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1.
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) cases without documented contact with another human MERS‐CoV case make up 61% (517/853) of all reported cases. These primary cases are of particular interest for understanding the source(s) and route(s) of transmission and for designing long‐term disease control measures. Dromedary camels are the only animal species for which there is convincing evidence that it is a host species for MERS‐CoV and hence a potential source of human infections. However, only a small proportion of the primary cases have reported contact with camels. Other possible sources and vehicles of infection include food‐borne transmission through consumption of unpasteurized camel milk and raw meat, medicinal use of camel urine and zoonotic transmission from other species. There are critical knowledge gaps around this new disease which can only be closed through traditional field epidemiological investigations and studies designed to test hypothesis regarding sources of infection and risk factors for disease. Since the 1960s, there has been a radical change in dromedary camel farming practices in the Arabian Peninsula with an intensification of the production and a concentration of the production around cities. It is possible that the recent intensification of camel herding in the Arabian Peninsula has increased the virus' reproductive number and attack rate in camel herds while the ‘urbanization’ of camel herding increased the frequency of zoonotic ‘spillover’ infections from camels to humans. It is reasonable to assume, although difficult to measure, that the sensitivity of public health surveillance to detect previously unknown diseases is lower in East Africa than in Saudi Arabia and that sporadic human cases may have gone undetected there.  相似文献   

2.
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, MERS‐CoV, was identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012, and as of January 29, 2018, there were 2,123 laboratory‐confirmed MERS‐CoV cases reported to WHO (WHO, 2018, https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/ ). Multiple studies suggest that dromedary camels are a source for human MERS‐CoV infection. MERS‐CoV‐specific antibodies have been detected in the serum of dromedary camels across Northern Africa and across the Arabian Peninsula. Israel's geographic location places Israel at risk for MERS‐CoV infection. To date, MERS‐CoV‐related illness has not been reported and the burden of MERS‐CoV infection in the Israeli population is unknown. The seroprevalence of MERS‐CoV‐specific antibodies in Israeli dromedary camels is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of MERS‐CoV seropositivity in dromedary camels in Israel. The prevalence of MERS‐CoV antibodies in Israeli camels was examined in 71 camel sera collected from four farms across Israel by MERS‐CoV‐specific microneutralization (Mnt) assay and confirmed by MERS‐CoV‐specific immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Although this study cannot rule out potential antibody cross‐reactivity by IFA, the presence of bovine coronavirus‐specific antibodies do not appear to impact detection of MERS‐CoV antibodies by Mnt. MERS‐CoV neutralizing antibodies were detectable in 51 (71.8%) camel sera, and no association was observed between the presence of neutralizing antibodies and camel age or gender. These findings extend the known range of MERS‐CoV circulation in Middle Eastern camels. The high rate of MERS‐CoV‐specific antibody seropositivity in dromedary camels in the absence of any reported human MERS cases suggests that there is still much to be learned about the dynamics of camel‐to‐human transmission of MERS‐CoV.  相似文献   

3.
Dromedary camels are implicated as reservoirs for the zoonotic transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) with the respiratory route thought to be the main mode of transmission. Knowledge and practices regarding MERS among herders, traders and slaughterhouse workers were assessed at Athi‐River slaughterhouse, Kenya. Questionnaires were administered, and a check list was used to collect information on hygiene practices among slaughterhouse workers. Of 22 persons, all washed hands after handling camels, 82% wore gumboots, and 65% wore overalls/dustcoats. None of the workers wore gloves or facemasks during slaughter processes. Fourteen percent reported drinking raw camel milk; 90% were aware of zoonotic diseases with most reporting common ways of transmission as: eating improperly cooked meat (90%), drinking raw milk (68%) and slaughter processes (50%). Sixteen (73%) were unaware of MERS‐CoV. Use of personal protective clothing to prevent direct contact with discharges and aerosols was lacking. Although few people working with camels were interviewed, those met at this centralized slaughterhouse lacked knowledge about MERS‐CoV but were aware of zoonotic diseases and their transmission. These findings highlight need to disseminate information about MERS‐CoV and enhance hygiene and biosafety practices among camel slaughterhouse workers to reduce opportunities for potential virus transmission.  相似文献   

