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1.
食用油是人们生活必需的消费品，全球食用油消费主要以植物油为主，油料作物在农业生产中具有重要的地位。中国是食用油消费第一大国，同时也是世界油料生产大国，菜籽、花生、棉籽、芝麻的产量均居世界第1位，大豆、葵花籽的生产也是名列前茅。中国一直是油料进口大国，对外依赖性较强。2008年油料生产实现较大恢复，扭转了食用植物油自给率连续8年下滑的局面。油料产业的发展与食用油行业的形势息息相关，近期全球金融危机对食用油行业造成了很大的冲击。面对当前国内外复杂多变的经济环境，兵团应全面认清农业经济发展的形势， 相似文献
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气候变化对中国花生生产的影响研究进展 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
花生作为中国主要的油料作物,在保障国家粮油安全中具有非常重要的地位。未来气候变化下,农业气候资源状况发生改变,对花生生产有着显著影响。为了研究如何有效利用气候变化带来的优势气候资源,增加花生产量、提高花生品质、优化种植制度,笔者综述了国内外近年来气候变化对花生生产影响的研究,发现在气候变化对花生产量预测、品质改善和种植制度改变等方面的研究还存在不足,今后还需加强作物生长模型在多气候模式、大区域尺度、花生育种和比较优势等方面的研究,以期为进一步开展气候变化对中国花生生产影响的研究指出方向。 相似文献
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赵应忠 《农产品加工．学刊》2008,(7):17-19
小品种特色油料是指除油菜、花生、大豆外的其他所有油料作物。近年来，国内食用油供给形势严峻，自给率仅39％，对外依存度高达61％。2007年9月19日，国务院召开了促进油料生产的会议，发布了《国务院办公厅关于促进油料生产发展的意见》，提出积极开发特种油料，因地制宜大力发展芝麻、亚麻、油葵、油茶、油橄榄等作物生产。 相似文献
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庆阳市油料作物生产现状及发展方向 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
油料作物是庆阳市的优势经济作物,主要是满足人们生活水平不断提高对食用油的需求,同时也是一些主产区农民的主要经济来源.油料作物生产在庆阳市不仅影响到种植业,同时也影响到相关的加工业和养殖业的发展.因此,调查分析全市油料生产现状,找出制约油料生产的因素,采取相应的对策,对促进我市农业的持续、高效发展及产业化进程具有重要意义. 相似文献
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试对中国粮食自给率实现95%的目标之分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
中国是世界粮食生产和消费的大国,粮食自给率水平的高低不仅仅关系到国内粮食的生产、消费乃至农业的发展方向,而且对于世界粮食市场的稳定和繁荣也有极为重要的影响。在此,在前人研究的基础上首先对中国粮食自给率现状进行了分析;进一步从粮食的需求量、供给量出发,分析了中国粮食自给率存在的隐患,最后提出了稳定粮食自给率的对策建议。 相似文献
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气候变化对小麦生产影响研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
简述了国内外研究气候变化和评估气象变化对小麦生产影响的主要技术方法。分析表明,气候变化及其对冬小麦生产影响研究,主要是围绕气候变暖这条主线进行的。提出评估气候变化影响的主要研究技术途径是通过气候变化事实趋势外推和气候模式产生未来气候情景,通过冬小麦生长发育与气象条件关系的机理或统计模型,模拟未来气候情景下冬小麦生产状况。分析未来气候情景下与现在正常气候状况下,冬小麦生产状况的主要差异及其引起这种差异的主要气象要素的变化趋势。得出应对气候变化的主要措施是从精确栽培的角度研究冬小麦生产应对气候变化的技术措施,提出防范气候变化风险的管理措施,为保障冬小麦生产安全提供决策依据。 相似文献
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《农产品加工．学刊》2014,(4)
食用油是生活中必不可少的食品,而油料作物和食用油中含有的真菌毒素会对人体造成损害,主要表现为细胞癌变、毒性遗传,突变畸形等,还会引起一系列肝肾中毒、生殖系统表现异常以及抑制免疫系统等反应。从真菌毒素在油料及食用油中的来源、危害、现状、检测及防治方法进行综合论述。 相似文献
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气候变化对中国农业生产影响的模拟评价进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
气候变化对农业生产影响评价研究已成为众多学者和政府部门关注的热点问题。近几十年来,国内外学者从不同角度用不同方法开展了大量的气候变化对农业生产影响的评估研究。该文重点论述了利用模型模拟方法评价气候变化对中国农业生产、作物生长发育的影响,以及适应对策的最近研究进展,并简要地讨论了该领域研究存在的问题和今后有待进一步深入的研究内容。 相似文献
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为保障国家粮食安全、应对气候变化对双季稻生产的影响提供科学依据,利用本地化的作物生长模型分析B2情景下湘鄂双季稻发育期和产量的变化,应用B2情景下逐日气象要素预测值,采用作物生长模型的方法,对2011-2050年气候变化对湘鄂双季稻发育期及产量的影响进行分析。结果表明,在灌溉条件下,2011-2050年湘鄂双季稻全生育期比1961-1990年缩短1~7天,单产比1961-1990年下降5%~12%;其中双季早稻全生育期比1961-1990年缩短1.5~4.5天,单产比1961-1990年下降7%~14%,双季晚稻全生育期比1961-1990年缩短1~3天,单产比1961-1990年下降2%~10%。雨养条件下,2011-2050年双季稻全生育期与灌溉条件下的双季稻全生育期相差不大,但产量降幅较大。2011-2050年湘鄂双季稻单产比灌溉条件下的双季稻下降9%~21%,其中双季早稻下降3%~14%,双季晚稻下降13%~33%。在B2情景下,利用本地化的作物生长模型分析表明,湘鄂双季稻发育期和产量均呈下降趋势,尤其是雨养条件下的双季晚稻,产量下降幅度较大,需积极应对气候变化对湘鄂双季稻生产的影响。 相似文献
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The Potential for Utilizing the Seed Crop Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) in East Africa as an Alternative Crop to Support Food Security and Climate Change Mitigation 
