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1.
桑椹浆瘿蚊(ContariniamorulaeJiangnomennudum)是新发现的一种桑树害虫。属双翅目瘿蚊科。寄生于桑种子里。被害小果比正常果早熟,使桑椹畸形,被害种子的胚珠不能发育,果皮发育形成“假种子”形的危害状。该虫严重影响桑椹,桑籽生产和杂交育种工作。在陕西关中地区,该虫年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在土中结茧越夏越冬,3月底开始化蛹。4月中下旬羽化,成虫发生期与桑树开花期相吻合。5月中旬为老熟幼虫离果入土高峰期。桑椹浆瘿蚊的发生受自然气候的影响非常明显。夏季高温干旱不利于休眠体生存、春季干旱使成虫羽化出土困难、5月份干旱少雨会阻碍… 相似文献
2.
为了高效防控果园李小食心虫, 本文研究了李小食心虫羽化规律、化蛹场所、成虫寿命、产卵习性等生物学特征, 结果表明:在1天之中有40.39%的李小食心虫在上午8:00-12:00羽化, 羽化后第4天成虫开始产卵, 并有2个产卵高峰期, 分别在羽化后第5~6天和第8~9天; 雌成虫平均寿命为8.60~9.08 d, 雄成虫为7.40~8.11 d, 不同营养对成虫寿命无显著影响, 但对产卵量有显著影响, 取食10%蜂蜜水的雌成虫产卵量最高, 平均达51.56粒/雌, 与不取食的雌成虫产卵量有显著性差异; 有83.34%的卵产在果实上, 显著高于在其他部位的产卵量; 产卵后第2天便有幼虫孵化, 第3天的卵孵化率为43.81%, 显著高于其他日龄卵的孵化率; 有47.40%的幼虫在0~3 cm深土壤中化蛹, 显著高于其他场所的化蛹量; 6月之前幼虫没有滞育现象, 7月上旬有53.58%的幼虫进入滞育。 相似文献
3.
利用人工卵赤眼蜂蛹规模化饲养七星瓢虫的可行性研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用人工卵赤眼蜂蛹规模化饲养七星瓢虫的结果表明：（1）人工卵赤眼蜂蛹基本上能满足七星瓢虫幼虫的生长发育，并能正常羽化，但发育历期延长2.7d，蛹重降低；（2）成虫取食人工卵赤眼蜂蛹后，产卵前期、产卵期、总产卵量分别为12.3d、45.6d和1589.7粒，与蚜虫对照组差异显著。（3）用人工卵赤眼蜂蛹连续饲养七星瓢虫至6代时，生殖力有明显退化。（4）幼虫期饲喂人工卵赤眼蜂蛹、成虫期饲喂蚜虫与幼虫期及成虫期均用蚜虫饲喂的七星瓢虫具有相似的生殖力。（5）用人工卵赤眼蜂蛹饲养成虫，添加取食刺激剂（5%的蔗糖 0.1%橄榄油）后，其生殖力接近用蚜虫饲养的水平。综上所述，人工卵赤眼蜂蛹可满足幼虫的生长育，但对成虫的生殖力有一定影响；连代饲养后出现退化现象，这些影响主要是成虫产卵前期的营养得不到满足，可通过在成虫期添加取食刺激剂或成虫产卵前期改喂蚜虫解决。 相似文献
4.
氟铃脲对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊不同虫态的致毒特点及毒力 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为明确氟铃脲对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊不同虫态的致毒特点及毒力,采用胃毒触杀联合毒力法、药液定量滴加法及药膜法分别对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫进行了生物测定。结果表明,经氟铃脲处理的0.5~1、1.5~2和2.5~3日龄韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵至孵化24 h后,LC_(50)依次为2.27、1.60和0.64 mg/L,对1.5~3日龄卵的毒力高于对0.5~1日龄卵;经氟铃脲处理的2日龄卵、2龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、1日龄和3日龄蛹至羽化时LC_(50)分别为0.06、0.30、0.34、24.05和27.42 mg/L,毒力程度随韭菜迟眼蕈蚊发育而逐步下降;对蛹和成虫毒力较低,100 mg/L氟铃脲染毒1、3日龄蛹的羽化率分别高于10%和20%;药膜法100、1 000 mg/L氟铃脲处理成虫24 h,校正死亡率低于20%。研究表明,氟铃脲对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊各虫态的生长发育均有不利影响,抑制卵的孵化并导致初孵幼虫存活率降低;对幼虫毒杀作用较慢,对蛹及成虫阶段毒力较低。 相似文献
5.