4.
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) is an emerging zoonotic disease. Exposure to dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries) has been consistently considered the main source of primary human infection. Although Saudi Arabia reports the highest rate of human MERS‐CoV infection and has one of the largest populations of dromedary camels worldwide, their spatial association has not yet been investigated. Thus, this study aimed to examine the correlation between the spatial distribution of primary MERS‐CoV cases with or without a history of camel exposure reported between 2012 and 2019 and dromedary camels at the provincial level in Saudi Arabia. In most provinces, a high proportion of older men develop infections after exposure to camels. Primary human infections during spring and winter were highest in provinces characterized by seasonal breeding and calving, increased camel mobilization and camel–human interactions. A strong and significant association was found between the total number of dromedary camels and the numbers of primary camel‐exposed and non‐exposed MERS‐CoV cases. Furthermore, spatial correlations between MERS‐CoV cases and camel sex, age and dairy status were significant. Via a cluster analysis, we identified Riyadh, Makkah and Eastern provinces as having the most primary MERS‐CoV cases and the highest number of camels. Transmission of MERS‐CoV from camels to humans occurs in most primary cases, but there is still a high proportion of primary infections with an ambiguous link to camels. The results from this study include significant correlations between primary MERS‐CoV cases and camel populations in all provinces, regardless of camel exposure history. This supports the hypothesis of the role of an asymptomatic human carrier or, less likely, an unknown animal host that has direct contact with both infected camels and humans. In this study, we performed a preliminary risk assessment of prioritization measures to control the transmission of infection from camels to humans.  相似文献   

5.
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen discovered in 2012. The purpose of this scoping review was to summarize the empirical evidence for MERS‐CoV in animals in order to map knowledge gaps and to extract data for modelling disease transmission in dromedary camels. A review protocol was developed a priori, and a systematic search, data extraction and summary were conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley framework. Ninety‐nine publications were identified for full review out of 1,368 unique records. Of these publications, 71 were articles in scientific journals. Ninety of the studies were observational and the remaining nine were experimental. We summarize characteristics of animal studies including study design, study population and outcomes of interest for future transmission modelling in the reservoir population. The majority of field studies reported measures of prevalence, while experimental studies provided estimates of transmission parameters that pertain to the natural course of disease.  相似文献   

6.
Bats have been demonstrated to be natural reservoirs of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) CoV. Faecal samples from 248 individuals of 20 bat species were tested for partial RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase gene of CoV and 57 faecal samples from eight bat species were tested positive. The highest detection rate of 44% for Scotophilus kuhlii, followed by 30% for Rhinolophus monoceros. Significantly higher detection rates of coronaviral RNA were found in female bats and Scotophilus kuhlii roosting in palm trees. Phylogenetic analysis classified the positive samples into SARS‐related (SARSr) CoV, Scotophilus bat CoV 512 close to those from China and Philippines, and Miniopterus bat CoV 1A‐related lineages. Coronaviral RNA was also detected in bat guano from Scotophilus kuhlii and Myotis formosus flavus on the ground and had potential risk for human exposure. Diverse bat CoV with zoonotic potential could be introduced by migratory bats and maintained in the endemic bat population in Taiwan.  相似文献   

