"能力,整合进入潜在籽粒生长需求计算新的籽粒库强。通过多年多源库水平的玉米田间试验数据对模型的有效性进行系统评估。结果表明,引入"优先权"后明显提高不同位置籽粒的干质量的模拟精度。这为理解单个籽粒的生长发育过程、玉米产量形成过程提供基础依据。 相似文献
2.
[目的]作物在生长过程,尤其在干旱半干旱地区,时常经受干旱和复水(降雨或灌溉)过程。干旱胁迫下作物的生长发育受到抑制,产量降低;同时,经过干旱胁迫后作物对干旱胁迫的耐受性有所提高;而干旱胁迫后复水,为了弥补作物干旱期间的损失,作物往往表现出补偿性生长,在产量上产生补偿甚至超补偿效应。作物旱后复水补偿效应是作物对干旱胁迫的积极响应与复水后补偿性生长的共同结果,在旱区作物生产中合理利用旱后复水补偿效应可以有效提升作物产量和水分利用效率。[方法]“源库”关系被广泛用来解释作物产量的形成过程,调控源库关系也是提高作物产量的重要途径。旱后复水补偿效应的产生与作物“源—库—流”响应关系密切。[结果]基于当前的研究进展,从“源库”关系总结作物旱后复水补偿作用产生的机制。在干旱胁迫过程中,源端表现为气孔关闭、光合降低、可溶性碳水化合物累积增加,而库端表现为库活性增加。复水后补偿效应产生过程中,在源端气孔打开、光合恢复、短时间内甚至高于干旱胁迫前,同时源端(叶片)可溶性碳水化合物代谢增强,促进作物光合作用,碳水化合物的合成能力提高;在库端(籽粒)库活性维持较高水平,同化物卸载和累积速度加快;同时流中同化... 相似文献
3.
干旱对玉米穗发育及产量的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
干旱作为影响玉米产量的环境因素之首,对玉米植株形态、物质积累、生理作用、性器官发育等方面产生影响,最终降低穗粒数、粒重,导致产量降低。以雌雄穗发育为研究重点,本文综述了不同时期干旱对雌雄穗性状及开花吐丝间隔期的影响。玉米开花前遭遇干旱,延缓雌雄穗发育进程,减少分化小花数,增加籽粒败育,导致穗粒数降低;抽雄吐丝期间遭遇干旱,导致雄穗抽出困难、吐丝延迟,使开花吐丝间隔期拉长,严重时导致花粉、花丝超微结构发生改变,影响玉米授粉、受精过程,最终导致秃尖形成,穗粒数降低;灌浆期遭遇干旱导致叶片早衰,光合产物积累不足,籽粒灌浆受阻,粒重降低,最终均会导致产量下降。从源库关系角度分析,玉米灌浆期前干旱导致玉米产量降低的主要原因是穗粒数降低导致的库强不足;而灌浆期干旱主要是叶片早衰等营养器官发育受阻,限制同化物的积累及转运,此时源不足限制了产量的增加。 相似文献
4.
遥感与作物生长模型数据同化应用综述 总被引：8，自引：6，他引：2
遥感是获取大面积地表信息最有效的手段,在农业资源监测、作物产量预测中发挥着不可替代的重要作用;作物生长模型能够实现单点尺度上作物生长发育的动态模拟,可对作物长势以及产量变化提供内在机理解释。遥感信息和作物生长模型的数据同化有效结合二者优势,在大尺度农业监测与预报上具有巨大的应用潜力。该文系统综述了遥感与作物生长模型的同化研究,概述了遥感与作物生长模型数据同化系统的构建,在归纳国内外研究进展的基础上,总结了当前主流同化方法的特点以及在不同条件下的同化效果。进而具体分析影响同化精度的关键环节,明确了相关科学概念,并相应指出改善精度的策略或者方向。最后从多参数协同、多数据融合、动态预测、多模型耦合以及并行计算环境5个方面展望了遥感与作物生长模型数据同化的未来研究重点和发展趋势,同时结合农业应用现实需求,介绍一种数据同化与集合数值预报结合的应用框架,为大区域、高精度同化研究提供新的思路与借鉴。 相似文献
5.