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下载免费PDF全文 F. Reta Alemayehu M. A. Bendevis S.‐E. Jacobsen 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2015,201(5):321-329
The projected growth in global food demand has resulted in increased attention towards underutilized crops with the potential to improve global food security and ability to mitigate adverse effects of climate changes. Changing consumer demands in favour of more nutritiously balanced and organically grown crops have added to the interest in species such as amaranth. Promoting the consumption and cultivation of amaranth could be valuable due to its unique nutrient composition and inherent tolerance of drought and other stress factors. Due to current and predicted effects of climate changes, these attributes are becoming increasingly important. Amaranth is a source of high quality protein, as well as dietary fibre and lipids rich in unsaturated fatty acids. The seeds contain desirable levels of minerals, vitamins for human diets, in addition to other bioactive components such as phytosterols, squalene, fagopyritols, saponins and polyphenols. Amaranth is currently in demand by specific consumer groups, such as high‐performance athletes, malnourished children, and people suffering from diabetes and coeliac disease. Even so, there are few detailed analyses available concerning the potential for using amaranth to improve and support agricultural productivity in developing countries. The present review has assessed the promotion and improvement of amaranth production in East Africa to hold subtstantial potential for benefitting small‐holder farmers in Africa, by providing a stable source of income and food for subsistence farmers, while also mitigating the impact of climate change through the prospect of supporting the establishment of food and nutritional security. 相似文献
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气候变化对中国水稻生产的影响研究进展 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
水稻生产系统是响应气候变化最敏感的农业生态系统之一,本文综述了当前和未来气候变化对我国水稻生产的影响。气候变化背景下,我国水稻生长季的热量资源增多,辐射资源减少,降水不均一性加大。高温热害、干旱、暴雨和洪涝灾害发生更频繁,这可能降低水、热资源的有效性。气候变化使我国单季稻和双季稻潜在种植边界显著北移,导致单季稻、早稻和晚稻的主要生育期缩短。基于统计模型和水稻生长模型的研究结果表明,如果不考虑品种改良和栽培技术的进步,气候变化使单季稻、早稻和晚稻产量下降,但不同稻作区和方法间存在差异。我国水稻生产重心北移、实测生育期延长和产量增加的变化趋势,反映了水稻生产系统通过种植分布调整、品种改良和技术改进来适应气候变化的能力。未来气候变化将进一步导致水稻生育期缩短和产量下降,对我国水稻生产和粮食安全带来严峻挑战。仍需加强气候变化影响机制的研究及其在影响评估中的应用,减小影响评估的不确定性并增加其系统性,为制定有效的应对策略提供可靠的理论支持。 相似文献
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气候变化影响下长江流域油菜产量模拟初步研究 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
为油菜主产区油料作物种植结构调整、合理布局以及制定适应气候变化的管理措施提供理论依据。以中国三大油料作物之一的油菜为代表,针对油菜主产区之一的长江流域的油菜生产,利用引进的澳大利亚APSIM-Canola油菜模型,结合英国Hadley中心的区域气候模式PRECIS,对SRES A2、B2 2种排放情景下油菜生产状况进行模拟。同时结合多元回归统计方法,分析长江流域气候变化对油菜生产已经造成和未来可能造成的影响,并提出可能的适应性对策。研究表明：（1）油菜雨养产量与关键生育时期（现蕾-抽苔期、抽苔-开花期）内辐射和温度呈显著的负相关,与降水呈正相关。（2）A2、B2气候变化情景下油菜单产均随时间呈降低趋势,21世纪80年代减产幅度最为明显,A2情景下近期（21世纪20年代）、中期（21世纪50年代）、远期（21世纪80年代）油菜产量波动呈加强趋势,且同一时期内A2情景下产量波动趋势均大于B2情景。（3）适当采用调整播种期和栽培方式、改良作物品种等适应性对策可有效降低油菜的减产趋势。 相似文献
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“十一五”粮食丰产科技工程增产增效的成效分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了确保国家粮食安全和促进农民增收,在"十五"基础上,国家"十一五"期间继续施行"粮食丰产科技工程"。该工程立足三大平原(东北、华北和长江中下游平原的12个粮食主产省)、重点面向三大作物(水稻、小麦、玉米)和三区(核心区、示范区、辐射区)建设。经过5年的组织实施,取得了显著成效。"三区"建设合计5568.67万hm2;"三区"共增产粮食4866.48万t,增加经济效益852.92亿元,创建出一批具有地方区域特色的三大作物高产优质高效生态安全栽培技术体系,取得了一大批超高产典型和重大科技成果,人才、基地建设得到加强,为我国粮食增产增收做出了巨大贡献。 相似文献
17.
