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1.
为加强对小麦赤霉病抗源H35抗赤霉性(简称“抗赤性”)遗传机制的了解,应用植物数量性状主基因 多基因混合遗传模型对抗赤霉病品种H35与感赤霉病品种安农8455杂交组合P1、F1、P2、B1、B2和F2的6家系世代群体抗赤性进行了多世代联合分析。结果表明,H35/安农8455组合抗赤性受两对主基因 多基因的加性-显性-上位性多基因控制(E-1-0模型),该组合的B1、B2和F2群体抗赤性主基因遗传率为79.14%~93.93%,多基因遗传率为0.32%~16.09%,表明该组合抗赤性是由2对主基因 多基因相互配合控制遗传的。 相似文献
2.
为了研究大麦赤霉病抗性的遗传机制,应用植物数量性状主基因 多基因混合遗传模型对抗赤霉病大麦品种盐96157与感病品种浙97-23构建的六家系群体(P1、F1、P2、B1、B2、F2)的赤霉病抗性进行了多世代联合分析.结果表明,盐96157×浙97-23组合赤霉病抗性受两对加性-显性-上位性主基因 加性-显性-上位性多基因(E模型)控制,B1、B2和F2群体赤霉病抗性主基因的遗传率分别为44.67%、68.01%和83.87%,多基因遗传率为3.53%～20.23%,环境方差占总方差的10.26%～51.80%,说明大麦赤霉病抗性的表达受基因型和环境双重影响,主效基因的存在意味着可通过杂交育种将盐96157大麦的抗性基因向其他栽培品种中转移. 相似文献
3.
赤霉病是小麦的一种灾难性病害。为了发掘抗赤霉病基因,对小麦品种望水白×南大2419的F2群体及其重组自交系群体进行了赤霉病表型鉴定,并根据F2抗性表型分别配制抗病池和感病池,用RAPD方法筛选与抗赤霉病基因连锁的候选标记。通过F2代选择基因型分析,发现S1021与抗赤霉病性有关。利用重组自交系群体证实了上述结果。这一标记在重组自交系中解释了8 %以上的表型变异。为了便于该基因在育种中的应用,将该RAPD标记转化成了SCAR标记并定位于染色体2B。区间作图表明南大2419是这一QTL的供体亲本。本研究表明,将分池法与选择基因型分析相结合,可以利用F2代群体定位效应较小的QTL位点。 相似文献
4.
为了解小麦抗茎腐病的遗传特性,利用数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分离分析方法,结合苏麦3号/白免3号重组自交系群体2008、2009两年的茎腐病抗性鉴定数据,对小麦茎腐病抗性进行了遗传模型分析。结果表明,此群体的小麦茎腐病抗性是由两对主基因+多基因控制的（E16）, 主基因间有加性累加效应,主基因的加性效应为-7.45（2008年）和-6.58（2009年）,两个主基因间的互作效应为11.83（2008年）和10.4（2009年）,互作效应大于加性效应。小麦茎腐病抗性的主基因遗传率中等偏上,为70.88%（2008年）和71.24%（2009年）,多基因遗传率在10%以下。以上结果表明,小麦茎腐病抗性主要是主基因遗传,且遗传率较高,可以通过杂交育种把小麦茎腐病抗性转移到农艺性状优异的品种中去,但在育种中应关注抗性基因间的互作效应,以便选育出优于抗性亲本的材料。 相似文献
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苦瓜枯萎病是尖孢镰刀菌苦瓜专化型引起的真菌病害,探明苦瓜枯萎病的抗性遗传机制对制定抗病育种策略具有现实指导意义。本文以抗枯萎病苦瓜材料 Thai4-6 和感病材料 CN19-1 为亲本配制杂交组合,基于该组合
6 世代遗传群体（P1、P2、F1、F2、BCP1 和 BCP2）,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析枯萎病抗性遗传特性。
数据分析结果表明,该杂交组合的枯萎病抗性呈连续分布,最适模型为 2 对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多
基因遗传模型（E-1）,2 对主基因加性效应值均为–13.85,显性效应值分别是 25.58 和 34.26,主基因遗传率在 BCP1、
BCP2 和 F2 中分别是 86.03%、80.34%和 94.25%,表明该组合枯萎病抗性主要受 2 对主基因控制。环境因素引起的
变异在 3 个分离世代群体中分别占 13.97%、14.06%和 5.75%。本研究可为抗枯萎病苦瓜育种提供理论依据。 相似文献
7.