为了研究产量关键期干旱胁迫对玉米物候及产量和产量组成的影响,评估作物生长模型对干旱胁迫下玉米物候和产量模拟的效果,基于锦州农业气象试验站2011-2015年分期播种试验玉米产量和产量组成观测资料,尤其是2014年和2015年天然干旱胁迫试验数据和2015年玉米开花、吐丝物候加密观测资料,分析了产量关键期干旱胁迫对玉米物候及产量和产量组成的影响,评估了CERES-Maize模型对不同降水年型玉米产量和产量组成的模拟效果,提出了模型改进的方向。结果表明,2014年和2015年辽宁省西部地区在玉米开花期前后经历了较严重的干旱胁迫过程,干旱胁迫导致玉米吐丝延迟程度大于开花,90%以上的植株能到达开花阶段,但仅有45%~88%的植株能到达吐丝阶段,直接影响株籽粒数（不同播期下的玉米株籽粒数相差32%）及最终产量（产量下降33%~78%）。CERES-Maize模型对正常年玉米产量及产量组成的模拟效果较好,对干旱年的模拟效果较差,部分原因在于模型在模拟玉米物候时不对开花和吐丝期加以区别,只考虑了温度对花期的影响,而没有考虑干旱胁迫下玉米因开花-吐丝间隔增大、雌穗发育异常、物候期推迟而造成的减产作用。因此,玉米产量关键期干旱胁迫直接影响玉米物候（开花-吐丝期）,进而影响玉米穗粒数及最终产量;为提高干旱胁迫下作物模型的模拟评估能力,亟待开展干旱胁迫下基于冠层吐丝动态的玉米产量模拟研究。 相似文献
6.
生育后期干旱对冬小麦产量和生理特性的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
盆栽试验的结果表明:后期干旱明显降低冬小麦叶片光合速率和蒸腾速率,并导致保护酶活性下降,MDA累积,叶片衰老加速,硝酸还原酶活性下降,干物质生产受到显著影响。但中度干旱会提高籽粒中酸性转化酶、蔗糖合成酶、碱性转化酶的活性,有利于同化物向籽粒库转运分配;而严重干旱会降低籽粒的代谢活性,不利于同化物向籽粒库转运分配。后期中度干旱对穗粒数、千粒重无影响,对籽粒产量的影响较小,提高了收获指数和水分利用效率。严重干旱显著降低了株高、有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,显著降低了产量;同时收获指数和水分利用效率也降低。 相似文献
7.
基于SWAP模型同化遥感数据的黑龙江南部春玉米产量监测 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
农作物种植类型的地理分布差异,气候条件差异、土壤环境不同等因素的影响,需要开展农作物生长模型参数区域化、本地化的研究工作;通过改善区域气象数据空间化方法以提升插值精度的研究,也需要得到应用的重视。针对以上问题,该文以SWAP(soil-water-atmosphere-plant model,土壤-水-大气-作物模型)模型为基础,以中国黑龙江省南部地区作为研究区域,以其主要农作物春玉米为目标作物,确定研究春玉米的作物生长模型参数,并综合考虑纬度及海拔对气温的影响情况,研究将协同克里金(coKriging)方法引入作物生长模型气象数据插值获取中,从而提高模型输入参数中气象数据精度,并以叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)及蒸散发(evapotranspire,ET)数据作为同化遥感数据源,通过优化玉米灌溉量和出苗日期,获取了研究区2013年的玉米产量空间分布成果,与统计资料结果对比,玉米总产量监测结果的R2达到了0.939 4,均方根误差(root mean squared error,RMSE)达到了148 065 t,平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)为114 335 t。研究区15个县市区的预测单产和统计单产之间的决定系数达到了0.724 5,RMSE为598.5 kg/hm~2,MAE为531.5 kg/hm~2。研究结果表明,利用SWAP模型,以协同克里金方法获取气象数据空间插值成果作为输入数据,通过同化LAI和ET遥感数据,可以有效进行黑龙江南部区域的玉米产量遥感监测,为区域作物生长及生产力的遥感监测预测提供参考。 相似文献
8.
