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1.
本文以辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠、乳化变性淀粉、麦芽糊、β-环糊精、液体石蜡为壁材料,桉树挥发物?TERPINENE和DL-LIMONENE特定比例的混配液为芯材,制备桉树挥发物微胶囊乳液,研究壁材料不同比例等条件对微胶囊乳液粒度分布及包覆率的影响,并进行了室内缓释试验的研究。获得制备微胶囊乳液的最佳配方,以辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠:乳化变性淀粉-809:明胶:麦芽糊精:β-环糊=15:5:0:3:2为壁材,壁材与芯材比例为10:1,剪切速度为10000 r/min,剪切时间2 min,高压均质压力为20 MPa,均质2 min,二次均质加入10 g液体石蜡,均质压力20 MPa,均质时间4 min。胶囊化的桉树挥发物可延长其挥发时间,缓释时间达30 d以上。  相似文献   

2.
本文以辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠、乳化变性淀粉、麦芽糊精、环糊精等材料为壁材,梨小食心虫性信息素作为芯材,制备梨小食心虫性信息素微胶囊乳液,并以制备的微胶囊乳液于2013年4月底在新疆库尔勒梨园做野外迷向试验,研究该乳液对梨小食心虫迷向防治效果.试验结果表明,梨小食心虫性信息素微胶囊乳液迷向处理后,药用量(性信息素量)45、75、120及75 g/hm2(冷藏一年)4个不同处理的平均迷向率分别为89.00%、95.84%、90.70%、93.56%,差异不显著;4个处理及空白对照的蛀果率分别为1.48%、1.85%、2.22%、1.85%、6.67%;4个处理的防效分别为72.26%、77.81%、66.71%、72.26%.微胶囊的梨小食心虫性信素迷向防治效果可持续约76 d.  相似文献   

3.
烯禾啶微囊粒剂的研制   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
研究了以水为介质的原位聚合法制备以脲醛树脂为壁材的烯禾啶微囊粒剂的加工工艺,讨论了单体量比、芯皮比、缩聚反应介质的终点pH对微胶囊的缓释性、包封率和微胶囊结构的影响。采用高效液相色谱仪测定微胶囊的包封率,用差热-热重分析仪测量烯禾啶微胶囊的芯材缓释性能,用扫描电子显微镜观察微胶囊的结构,结果表明,当单体量比为n(尿素):n(甲醛)=1:2.0,芯皮比为1:1.5,缩聚反应终点pH为3.0,可制得结构紧密、包封率为30.6%、粒径分布均匀且平均粒径在2μm左右的球形缓释性固体微胶囊。  相似文献   

4.
嘧菌酯微囊的制备及其性能表征   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0  
以生物可降解的壳聚糖(CS)和DL-丙交酯为原料,利用开环聚合法合成了可降解的壳聚糖-聚乳酸接枝共聚物(CS-co-PLA),并以其为壁材,以嘧菌酯为芯材,以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为连续相稳定剂,采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备了不同粒径的嘧菌酯微囊,研究了芯壁材质量比、PVA质量分数、油水相比例、剪切速率及时间对微囊形态、粒径及分布、包封率和载药量的影响,测定了典型微囊的缓释性能,探讨了微囊制备工艺条件及粒径调控方法。结果表明:在PVA质量分数为1%,m(嘧菌酯):m(CS-co-PLA)=1∶4~1∶1,V(油相)∶V(水相)=1∶10,剪切乳化时间为5 min时,在3 000~18 000 r/min之间通过调节剪切速率,可制备出形状规则、粒径在280 nm~4.5μm之间并具有良好缓释性能的嘧菌酯微囊;其中剪切速率是影响微囊粒径的主要因素。  相似文献   

5.
为开发持效期长、诱蛾活性高的仿生诱芯,本文对马尾松毛虫性信息素在不同释放载体上的诱捕效果进行了研究.通过林间引诱试验,研究微胶囊不同壁材、不同壁材比例对马尾松毛虫雄蛾诱捕活性的影响.结果表明,以悬浮聚合微胶囊、复合凝聚微胶囊和复合橡胶塞做为诱芯载体时,三者之间的诱蛾活性有明显的差异,诱捕活性:悬浮聚合微胶囊诱芯>复合凝...  相似文献   