通过统计苦瓜白粉病的病情指数,研究白粉病抗性的遗传规律。采用主基因+多基因混合遗传分离分析法对抗病品系04-17-3和感病品系25-1杂交组合的P1、P2、F1、F2、B1和B2共6个世代群体抗白粉病遗传进行研究。结果表明：苦瓜对白粉病的抗性遗传符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型（E-1）,抗病对感病为不完全隐性;2对主基因的加性效应值均为-12.00;2对主基因分别具有正向部分显性和正向超显性作用,加性效应值均大于其显性效应值,上位性效应值（i+jab+jba+l）为负值。从遗传率上看,回交世代和F2的主基因的值分别为55.14％、43.56％和95.22％,多基因的值分别为16.10％、26.57％和0,环境变异在4.78％~29.87％间。主基因和多基因共同决定了苦瓜对白粉病的抗性,以主基因遗传为主,同时还受到环境变异的部分影响。在白粉病抗性育种过程中,应注意利用加性效应,选用白粉病抗性基因较多的材料作为亲本,并在早代进行选择,尤其是F2代主基因选择效率最高。 相似文献
8.
以玉米自交系M9916×D472组成的六世代群体为材料,利用六世代数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法,研究玉米茎腐病抗性的遗传机制。结果表明,分离世代的次数频率分布在F2群体中呈近似于抛物线状的正态分布,在B1和B2群体中呈偏正态分布。通过AIC值适合性检验,该性状符合1对加-显主基因+加-显-上位性多基因遗传D模型,主基因加性效应值为5.29,显性效应值为6.79,两者效应值均相对较高,加性与显性效应比率为78%;多基因加性效应值为2.98,明显低于显性效应值6.88,说明显性效应起主导作用。多基因加性互作效应明显,加、显互作上存在一定抑制作用,显性互作效应不明显,加性互作效应在上位性方面起主导作用。回交群体中主基因的遗传率介于39.9%~41.3%,多基因遗传率介于33.8%~36.7%,主基因遗传率相对较高;自交群体中多基因遗传率为53.8%,大于主基因遗传率32.8%,说明在进代过程中主基因遗传率不断下降。在抗茎腐病的育种中,应注重早代抗病材料的选择,对现有重要的感病材料可利用回交方法进行有效改良。 相似文献
9.
大豆对SMV SC-3株系的抗性遗传和QTL分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为研究大豆对SMV抗扩展的遗传机制,以中豆29×中豆32构建的重组自交系群体(RIL)为材料,人工接种SC-3株系。以病情指数为抗性指标,应用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型进行遗传分析,利用复合区间作图法进行QTL定位。结果表明:该RIL群体对SC-3株系的抗性遗传符合B-2-3遗传模型,即抗性由2对等加性主基因控制,加性效应为-9.78,主基因遗传率为97.65%。在3个染色体上检测到3个抗性相关QTL,表型贡献率为10.80%～13.41%。 相似文献
10.
利用主基因 多基因混合遗传模型,对由韭菜青×IR26杂交和自交构建的一个由220个家系组成的重组自交系群体 (F8)的苗期吸氮能力和氮素生理利用率进行了遗传分析。水稻苗期硝态氮吸收能力、铵态氮吸收能力和氮素生理利用率均由两对主基因+多基因模式控制。硝态氮吸收能力的主基因遗传率为6320%,多基因遗传率为20.64%,两对主基因之间有加性和上位性效应;铵态氮吸收能力的主基因遗传率为55.67%,多基因遗传率为0.03%,两对主基因之间具有显性上位性效应;氮素生理利用率的主基因遗传率仅为19.47%,多基因遗传率达67.46%,两对基因之间具有重叠效应。对水稻氮高效利用品种的选育策略进行了讨论。 相似文献
11.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
17.
Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
18.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
19.
Tovar LR Olivos M Gutierrez ME 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2008,63(4):189-194
Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate
present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides
most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but
poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in
central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn. 相似文献
20.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献