柽柳柽瘿蚊的生物学特性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
报道了在新疆柽柳上造成虫瘿的齿腿柽瘿蚊、毛尾柽瘿蚊、土库曼柽瘿蚊和害柽瘿蚊。对4种柽瘿蚊分布、寄主植物、生活史、行为及对寄主植物的选择性等生物学特性进行了观察。4种瘿蚊造成柽柳枝条形成性状各异的虫瘿，多一室一虫。齿腿柽瘿蚊在新疆乌鲁木齐市一年4代，毛尾柽瘿蚊在新疆阜康一年1代，均以老熟幼虫在虫瘿中越冬；在室内养虫盒和罩笼中，齿腿柽瘿蚊平均产卵42粒，害柽瘿蚊平均产卵56粒，卵多单产。寄生齿腿柽瘿蚊、毛尾柽瘿蚊的寄生蜂均分别有姬小蜂科和金小蜂科各1种。寄生蜂对齿腿柽瘿蚊越冬代的寄生率为38．5％，第1代蛹末期为58．0％，第2代蛹末期为91．3％，第3代蛹末期为3．6％；对毛尾柽瘿蚊蛹期寄生率为58．8％。接种卵试验表明，齿腿柽瘿蚊可以在采自美国的盆栽多枝柽柳上成功地取食、造成虫瘿，但不能在盆栽杨树和柳树上取食、存活。 相似文献
6.
菊瘿蚊的发生与防治 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
菊瘿蚊属双翅目瘿蚊科,主要危害早菊品种。该虫在国外文献中曾有记载,国内较少报道,仅北京市园林局在北京发现此虫。2000年春季我们在本院花卉基地及宜昌枝江市的菊花上也发现了此虫,为了防止菊瘿蚊蔓延,现将我们初步调查与防治结果报道如下。 1 菊瘿蚊的形态特征及发生特点 菊瘿蚊虫体较小,田间不易观察,须在室内养虫盒中观察。成虫体小如蚊,翅一对,膜质透明,后翅退化为匙状的平衡棒。虫体全身披黑褐色细毛,触角每节有反射状刚毛,足细长,雌虫腹末有一针状产卵器,雄虫腹末较细,未端圆形。卵椭圆形。幼虫无足、蛆状。初孵时乳白色,渐变浅黄色,老熟时为桔红色,蛹纺锤型、略弯曲,初蛹为淡红色,渐变为鲜红色,近羽化时为赤红色。 据观察菊瘿蚊在宜昌当年幼虫危害的高峰期为3月中旬～4月上旬,此时在菊花的嫩叶、叶腋枝梗等处出现大量的瘿瘤,害状明显,极易识别。4月中旬～4月下旬为化蛹盛期,4月底～5 月初为成虫羽化盛期。成虫羽化后,产卵于叶片等组织中,经3～4 d后幼虫孵出,开始为害叶片,分泌唾液,刺激组织而长出近圆型的虫瘿,为害严重时整株菊花的顶芽、叶片、叶腋枝梗均长满瘿瘤,导致菊花生长受阻,不能正常开花。 相似文献
7.
为明确鸡粪沼液"新壮态"对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防控效果,于室内测定了其对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵和不同龄期幼虫的毒力,研究了其对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫产卵和幼虫取食的驱避效果,并进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,"新壮态"0倍稀释液对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵有杀灭作用,死亡率达54.76%;对2~4龄幼虫均无直接毒杀作用;对雌成虫产卵和幼虫取食均有明显的驱避活性,对雌成虫产卵驱避率为74.75%,处理5 min后对幼虫的选择性和非选择性驱避率分别为78.62%和45.60%。田间药效试验表明,鸡粪沼液"新壮态"对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊有一定的控制作用,并明显增加韭菜产量。 相似文献
8.