7.
Feline- and canine-derived coronaviruses (FCoVs and CCoVs) are widespread among dog and cat populations. This study was to understand the route of disease origin and viral transmission in veterinary animals and in human through comparative pan-genomic analysis of coronavirus sequences, especially retrieved from genomes of FCoV and CCoV. Average nucleotide identity based on complete genomes might clustered CoV strains according to their infected host, with an exception of type II of CCoV (accession number KC175339) that was clustered closely to virulent FCoVs. In contrast, the hierarchical clustering based on gene repertories retrieved from pan-genome analysis might divided the examined coronaviruses into host-independent clusters, and formed obviously the cluster of Alphacoronaviruses into sub-clusters of feline–canine, only feline, feline–canine–human coronavirus. Also, functional analysis of genomic subsets might help to divide FCoV and CCoV pan-genomes into (i) clusters of core genes encoding spike, membrane, nucleocapsid proteins, and ORF1ab polyprotein; (ii) clusters of core-like genes encoding nonstructural proteins; (iii) clusters of accessory genes encoding the ORF1A; and (iv) two singleton genes encoding nonstructural protein and polyprotein 1ab. Seven clusters of gene repertories were categorized as common to the FCoV and/or CCoV genomes including pantropic and high virulent strains, illustrating that distinct core-like genes/accessory genes concerning to their pathogenicity should be exploited in further biotype analysis of new isolate. In conclusion, the phylogenomic analyses have allowed the identification of trends in the viral genomic data, especially in developing a specific control measures against coronavirus disease, such as the selection of good markers for differentiating new species from common and/or pantropic isolates.  相似文献   

8.
The emergence of human severe acute respiratory syndrome incited renewed interest in animal coronaviruses (CoVs) as potential agents of direct and indirect zoonoses. The reinforced epidemiological surveillance on CoVs has led to the identification of new viruses, genotypes, pathotypes and host variants in animals and humans. In dogs, a CoV associated with mild enteritis, canine coronavirus (CCoV), has been known since 1970s. CoV strains with different biological and genetic properties with respect to classical CCoV strains have been identified in dogs in the last few years, leading to a full reconsideration of the CoV-induced canine diseases. The genetic evolution of dog CoVs is paradigmatic of how CoVs evolve through accumulation of point mutations, insertions or deletions in the viral genome, that led to the emergence of new genotypes (CCoV type I), biotypes (pantropic CCoV) and host variants (canine respiratory coronavirus). This paper is a review of the current literature on the recent genetic evolution of CCoV and emergence of new CoVs in the dog. The significances of the newly acquired information for the canine health status and prophylaxis programmes are also discussed.  相似文献   

9.
Bats are hosts of diverse coronaviruses (CoVs) known to potentially cross the host–species barrier. For analysing coronavirus diversity in a bat species‐rich country, a total of 421 anal swabs/faecal samples from Costa Rican bats were screened for CoV RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene sequences by a pancoronavirus PCR. Six families, 24 genera and 41 species of bats were analysed. The detection rate for CoV was 1%. Individuals (n = 4) from four different species of frugivorous (Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia perspicillata and Carollia castanea) and nectivorous (Glossophaga soricina) bats were positive for coronavirus‐derived nucleic acids. Analysis of 440 nt. RdRp sequences allocated all Costa Rican bat CoVs to the α‐CoV group. Several CoVs sequences clustered near previously described CoVs from the same species of bat, but were phylogenetically distant from the human CoV sequences identified to date, suggesting no recent spillover events. The Glossophaga soricina CoV sequence is sufficiently dissimilar (26% homology to the closest known bat CoVs) to represent a unique coronavirus not clustering near other CoVs found in the same bat species so far, implying an even higher CoV diversity than previously suspected.  相似文献   

10.
The zoonotic introduction of an animal pathogen into the human population and the subsequent extension or alteration of its host range leading to the successful maintenance of the corresponding pathogen by human‐to‐human transmission pose a serious risk for world‐wide health care. Such a scenario occurred for instance by the introduction of simian immunodeficiency viruses into the human population resulting in the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and the subsequent AIDS pandemic or the proposed recent host range switch of the SARS coronavirus from a presently unknown animal species to humans. The occurrence of zoonotic transmissions of animal viruses to humans is a permanent threat to human health and is even increased by changes in the human lifestyle. In this review, the potential of the zoonotic transmission of bovine, feline and equine foamy retroviruses will be discussed in the light of well‐documented cases of zoonotic transmissions of different simian foamy viruses to humans.  相似文献   