Food security is a major concern in China due to increasing nutritional demands, limited resources, and a changing and uncertain climate. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plays an important role in food security, whilst its yield is greatly influenced by climate change. Thus, it is critical to quantify changes in rice yield, determine the potential climatic conditions affecting yield variation, and identify strategies to counter the effects of climate change. Historical double-rice yields and climatic variables were analyzed in the major double-rice region of Southern China. Yield varied nonlinearly in most provinces, fluctuated more for late-rice, and exhibited stagnation in 1980–2012. During the growth stages, the mean temperature (Tmean) increased significantly at 75.1% of the stations examined (P < 0.05), while high inter-annual variation in precipitation (Prec) and radiation (Rad) decreased for 64.2% and 62.2% of stations. The joint effects of the three climatic variables increased yields of early- and late- rice by 0.51% and 2.83%, respectively. Climatic variation accounted for 40.04% and 29.72% of yield variability for early- and late-rice, respectively. Thus, double-rice production in Southern China is strongly affected by inter-annual climatic variation, requiring resilient farming practices to adapt to climate change and consequently enhance food security. 相似文献
18.
To achieve global food security by 2050 primary production must almost be doubled, at least to 80 % by increasing production per unit land. The challenge to plant breeding is tremendous. It is necessary to convince the public of this challenge, who are already dealing with concerns about climate change, a scarcity of good arable land, the demands placed on land with regard to biomass production, scarcity of water and phosphorous as well as increasing consumption of meat. In terms of breeding, concerns are the very small number of major crops and low rates of breeding progress in self-pollinating cereals. Society and politicians can be easily distracted from the dire need to invest in basic breeding research and breeding applications when so many environmental concerns are being emphasized. A holistic approach to these problems is essential. The focus here is on both the obstacles to be overcome and the opportunities to ensure global food security by producing excellent germplasm by 2050. This can be achieved by new technologies and genomics as well as the continuing development of more traditional breeding methodologies. 相似文献
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Gina Cannarozzi Solomon Chanyalew Kebebew Assefa Abate Bekele Regula Blösch Annett Weichert Dominik Klauser Sonia Plaza-Wüthrich Korinna Esfeld Moritz Jöst Abiel Rindisbacher Habte Jifar Victoria Johnson-Chadwick Ermias Abate Wuyan Wang Rizqah Kamies Negussu Husein Worku Kebede Kidist Tolosa Yazachew Genet Kidu Gebremeskel Brikti Ferede Firew Mekbib Federico Martinelli Hans Christian Pedersen Suhail Rafudeen Shimelis Hussein Muluneh Tamiru Naomi Nakayama Mike Robinson Ian Barker Samuel Zeeman Zerihun Tadele 《Euphytica》2018,214(2):31
Indigenous crops also known as orphan crops are key contributors to food security, which is becoming increasingly vulnerable with the current trend of population growth and climate change. They have the major advantage that they fit well into the general socio-economic and ecological context of developing world agriculture. However, most indigenous crops did not benefit from the Green Revolution, which dramatically increased the yield of major crops such as wheat and rice. Here, we describe the Tef Improvement Project, which employs both conventional- and molecular-breeding techniques to improve tef—an orphan crop important to the food security in the Horn of Africa, a region of the world with recurring devastating famines. We have established an efficient pipeline to bring improved tef lines from the laboratory to the farmers of Ethiopia. Of critical importance to the long-term success of this project is the cooperation among participants in Ethiopia and Switzerland, including donors, policy makers, research institutions, and farmers. Together, European and African scientists have developed a pipeline using breeding and genomic tools to improve the orphan crop tef and bring new cultivars to the farmers in Ethiopia. We highlight a new variety, Tesfa, developed in this pipeline and possessing a novel and desirable combination of traits. Tesfa’s recent approval for release illustrates the success of the project and marks a milestone as it is the first variety (of many in the pipeline) to be released. 相似文献