6.
冬青油微囊悬浮剂的制备及其杀蚜活性研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
以脲醛树脂为壁材,采用原位聚合法制备了20%冬青油微囊悬浮剂,同时研究了芯/壁材质量比、反应温度、搅拌速率、pH值及乳化分散剂等因素对微胶囊形成的影响,对所制备微胶囊的性能进行了表征,并测定了其缓释性能及其对菊小长管蚜Macrosiphoniella sanborni(Gillette)的田间防治效果。结果表明:当芯、壁材质量比为3:2、添加质量分数为3%的分散剂[30%苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物(SMA)与Tween-80按质量比为1:1混合]酸酐共聚物(SMA)与Tween-80按质量比为1:1混合]、乳化搅拌速率为800 r/min、在120~150 min内将pH值调至2.0,在60~70 ℃下固化反应1 h时,可制备出形貌较好、平均粒径为7 μm左右的冬青油微胶囊。失重法测定结果表明,其缓释性能良好。田间试验结果表明,采用20%冬青油微囊悬浮剂在有效剂量300 g/hm2下进行常量喷雾处理,施药后第11天其对菊小长管蚜的防效仍维持在90%以上,具有较长的持效期。  相似文献   

7.
毒死蜱-聚乳酸微球的制备及其性能评价   总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2  
以毒死蜱为芯材,以生物可降解材料聚乳酸(PLA)为载体(壁材),采用溶剂挥发法制备了毒死蜱缓释微球,考察了芯壁材质量比及聚乳酸浓度对微球质量的影响。结果表明:当聚乳酸浓度增加时,载药量和包封率、粒径均随之增加;当芯壁材质量比减小(由1∶2减小至1∶5)时,微球粒 径、载药量也逐渐减小;包封率在芯壁材质量比为1∶3和1∶4时分别为89.88%±1.67%和90.55%±1.86%;当芯壁材质量比小于1∶2时,微球呈光滑完整的球形。差示扫描量热检测分析证明,毒死蜱和聚乳酸能够有机地结合为一体。表明合适的芯壁材比例和聚乳酸浓度有利于提高制备微球的质量。  相似文献   

8.
研究了分散、乳化条件及成囊工艺对以脲醛树脂为壁材采用原位聚合法制备二甲戊灵微胶囊状态的影响。讨论了不同乳化剂及其配比、不同分散乳化时间、搅拌速度、酸化时间和固化温度对微胶囊包封率、粒径大小及分布情况的影响,最终确定以聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)和苯乙烯-马来酸酐(SMA)按4∶ 1(质量比)混合作乳化剂,1 500 r/min搅拌,分散乳化60 min,酸化90 min,50℃固化90 min作为制备二甲戊灵微胶囊的优化工艺条件。在此条件下可以得到平均粒径10 μm左右、粒度分布均匀的球形微胶囊,包封率在99%以上。  相似文献   

9.
为研制环境友好型和可控释放的蓟马信息化合物新剂型,通过饱和溶液搅拌法制备异烟酸甲酯/α-环糊精微胶囊,采用L9(34)正交试验确定最佳包埋条件,通过红外光谱、X-衍射和扫描电镜对微胶囊结构进行分析,探讨微胶囊的释放动力学,并应用于田间大棚诱集蓟马明确其引诱效果。结果显示,微胶囊最佳包埋条件是温度为40℃、搅拌速率为800 r/min、芯壁质量比为0.3:1.0、反应时间为3 h,该条件下的包埋率为53.16%;制备的微胶囊呈球状结构,分散均匀;微胶囊释放动力学符合Korsmeyer-Peppas模型,其释放机制由Fickian扩散控制。微胶囊诱集瓜蓟马Thrips palmi的平均数量达到475.5只/板,分别是对照和异烟酸甲酯原药诱集数量的2.58倍和1.96倍,,说明微胶囊具有良好的缓释性能、持效期和引诱效果。表明蓟马引诱剂微胶囊化可提高其稳定性和持久性,可用于昆虫信息素缓释载体产品研发。  相似文献   

10.
以甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(以下简称甲维盐)为芯材,以生物可降解材料聚乳酸(PLA)为壁材,采用溶剂挥发法制备了甲维盐缓释微球,分别考察了反应温度、芯壁材质量比、聚乳酸质量浓度对微球形态、粒径、载药量和包封率的影响。结果表明:在聚乳酸质量浓度和芯壁材质量比值固定不变时,温度保持20 ℃,微球的粒径、载药量、包封率均达到最佳;而固定其他条件不变,若增加聚乳酸的质量浓度,则微球的载药量、包封率和粒径也随之增加;当芯壁材质量比由1∶1变化到1∶5时,微球粒径和载药量均逐渐减小,而包封率则在芯壁材质量比为1∶1至1∶4之间逐渐增大,最大值为97.8%。电镜扫描结果显示,当芯壁材质量比在1∶3至1∶5之间时,微球呈现光滑完整的球形。差示扫描量热检测结果显示,甲维盐和聚乳酸能够有机地结合为一体。微球释药性研究表明,甲维盐聚乳酸微球具备明显的缓释性能。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

15.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

16.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

17.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

18.
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

19.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

20.
Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.  相似文献   

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