11.
Due to the expansion of the international trade with food, there is a great and increasing danger of transmitting zoonotic agents with these foods over long distances from one region to another. However, in concrete cases it is difficult to determine which zoonotic agents are transmitted through which foodstuffs and how great the emergency is. The worldwide distribution of most of these agents, the easing up of import controls for goods coming from certain export countries, and the abstinence from evaluating epidemiological data in cases of detection of agents in foods are responsible for this. Merely, the transmission path of Vibrio spp. (V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus) can be significantly traced from the East Asian countries to Europe via fish products.  相似文献   

12.
目的 获得全球范围内人兽共患病及其病原微生物研究现状和热点变化趋势信息,为我国人兽共患病的防控提供参考。方法 利用COOC 12.6和Citespace 5.8 R1软件对Pubmed数据库中的人兽共患病及其病原微生物相关的关键词进行了频次统计、共现分析、聚类分析、时间线分析和突现词分析。结果 根据Pubmed数据库中 2001—2021年关键词频次统计和共现分析结果,国际关注度较高的人兽共患病及其病原微生物有以下3类:第1类为常见的人兽共患病病原,包括布鲁菌（Brucella）、戊型肝炎病毒（hepatitis E virus）、链球菌（Streptococcus）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）和沙门菌（Salmonella）等,需要持续关注;第2类为近些年在国际上被广泛关注的人兽共患病病原,如新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）和甲型流感病毒（influenza A virus）等,需要更为深入研究,以尽早控制这些病原的扩散;第3类为在国外特定地区曾大规模出现的人兽共患病,如Q热（Q fever）和中东呼吸综合征（middle east respiratory syndrome,MERS）等,应当重点关注其输入性风险,避免这些疾病在我国暴发。除疾病和病原微生物外,与检测和诊断相关的关键词,如系统发育（phylogeny）和聚合酶链式反应（PCR）等关键词的关注度也较高。聚类分析生成了10个聚类,蜱媒传染病大类提示蜱虫在人兽共患病传播中的作用。时间线和突现词分析结果显示,在病原微生物中,对甲型流感病毒以及新型冠状病毒等的关注度还在逐渐增加。同时,病原微生物检测技术正在从特定序列检测向全基因组学检测技术发展,这些领域极有可能是今后的研究方向和趋势。结论 结果提示,人们对人兽共患病及其病原微生物研究的关注度越来越高,人兽共患病病原微生物检测技术正在发生更新和迭代。我国应重点关注甲型流感以及新型冠状病毒肺炎等疾病的防控,并适当关注蜱媒传染病。这些信息的获取可为我国的人兽共患病的防控提供参考。  相似文献   

13.
Infections with influenza A viruses (IAV) are highly prevalent in swine populations, and stable cocirculation of at least three lineages has been well documented in European swine – till 2009. However, since the emergence of the human pandemic pdmH1N1 virus in 2009, which has been (re)introduced into individual swine herds worldwide, the situation has been changing. These variations in the respective IAV pools within pig populations are of major interest, and the zoonotic potential of putative emerging viruses needs to be evaluated. As data on recent IAV in swine from southern Germany were relatively sparse, the purpose of this study was to determine the major IAV subtypes actually present in this region. To this aim, from 2010 to 2013, 1417 nasal swabs or lung tissue samples from pigs with respiratory disease were screened for IAV genomes. Overall, in 130 holdings IAV genomes were detected by real‐time RT‐PCR targeting the matrix protein gene. For further analyses, several PCR protocols were adapted to quickly subtype between H1, pdmH1, H3, N1 and N2 sequences. Taken together, cocirculation of the three stable European lineages of IAV was confirmed for Bavaria. H1N1 sequences were identified in 59, whereas H1N2 genomes were only diagnosed in 14, and H3N2 in 9 of the holdings analysed. However, pdmH1 in combination with N1 was detected in 2010, 2012 and 2013 confirming a presence, albeit in low prevalence, likewise pdmH1N2 reassortant viruses. Interestingly, individual cases of coinfections with more than one subtype were diagnosed. Partial genome sequences were determined and phylogenetic analyses performed. Clearly other than in the human population classically circulating IAV have not been displaced by pdmH1N1 in Bavarian swine. However, some interesting viruses were detected. Further surveillance of these viruses in the Bavarian pig population will be of major importance, to monitor future developments.  相似文献   