基于遥感信息与作物模型集合卡尔曼滤波同化的区域冬小麦产量预测 总被引：21，自引：13，他引：8
区域作物产量预测是国家粮食安全评估的重要内容。遥感虽能获取大面积地表信息,却难以反映作物生长发育的内在过程。作物生长模型已经在单点尺度能成功模拟作物的生长发育过程,但是区域尺度作物关键参数的获取仍很困难。遥感信息与作物模型结合的数据同化已经成为区域产量预测的最有效途径。该文选择河北省衡水地区冬小麦为研究对象,在WOFOST模型标定与区域化的基础上,利用WOFOST模型描述冬小麦生育期内叶面积指数(LAI)变化规律。针对MODIS数据的混合像元造成反演的LAI产品偏低的系统误差,利用实测LAI样本点融合MODIS-LAI趋势信息修正MODIS-LAI数据产品。采用集合卡尔曼(EnKF)算法同化冬小麦返青到抽穗期的MODIS-LAI与WOFOST模拟的LAI以获得时间序列最优的LAI,并以此重新驱动WOFOST模型估算区域冬小麦产量。结果表明,EnKF同化后的冬小麦产量比未同化的产量预测精度有显著提高,与县平均统计产量相比,在潜在模式下,决定系数由0.13提高到0.38,均方根误差由2480下降到880kg/hm2。研究表明,遥感信息与作物模型的EnKF同化是1种有效的作物产量预测方法,并在区域尺度应用上具有广阔的应用潜力。该研究可为区域尺度的作物估产提供参考。 相似文献
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粒子滤波同化方法在CERES-Wheat作物模型估产中的应用 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
为验证粒子滤波同化算法在作物模型估产应用中的可行性和精度,应用该算法构建了CERES-Wheat(crop environment resource synthesis for wheat)作物模型同化系统,并应用地面观测数据研究了同化系统的估产能力以及粒子扰动维数和方差对同化结果和效率的影响。研究结果表明,构建的作物模型同化系统能够利用作物关键生育期内观测LAI数据,较好地校正模型状态轨迹,显著提高作物产量模拟预测精度。同化前后冬小麦产量模拟结果与实测产量间的决定系数由0.68增加为0.83,归一化均方根误差由4.93%减小为3.4%,相对误差由4.15%减小为2.93%。粒子扰动维数和方差同化试验结果显示,粒子维数由50增加为250时,同化估产精度无显著改善,但计算代价增加5倍;随粒子扰动方差增加,估产归一化均方根误差和相对误差均呈增加趋势,两者的平均增加幅度分别为0.32%和0.26%。因此,作物模型同化系统业务化应用时需折中考虑估产精度和计算代价设置合适的粒子扰动维数和方差。该文为进一步利用多源卫星遥感数据监测区域作物长势和估算产量等同化研究和应用提供参考。 相似文献
10.
早籼稻米垩白形成与稻株源-库特性关系的研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
以垩白度差异较大的 3个早籼稻品种为材料 ,先后分 3期播种 ,应用14 C示踪技术研究了籽粒灌浆期剑叶净同化速率、籽粒库活力及相应的源 /库比与稻米垩白形成的关系。结果表明 ,稻株源 -库特性与稻米垩白度之间表现出显著的相关性。低垩白品种剑叶净同化速率、籽粒库活力和源 /库比均显著高于高垩白品种。稻株库的容量大、库的活力低而源叶同化物又供应不足 ,势必形成垩白。因此 ,保证源的供给充足、适当的库容 (库的大小 ) ,较大的源 库比和强大的库活力对减少稻米垩白极为重要。研究还发现 ,垩白度高的水稻品种 ,其剑叶中同化物的输出百分率相应较低 ,推测其源叶中同化物的输出或韧皮部装载存在障碍。 相似文献
11.
Small kernels of soft wheat are sometimes considered to be harder than larger kernels and to have inferior milling and baking characteristics. This study distinguished between kernel size and kernel shriveling. Nine cultivars were separated into large, medium, and small kernels that had no shriveling. Eleven cultivars were separated into sound, moderate, and severely shriveled kernels. Shriveling greatly decreased the amount of flour produced during milling. It adversely affected all other milling quality characteristics (ash content, endosperm separation index, and friability). Shriveled kernels produced flour that had inferior soft wheat baking qualities (smaller cookie diameter and higher alkaline water retention capacity). In contrast, test weight and milling qualities were independent of kernel size. Small, nonshriveled kernels had slightly better baking quality (larger cookie diameter) than larger nonshriveled kernels. Small kernels were softer than large kernels (measured by break flour yield, particle size index, and flour particle size). Small nonshriveled kernels did not have diminished total flour yield potential or other reduced flour milling characteristics. Those observations suggest a possibility of separating small sound kernels from small shriveled kernels to improve flour yield and the need to improve dockage testing estimation techniques to distinguish between small shriveled and small nonshriveled kernels. 相似文献
12.