为了明确韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫(韭蛆)取食不同寄主植物对其生长发育的影响,并试图从其体内保护酶活力的差异分析不同寄主植物对其生长发育造成影响的原因。选取4种寄主植物(韭菜、生菜、大葱和马铃薯)饲养韭蛆,统计不同寄主条件下韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵、幼虫、蛹的发育历期和繁殖力,并分别测定不同寄主饲养后韭蛆的三大保护酶系(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD))的活性。结果表明:韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫取食生菜后下一代的卵期(3.23d)最长,幼虫期(23.83d)最短;与取食韭菜的下一代的卵期(3.05d)和幼虫期(24.16d)差异显著。取食大葱的发育期(卵期+幼虫期+蛹期)合计最长(31.91d),与取食生菜的差异显著(30.96d),但与取食马铃薯和韭菜的差异不显著,后两者分别为31.87d和31.64d。与取食其他3种寄主的韭蛆相比,取食韭菜的成虫(雌和雄)寿命最长,产卵量最多。取食马铃薯的韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫的SOD活力最低,取食其他寄主的SOD活力之间差异不显著。取食大葱的幼虫POD活力最高,其次是取食韭菜的。取食韭菜的幼虫CAT活力最高,显著高于取食其他寄主。因此,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的生长发育与寄主植物有一定的关联,寄主植物不同,韭蛆体内保护酶系的活力也不尽相同。 相似文献
9.
为绿色安全防控枸杞红瘿蚊Jaapiella sp.,于2016—2018年自宁夏回族自治区中宁县新堡镇宋营村枸杞种植基地枸杞上采集枸杞红瘿蚊,对其各虫态的形态特征、生活习性和成虫寿命等生物学特性进行室内观察,并对其年生活史及年发生规律进行田间调查。结果表明:枸杞红瘿蚊成虫羽化高度集中,羽化后的雌成虫不需要补充营养,便可立即求偶、交尾和产卵,孵化后幼虫取食子房,致使花蕾畸形膨大形成虫瘿,幼虫老熟后脱离虫瘿并弹跳入土结茧化蛹。成虫寿命极短,已交尾的雌、雄成虫平均寿命分别为41.8 h和38.3 h;未交尾的雌、雄成虫平均寿命分别为28.5 h和16.6 h。枸杞红瘿蚊每年发生6代,以老熟幼虫在地表土层中越冬,每年4月中旬至9月下旬为其为害期,其中第1代、第2代和第6代幼虫为害严重。枸杞红瘿蚊成虫发生高峰期有2个,分别为4—6月和9月。从4月枸杞红瘿蚊越冬代成虫陆续羽化开始,其成虫数量不断增长,4月和5月成虫数量分别为121头和167头,6月达到第1个高峰,为282头,随着枸杞秋枝萌发,9月枸杞红瘿蚊成虫数量又明显增多,达到第2个高峰,为117头。2017年4—10月从田间共收集788头成虫,雌成虫数量为420头,略高于雄成虫数量,雌雄比介于1.11～1.19之间。 相似文献
10.
广肩小蜂Eurytoma sp.是花椒波瘿蚊Asphondylia zanthoxyli bu & Zheng的重要寄生天敌.广肩小蜂1年发生3代,以蛹在花椒波瘿蚊为害形成的虫瘿内越冬.第2年花椒发芽后在4月中旬越冬代成虫羽化;第1代成虫6月上旬羽化;第2代成虫8月上旬羽化.成虫产卵于花椒波瘿蚊幼虫为害后形成的虫瘿内;孵化后外寄生于花椒波瘿蚊幼虫,将寄主幼虫吃光后化蛹.越冬代寄生率达48.39%,第2年花椒发芽前剪除虫瘿枝可有效保护广肩小蜂种群数量. 相似文献
11.