14.
WHO, FAO and OIE developed a ‘four‐way linking’ framework to enhance the cross‐sectoral sharing of epidemiological and virological information in responding to zoonotic disease outbreaks. In Indonesia, outbreak response challenges include completeness of data shared between human and animal health authorities. The four‐way linking framework (human health laboratory/epidemiology and animal health laboratory/epidemiology) was applied in the investigation of the 193rd human case of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection. As recommended by the framework, outbreak investigation and risk assessment findings were shared. On 18 June 2013, a hospital in West Java Province reported a suspect H5N1 case in a 2‐year‐old male. The case was laboratory‐confirmed that evening, and the information was immediately shared with the Ministry of Agriculture. The human health epidemiology/laboratory team investigated the outbreak and conducted an initial risk assessment on 19 June. The likelihood of secondary cases was deemed low as none of the case contacts were sick. By 3 July, no secondary cases associated with the outbreak were identified. The animal health epidemiology/laboratory investigation was conducted on 19–25 June and found that a live bird market visited by the case was positive for H5N1 virus. Once both human and market virus isolates were sequenced, a second risk assessment was conducted jointly by the human health and animal health epidemiology/laboratory teams. This assessment concluded that the likelihood of additional human cases associated with this outbreak was low but that future sporadic human infections could not be ruled out because of challenges in controlling H5N1 virus contamination in markets. Findings from the outbreak investigation and risk assessments were shared with stakeholders at both Ministries. The four‐way linking framework clarified the type of data to be shared. Both human health and animal health teams made ample data available, and there was cooperation to achieve risk assessment objectives.  相似文献   

15.
During the last 10 years, scientists have grown increasingly aware that emerging respiratory viruses are often zoonotic in their origin. These infections can originate from or be amplified in livestock. Less commonly recognized are instances when humans have transmitted their respiratory pathogens to animals (reverse zoonoses). Even with this knowledge of viral exchange at the human–livestock interface, few studies have been conducted to understand this cross‐over. In this pilot study, we examined persons with influenza‐like illness at an outpatient clinic for evidence of infection with novel zoonotic respiratory pathogens in rural North Carolina where there are dense swine and poultry farming. Environmental air sampling was also conducted. From July 2016 to March 2017, a total of 14 human subjects were enrolled and sampled, and 192 bioaerosol samples were collected. Of the 14 human subject samples molecularly tested, three (21.4%) were positive for influenza A, one (7.1%) for influenza B and one (7.1%) for human enterovirus. Of the 192 bioaerosol samples collected and tested by real‐time RT‐PCR or PCR, three (1.6%) were positive for influenza A and two (1.0%) for adenovirus. No evidence was found for novel zoonotic respiratory viruses.  相似文献   

16.
Orf virus (ORFV) is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, which is a zoonotic disease that affects sheep, goats, wild small ruminants and humans. Shandong Province in East China is one of the main producing areas in China for sheep and goats. Here, we conducted epidemiological surveys in different areas in this Province, isolated three orf virus strains, SDLC, SDTA and SDJN, from goat flocks and then analyzed the genetic evolution of these strains. The ORFV011, ORFV059, ORFV109, ORFV110 and ORFV127 genes of these three strains were amplified, sequenced and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ORFV011 of the SDLC and SDTA strains cluster together with the Gansu, Liaoning, Shanxi, Nantou, Hoping and FJ-YX strains, while SDJN clusters with the FJ-GS and FJ-GO strains. ORFV059 of the SDLC and SDTA strains cluster together with the FJ-YX strain, while SDJN clusters with the FJ-GS and FJ-GO strains. ORFV059 and ORFV127 of these three strains were similar to those of the OV-SA00 strain. The results suggested that SDLC, SDTA and SDJN originated from Fujian Province and formed a complex group of viruses in Shandong Province. As the role of ORFV127 gene responsible for the immune evasion of ORFV, the pathogenesis of these three virus strains may similar to that of OV-SA00. These three strains first isolated in Shandong Province are novel ORFV strains, and the data reported here will be helpful for further research about ORFV and its comprehensive prevention and control.  相似文献   