施氮对不同种植密度下夏玉米产量及子粒灌浆的影响 总被引：36，自引：5，他引：36
以夏玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,在不同种植密度(52500、67500、82500株/hm2)及不同供氮水平(0、120、240、360kg/hm2)下对玉米子粒产量、产量构成、植株地上部干物质积累、子粒灌浆动态及灌浆过程中的物质代谢状况进行了研究。结果表明,不同施氮水平及种植密度下子粒产量的差异主要是由穗粒数所决定。产量及穗粒数的形成与植株地上部干物质积累密切相关,施氮可明显促进植株地上部干物质积累量的增加。穗顶部与中下部子粒的灌浆动态及物质代谢具有明显的不同,授粉后5～20d,顶部子粒灌浆体积、干重、灌浆速率、总可溶性糖、蔗糖、淀粉含量均明显低于中下部子粒;同化物供应的差异是导致顶部与中下部子粒发育差异的一个重要原因。顶部子粒灌浆体积、干重、总糖、淀粉含量施氮处理高于不施氮处理;施氮可明显促进同化物的积累及向顶部子粒的供应,促进顶部子粒灌浆,减少败育,增加有效粒数,提高产量。 相似文献
13.
Arngren M Hansen PW Eriksen B Larsen J Larsen R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(21):11385-11394
Pregermination is one of many serious degradations to barley when used for malting. A pregerminated barley kernel can under certain conditions not regerminate and is reduced to animal feed of lower quality. Identifying pregermination at an early stage is therefore essential in order to segregate the barley kernels into low or high quality. Current standard methods to quantify pregerminated barley include visual approaches, e.g. to identify the root sprout, or using an embryo staining method, which use a time-consuming procedure. We present an approach using a near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging system in a mathematical modeling framework to identify pregerminated barley at an early stage of approximately 12 h of pregermination. Our model only assigns pregermination as the cause for a single kernel's lack of germination and is unable to identify dormancy, kernel damage etc. The analysis is based on more than 750 Rosalina barley kernels being pregerminated at 8 different durations between 0 and 60 h based on the BRF method. Regerminating the kernels reveals a grouping of the pregerminated kernels into three categories: normal, delayed and limited germination. Our model employs a supervised classification framework based on a set of extracted features insensitive to the kernel orientation. An out-of-sample classification error of 32% (CI(95%): 29-35%) is obtained for single kernels when grouped into the three categories, and an error of 3% (CI(95%): 0-15%) is achieved on a bulk kernel level. The model provides class probabilities for each kernel, which can assist in achieving homogeneous germination profiles. This research can further be developed to establish an automated and faster procedure as an alternative to the standard procedures for pregerminated barley. 相似文献
14.
K. H. S. Peiris M. O. Pumphrey Y. Dong E. B. Maghirang W. Berzonsky F. E. Dowell 《Cereal Chemistry》2010,87(6):511-517
Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), or scab, can result in significant crop yield losses and contaminated grain in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Growing less susceptible cultivars is one of the most effective methods for managing FHB and for reducing deoxynivalenol (DON) levels in grain, but breeding programs lack a rapid and objective method for identifying the fungi and toxins. It is important to estimate proportions of sound kernels and Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) in grain and to estimate DON levels of FDK to objectively assess the resistance of a cultivar. An automated single kernel near‐infrared (SKNIR) spectroscopic method for identification of FDK and for estimating DON levels was evaluated. The SKNIR system classified visually sound and FDK with an accuracy of 98.8 and 99.9%, respectively. The sound fraction had no or very little accumulation of DON. The FDK fraction was sorted into fractions with high or low DON content. The kernels identified as FDK by the SKNIR system had better correlation with other FHB assessment indices such as FHB severity, FHB incidence and kernels/g than visual FDK%. This technique can be successfully employed to nondestructively sort kernels with Fusarium damage and to estimate DON levels of those kernels. Single kernels could be predicted as having low (<60 ppm) or high (>60 ppm) DON with ≈96% accuracy. Single kernel DON levels of the high DON kernels could be estimated with R2 = 0.87 and standard error of prediction (SEP) of 60.8 ppm. Because the method is nondestructive, seeds may be saved for generation advancement. The automated method is rapid (1 kernel/sec) and sorting grains into several fractions depending on DON levels will provide breeders with more information than techniques that deliver average DON levels from bulk seed samples. 相似文献
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16.