Julien Sérandour Patrick Ravanel Michel Tissut Guy Lempérière Muriel Raveton 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2011,101(2):65-70
Coquillettidia mosquitoes are not efficiently controlled by the conventional chemical practices which are known to be satisfactory against the larvae of other mosquito species. A research project was undertaken to conceive a new management strategy using plants as pesticide vectors to reach the Coquillettidia aquatic larvae. Therefore, larval mortality was measured in the presence of plants treated with phloem-translocated pesticides. The herbicide glyphosate at sub-lethal concentrations induced root epidermal cell lyses in maize plantlets cultivated in aqueous media, which clearly decreased larval fixation. Therefore, such herbicide strategy might operate through disturbing the larval physiological activities depending on fixation. The dimethoate insecticide did not affect root viability but at low concentrations seemed to disturb the plant–insect interactions. Larvae showed a lower attraction for roots and a considerable decrease in the root fixation rate. These larval behavior modifications were sufficient to induce mortality, probably due to a lack of fixation on plant roots. The effectiveness of plant foliar treatment with glyphosate or dimethoate under laboratory conditions suggested that it might be the basis for an efficient control strategy for Coquillettidia larvae and mosquitoes having the same living conditions in ponds and for which fixation on macrophyte roots is an absolute requirement (e.g.Mansonia, Mimomyia). 相似文献
12.
The pyralid Mussidia nigrivenella, a pest of cotton, maize and Phaseolus bean in West Africa, has never been reported as a crop pest in East and Southern Africa, although reportedly it exists in
the wild. It is hypothesized that the difference in pest status of M. nigrivenella between western and eastern Africa was either due to differences in natural enemy compositions or that there exist several
populations and/or species of Mussidia, which vary in their host plant range. Thus, a catalogue of parasitoids of Mussidia spp. was established through surveys in mid-altitude and coastal Kenya, between 2006 and 2007. Mussidia spp. eggs, larvae and pupae were collected from fruits of plants known to host Mussidia spp. and were examined for parasitoid-related mortality. The trichogrammatid Trichogrammatoidea sp. nr. lutea was obtained from eggs of Mussidia fiorii. A braconid egg-larval parasitoid, Phanerotoma sp., was reared from the larvae of unknown species of Mussidia (which we are referring to as Mussidia “madagascariensis”, Mussidia “quanzensis”) and M. fiorii, while the bethylid Goniozus sp. and the braconid Apanteles sp. were obtained from Mussidia nr. nigrivenella. Moreover, the ichneumonid larval parasitoid Syzeuctus sp. was obtained from M. fiorii, while the tachinid Leskia sp. was obtained from Mussidia “madagascariensis”. Overall, mortality caused by parasitoids was negligible; hence they were not considered key mortality
factors in the population dynamics of the Mussidia spp. in Kenya. 相似文献
13.
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), the sweetpotato whitefly, has only one known entomophthoralean pathogen,Erynia radicans (Entomophthoraceae). Two new pathogens have been isolated recently from a glasshouse population of this pest:Conidiobolus coronatus and another, undescribed species ofConidiobolus (Entomophthorales: Ancylistaceae). Artificial inoculation experiments revealed that eggs ofB. tabaci are practically immune to infection by either species. Second-instar larvae are highly resistant, only high doses of conidia
causing between <1% and 4.6% mortality. Adults were found to be much more susceptible. Doses of 60 conidia/mm2 ofC. coronatus caused average mortalities ofca 95%. The maximum mortality of adults caused byConidiobolus sp. was much lower,ca 30%, at a dose of 210 conidia/mm2. The incubation period (inoculation to death) for both species, under our experimental conditions, is very short: 18–24 h
forC. coronatus and 30 h forConidiobolus sp. Both fungi produced loricoconidia (conidia metamorphosed into resting spores) on cotton leaves and other dry surfaces.
This ability allowedConidiobolus sp. to remain viable for 17–21 days on cotton leaves, in glasshouse conditions and in the absence of hosts, whileC. coronatus persisted for 10–14 days. 相似文献
14.