17.
Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection of humans and domestic animals caused by the larval stages of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. Cystic echinococcosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases in Iran, where human cases are frequently reported from different regions of the country. The objective of this study was to determine the sero‐epidemiological and surgical cases of human hydatidosis in the Yasuj district, a region in southwest of Iran. Serum samples were taken from 500 individuals attending Yasuj health centers. Anti‐hydatid cyst antibody was checked by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using antigen B. Moreover, retrospective studies were carried out using local hospital records of CE patients between 1997 and 2006. Results of the sero‐epidemiological study showed that 36 out of 500 cases (7.2%) have antibody against hydatid cyst. Of these 36 cases, 49.6% were women and 50.4% were men. The highest rate of infection was recorded in individuals aged between 30 and 39 years. Hospital records showed that during the 10 years, 105 cases of hydatidosis were admitted in Yasuj hospitals. Of all cases, 70 (66.7%) were women and 35 (33.3%) were men. Hepatic cyst was recorded in 81% of the cases where nephrotic cysts were the second most prevalent ones. Recurrence of the disease was noted in 14.3% of all cases. Results of this study demonstrated that hydatidosis is an important endemic disease, with a nearly constant prevalence rate during the last 10 years, in Yasuj district in Iran. Further studies are needed to investigate the reasons for high rate of surgical cases in housewives and striking prevalence of hydatidosis in a specific (30–40 years) age group.  相似文献   

18.
Zoonotic diseases continue to emerge and threaten both human and animal health. Overcrowded shelters and breeding kennels create the perfect environment for amplified infectious disease transmission among dogs and present a critical opportunity for zoonotic pathogens to emerge and infect people who work in close contact with dogs. Coronaviruses’ widespread prevalence, extensive host range, various disease manifestations and increased frequency of recombination events all underline their potential for interspecies transmission (Methods Mol. Biol. 2008, 454, 43). The objectives of this study were to determine whether people with occupational contact with dogs were more likely to have antibodies against canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) compared to persons with no dog exposure. A seroepidemiological cohort study was completed, for which 302 canine‐exposed and 99 non‐canine‐exposed study subjects enrolled in the study by providing a serum sample and completing a self‐administered questionnaire. A competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect human antibodies against CRCoV while controlling for cross‐reacting antibodies against the human coronavirus OC43. All study subjects were negative for antibodies against CRCoV by this competitive ELISA. This study supports the premise that humans are not at risk for CRCoV infections; however, infrequent cross‐species transmission of CRCoV cannot be ruled out.  相似文献   

19.
The zoonotic introduction of an animal pathogen into the human population and the subsequent extension or alteration of its host range leading to the successful maintenance of the corresponding pathogen by human-to-human transmission pose a serious risk for world-wide health care. Such a scenario occurred for instance by the introduction of simian immunodeficiency viruses into the human population resulting in the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and the subsequent AIDS pandemic or the proposed recent host range switch of the SARS coronavirus from a presently unknown animal species to humans. The occurrence of zoonotic transmissions of animal viruses to humans is a permanent threat to human health and is even increased by changes in the human lifestyle. In this review, the potential of the zoonotic transmission of bovine, feline and equine foamy retroviruses will be discussed in the light of well-documented cases of zoonotic transmissions of different simian foamy viruses to humans.  相似文献   

20.
从引进的含亨得拉病毒（Hendra virus，HeV）基因的克隆质粒中扩增得到该病毒核蛋白基因（N），将其克隆到pET-28a（＋）原核表达栽体，转化大肠杆菌后成功地表达了N蛋白，SDS-PAGE电泳分析结果表明目的基因在JM109（DE3）大肠杆菌菌株中得到了良好的表达，目的蛋白量占菌体总蛋白的14．6％。Western-blotting检测表明，表达的蛋白可以被兔抗亨得拉全病毒阳性血清识别，表明该蛋白具有良好的反应性。该研究结果可进一步应用于诊断试剂和单克隆抗体的制备以及流行病学调查，以防范该病在我国的流行。  相似文献   

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