The nutrient losses of corn containing 0–30% damaged kernels that occurred during alkaline cooking into tortillas were examined. Samples from different stages during processing were tested for chemical composition and protein fractionation. The most prevalent type of kernel damage was mechanical, followed in decreasing order by molds, insects, heat, and rodent damage. Corn with higher content of damaged kernels was susceptible to overcooking, resulting in cracked or fully open nixtamal kernels and sticky masa that were difficult to handle during processing. Nutrient losses increased with increasing levels of kernel damage. Most nutrient losses from sound corn kernels occurred during washing as the pericarp and attached solids were removed. During simmering, damaged corn kernels were fully cooked into physically opened kernels with more nutrients being extracted into the water. About 15% of total solids and 50% of both crude fiber and fat were lost during cooking of corn with 30% kernel damage. The greatest losses were consistently observed for albumins and globulins from both sound and damaged kernels at all stages of cooking. Appropriate control of kernel damage level is required to improve yield of product with consistent quality. The susceptibility to overcooking of excessively damaged corn increases the complexity to consistently meet product quality specifications. Excess dry matter losses in the cooking liquor can significantly increase the risk of environmental contamination and cost of sewage water treatment. 相似文献
17.
Kernel vitreousness is an important grading characteristic for segregation of subclasses of hard red spring (HRS) wheat in the United States. This research investigated the protein molecular weight distribution (MWD) and the flour and baking quality characteristics of different HRS wheat market subclasses. The U.S. regional crop quality survey samples obtained from six regions for three consecutive growing years were used for subclass segregation based on the dark, hard, and vitreous (DHV) kernel percentage. Flour milled from HRS wheat with greater percentages of DHV kernel showed higher water absorption capacity for breadmaking. Protein MWD parameters could be related to the association between DHV kernel level and water absorption. Specifically, flour protein fractions rich in gliadins and high‐molecular‐weight polymeric proteins in the SDS‐unextractable fraction were identified to have significant and positive correlations with both DHV kernels and flour water absorption levels. An example further showed the importance of flour water absorption on potential economic incentives that can be gained with having a greater percentage of vitreous kernels. This information could help the flour milling and baking industry to segregate the different subclasses of HRS wheat with varying DHV content for their intended end‐use applications. 相似文献
18.
The crop cultivation with film-bottomed tillage may benefit more, but little is known about the yield and the relationships among the last yield components under different depth film-bottomed tillage. We conducted a field study on sandy land to quantify response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and its components under 60, 70 and 90 cm depth film-bottomed tillage. Morphological measurements included yield, plant height (PH), leaf area index (LAI), plant dry weight (PDW), spike per unit area (SPU), length of spike (LS), kernels per spike (KPS) and kernel weight (KW). The results suggested that the film-bottomed tillage significantly improved plant height, leaf area index and plant dry weight during wheat growing period, and increased seven yield components during harvest stage. The best performance of main yield production components always occurred in 70 cm depth treatment that can be effectively used to maximize wheat in sandy land. Correlation of yield production with other yield components except length of spike did not show similar patterns. The mechanism with respect to influence of film-bottomed tillage on wheat yield need further research. 相似文献
19.
Optimization of flour yield and quality is important in the milling industry. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of kernel size and mill type on flour yield and end‐use quality. A hard red spring wheat composite sample was segregated, based on kernel size, into large, medium, and small kernels, as well as unsorted kernels. The four fractions were milled in three roller mills: Brabender Quadrumat Jr., Quadrumat Sr., and Bühler MLU‐202 laboratory mills. Large kernels had consistently higher flour yield than small kernels across mills, with the Quadrumat Jr. mill showing the lowest flour yield. Mill type and kernel size significantly affected variation in flour protein molecular weight distribution. When compared with larger kernels, flour milled from the small‐kernel fraction contained a higher gliadin fraction and SDS‐unextractable high‐molecular‐weight polymeric proteins, which had positive correlations with bread loaf volume (r = 0.61, P < 0.05) and mixograph peak time (r = 0.84, P < 0.001). Overall, small kernels could contribute to enhancing flour breadmaking quality while having a detrimental effect on milling yield. 相似文献
20.
Saba Anwar Hafiz Muhammad Akram Mubashir Niaz Rizwan Rasheed 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2016,47(19):2225-2232
Drought severely affects yield and its quality in different plants. In a field experiment, maize was exposed to drought stress at vegetative, silking, and kernel-filling growth stages to determine the drought-induced changes in kernel yield and quality traits. The experiment was laid-out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Withholding water at the vegetative stage was very effective in increasing protein, total amino acids, total soluble sugars, glucose, and sucrose contents in maize kernels. In contrast, drought applied at the kernel-filling stage increased the total free amino acids, total phenolics, and activities of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in maize kernels. Drought at the vegetative stage improved the kernel quality while at the silking stage severely affected kernel yield in maize. Taken together, the results suggested that incidence of drought should be avoided at the silking stage to minimize kernel yield losses and decrease in kernel quality in maize. 相似文献