Avi Eitam 《Phytoparasitica》2001,29(5):405-412
Parasierola swirskiana Argaman (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is a parasitoid of the mothBatrachedra amydraula Meyrick, a pest of unripe fruits of the date palm,Phoenix dactylifera L. The parasitoid is most commonly found in the field on second-generation host ,larvae. Its biological characteristics were
studied in the laboratory. Adult longevity averaged 34.9 and 20.5 days for females and males, respectively. Clutch size ranged
between 1 and 13 eggs per host, and was positively correlated with host weight. Females laid an average of 60.4 eggs on 11.6
hosts, with a maximum of 152 eggs on 29 hosts in 53 days. Parasitoids were observed standing motionless upon 52% of the paralyzed
hosts, and active brood defense was occasionally observed. Immature development is described. Total development time from
egg to adult averaged 13.6 days at 26 ± 2°C and 30-50% r.h. The potential for utilizingP. swirskiana for biological control ofB. amydraula is discussed. 相似文献
15.
江浙野桑蚕寄生性天敌调查及群落结构分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
野桑蚕是重要的桑树害虫。作者于1985—1990年在江浙主要蚕区,进行野外采集、室内饲养其卵、幼虫、蛹共达43万余个体的寄生性天敌调查。调查中共得6种原寄生灭敌,它们是:野蚕黑卵蜂、野蚕平腹小蜂、野蚕绒茧蜂、广大腿小蜂、野蚕黑瘤姬蜂和家蚕追寄蝇。卵块寄生率0—92.22%,卵粒寄生率0—56.73%,幼虫寄生率0—77.36%,蛹寄生率0—19.57%。各寄生天敌比较,以野蚕绒茧蜂和野蚕黑卵蜂最为重要,其中后者更有应用前景。此外,并对野桑蚕寄生天敌群落结构的多样性、相似性作了分析。 相似文献
16.
为了对栗苞蚜Moritziella castaneivora Miyazaki进行有效监控,控制其蔓延及制定合理的防治策略,通过林间调查及室内观察研究栗苞蚜对日本栗的为害、主要生活习性和天敌对其捕食行为。结果表明,栗苞蚜对银寄和筑波为害炸苞率分别达(7.4±6.0)%和(8.6±5.5)%;4龄若蚜的耐饥力强于成蚜,二者离开寄主20 h后可分别存活50%和13%,且1龄若蚜迁移力明显强于成蚜;栗苞蚜卵在20:00的孵化率明显高于8:00和14:00。龟纹瓢虫、黑襟毛瓢虫、七星瓢虫和草蛉对栗苞蚜卵具有较强的捕食能力,龟纹瓢虫平均捕食栗苞蚜卵量约为43粒/h,平均取食1个卵为10.1 s,搜寻速率为8.5粒/min。此外,研究表明初春施用石硫合剂可有效减少虫口基数,防止当年栗苞蚜大发生。 相似文献
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BACKGROUND: Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) has become a very important non‐traditional tree crop in Ghana. The crop is, however, attacked by sap‐sucking insects, particularly the mosquito bug, Helopeltis schoutedeni Reuter, the leaf‐footed bug, Pseudotheraptus devastans (Dist.), and the coreid bug, Anoplocnemis curvipes (F.), which feed on shoots, panicles and fruits. Their damage is characterised by withering of the latter. In Ghana, Oecophylla longinoda Latr. occurs in large numbers on cashew and other native plants, but little is known about its relationship with insect pests. The relationship between O. longinoda and shoot and panicle damage by sap‐sucking bugs and the effectiveness of O. longinoda as a biocontrol agent in the protection of cashew as compared with two chemical insecticides, lambda‐cyhalothrin (Karate®) and cypermethrin + dimethoate (Cyperdim®), were therefore investigated at Bole in the northern region of Ghana. RESULTS: There was a negative correlation between numbers of O. longinoda nests and pest damage. Trees treated with cypermethrin + dimethoate (969 mg AI mL?1 tree?1) and lambda‐cyhalothrin (100 mg AI mL?1 tree?1) recorded the smallest bug numbers, followed by O. longinoda. Trees infested by Oecophylla longinoda and trees treated with cypermethrin + dimethoate and with lambda‐cyhalothrin had less than 6% pest damage to shoots, panicles and fruits, while water‐sprayed trees recorded damage as high as 36.8% (shoots) in February, 32.9% (panicles) in February and 37.8% (fruits) in March. Cypermethrin + dimethoate again recorded the highest (485.0 kg ha?1) nut yield, followed by O. longinoda (431.0 kg ha?1), with water recording the lowest (93.0 kg ha?1) nut yield. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that O. longinoda can be used to control some sucking bugs as effectively as some insecticides. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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为明确橘小实蝇寄主偏好性机理,2018年于广西番石榴主产区测定橘小实蝇对14种不同寄主果实的产卵选择性、对嗜好寄主不同生育期果实的产卵选择性及嗜好寄主不同生育期的果实硬度、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量,并对果实硬度、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量与橘小实蝇产卵率的相关性进行分析。结果表明,广西番石榴主产区不同月份均有多种不同种类的橘小实蝇潜在寄主果实成熟,但橘小实蝇偏好在台湾珍珠番石榴和西瓜红番石榴上产卵,产卵率分别为43.98%和39.43%,且对两者产卵无显著偏好性;橘小实蝇偏好在这2个番石榴品种的成熟期果实上产卵,产卵率分别为48.01%和44.84%,膨大期次之,产卵率分别为40.75%和41.75%。台湾珍珠番石榴成熟期果实硬度和可溶性蛋白含量均最低,分别为3.18 kg/cm2和0.10 mg/g,均显著低于其他2个生育期;台湾珍珠番石榴成熟期果实可溶性糖含量为32.72%,显著高于其他2个生育期。西瓜红番石榴3个生育期果实硬度、可溶性蛋白含量和可溶性糖含量的变化规律与台湾珍珠番石榴一致。橘小实蝇在台湾珍珠番石榴和西瓜红番石榴果实上的产卵率与果实硬度和可溶性蛋白含量呈负相关,... 相似文献
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为有效防控黏虫Mythimna separata,选用灭多威、苦参·印楝素、苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis、甲维盐和高效氯氟氰菊酯5种药剂对其卵进行室内触杀试验,比较这5种药剂对黏虫卵和初孵幼虫的触杀效果及对卵的毒力,测定不同药剂处理后黏虫卵初孵幼虫存活率、发育历期、化蛹率、蛹重和羽化率;并通过冷冻切片技术观察不同药剂处理后黏虫卵的外部形态和胚胎发育情况。室内触杀试验结果表明,苦参·印楝素浓度大于0.1 mg/L时,对产后不同时间黏虫卵的校正死亡率介于42.89%～97.34%之间,苏云金芽胞杆菌浓度为0.01 mg/L时对产后72 h黏虫卵的校正死亡率已达71.99%;各浓度苦参·印楝素和苏云金芽胞杆菌处理产后24、48和72 h黏虫卵后,其初孵幼虫校正死亡率介于39.02%～83.59%之间。苦参·印楝素对产后24、48 h黏虫卵的毒力最大,致死中浓度LC_(50)分别为0.018、0.109 mg/L;苏云金芽胞杆菌对产后72 h黏虫卵的毒力最大,LC_(50)为0.004 mg/L。黏虫卵经5种药剂处理后,幼虫化蛹率、蛹重和羽化率分别介于91.07%～93.64%、0.272～0.284 g和86.60%～87.78%之间,与对照差异不显著,幼虫存活率较对照显著下降43.02%～60.27%,幼虫发育历期较对照延长0.23～0.88 d,其中灭多威、苦参·印楝素、苏云金芽胞杆菌处理的幼虫发育历期较对照显著延长。苦参·印楝素、苏云金芽胞杆菌使胚胎无法形成正常胚带,同时会使已发育的虫体出现蜷缩、腹部皱缩;高效氯氟氰菊酯会延缓胚胎发育时间,使已形成的虫体畸形或使其肠道断裂;甲维盐影响虫体对营养物质的吸收,造成虫体萎缩,使其不能正常孵化。在黏虫卵防治中推荐使用苏云金芽胞杆菌和苦参·印楝素。 相似文献