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1.
以淡水组为对照,通过对施氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)幼鱼96 h的急性盐度(15和22)胁迫试验,研究了幼鱼对水体盐度突变的血浆皮质醇和代谢反应,并探讨了施氏鲟适应环境盐度变化的渗透调节机理.结果表明,盐度胁迫导致幼鱼的血浆皮质醇、血糖及乳酸浓度呈现不同程度的升高,随后各项指标逐渐下降,并分别于24、48、96 h时基本恢复至正常(对照组)水平.盐度15组的血浆皮质醇、血糖及乳酸浓度分别在胁迫5、24和48 h时达峰值,而盐度22组则分别在0.5、24和24 h时即达峰值,且胁迫后0.5 h时的皮质醇浓度、12 h时的血糖及12～48 h时的乳酸浓度均显著高于盐度15处理组(P＜0.05);各处理组的Na+浓度随着盐度的升高及时间的延长而升高,而Cl-浓度在15和22盐度组中匀先升高后降低,血浆K+浓度在盐度组(15和22)与对照组之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).盐度突变导致血浆渗透压升高,并在24 h达最大值,胁迫12 h和24 h时22盐度组幼鱼血浆渗透压的浓度显著高于15盐度组(P＜0.05).15和22盐度组的Na+/K+-ATP酶活性变化趋势基本一致,均在12 h时达最高值,随后下降,但在12～96 h内均处于较高的水平,且均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).结果提示,盐度突变可在第一时间内导致施氏鲟血浆皮质醇浓度显著升高,而血糖及乳酸的变化则明显滞后于皮质醇的变化,且通过对幼鱼血浆中皮质醇、血糖及乳酸浓度变化的分析,发现通过机体的生理调整,至96 h时施氏鲟幼鱼对水体盐度突变有了较好的适应性.  相似文献   

2.
研究了克氏双锯鱼(Amphiprion clarkii)幼鱼由盐度35突变至30、25、20和15后血清皮质醇浓度及鳃丝和肝脏中Na+-K+-ATP酶活性的变化。结果表明,盐度变化对克氏双锯鱼的存活无影响,而对其血清皮质醇浓度及Na+-K+-ATP酶活性均有显著影响(P0.05)。各低盐胁迫组血清皮质醇浓度均在处理的24 h内呈先降后升趋势,处理后第48、第96小时,各处理组血清皮质醇浓度急剧降低至对照组水平甚至略低于对照组,与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);鳃丝和肝脏中Na+-K+-ATP酶活性变化规律一致,即低盐胁迫24 h内呈上升趋势,第48及第96小时变化趋势与血清皮质醇浓度变化相似。整体上,以上各生理指标变化幅度均与盐度的降低幅度呈正相关。实验结果证明,盐度突变对克氏双锯鱼幼鱼的血清皮质醇浓度及Na+-K+-ATP酶活性存在重要的影响,同时也表明该鱼具有较强的盐度适应能力。  相似文献   

3.
《淡水渔业》2021,51(5)
为了解盐度胁迫对黄河鲤(Cyprinus carpio haematoperus)幼鱼耐受性、肝脏抗氧化酶和鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATPase酶活性的影响,实验设置0(对照组)、3、6、9、12和15共6个盐度梯度对黄河鲤幼鱼进行盐度胁迫,在6、12、24、48、72和96 h时采样,测定肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和溶菌酶(LZM)的活性及丙二醛(MDA)的含量和鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATPase酶活性。结果显示:与对照组相比,各盐度组黄河鲤幼鱼肝脏组织的SOD、CAT、LZM、GSH-Px和鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATPase酶活性随胁迫时间的延长均有先升高后下降的趋势,且SOD、CAT、GSH-Px和鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATPase酶活性在盐度为6时能在胁迫96 h内维持较高水平,而盐度为9、12和15时酶活性则随胁迫时间延长显著下降。各盐度组LZM酶活性在胁迫96 h内均显著高于对照组,且12和15高盐度组在胁迫96 h时仍显著高于其他组。各盐度组的MDA含量均在胁迫6 h达峰值,之后随胁迫时间延长,盐度为3、6、9组下降较显著,但12和15组的MDA含量在96 h时仍显著高于其他组。结果表明:在本试验条件下,黄河鲤幼鱼在养殖用水盐度0～6范围内适当提高盐度可提高其肝脏抗氧化性能和鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATPase酶活力。  相似文献   

4.
盐度胁迫对杂交鲟生理及存活的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为探究不同盐度胁迫下,杂交鲟(达氏鳇♀×施氏鲟♂)幼鱼的生理状态和存活情况,分别在0、5、10、15和20这5种盐度条件下分析了胁迫后1、6、12、24、48、96 h杂交鲟的血清非特异性免疫相关指标、肝脏抗氧化酶和鳃钠/钾—三磷酸腺苷酶活力。试验结果表明,盐度10、15、20试验组的杂交鲟分别在96、12、1 h内全部死亡,盐度5试验组及对照组杂交鲟没有死亡。盐度5试验组在盐度胁迫后,鳃部钠/钾—三磷酸腺苷酶活力迅速升高,血清总蛋白浓度在12 h达到峰值,碱性磷酸酶活力缓慢上升(P0.05),溶菌酶活力除48 h达峰值(P0.05)外,其余与对照组无明显差异。盐度10试验组溶菌酶活力在胁迫后6 h显著上升,碱性磷酸酶活力在胁迫24 h时达到峰值,之后在48 h急剧下降(P0.05),谷丙转氨酶活力除12 h外,均显著高于对照组及盐度5试验组。盐度15试验组在胁迫后6 h溶菌酶活力显著升高,血清总蛋白浓度急剧下降。各试验组的肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活力和丙二醛含量均呈先升后降再缓慢升高的趋势,在胁迫12 h达到最低值,盐度10试验组变化幅度大于盐度5试验组;各试验组的肝脏过氧化氢酶活力在胁迫1 h降至最低值(P0.05),而后升高,在12 h时达到峰值,再降低。  相似文献   

5.
文章研究了盐度胁迫下魁蚶(Anadara broughtonii)稚贝(壳长25~35 mm)血淋巴渗透压和鳃Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的变化。结果显示,突变胁迫下,盐度20、25、35、40组的稚贝血淋巴渗透压均在48 h内显著降低或波动升高后趋于稳定,盐度15组则需96 h完成波动调整。以日变幅5渐变至高盐40过程中,稚贝血淋巴渗透压在48 h内趋于稳定;低盐15组仅需72 h完成渗透压调节,调整时间显著小于突变组。盐度突降胁迫下,各处理组稚贝鳃Na+/K+-ATP酶活力12 h后显著升高,24 h分别达到最大值,随后快速回落并稳定在高于对照组水平;盐度骤升胁迫下,鳃ATP酶活力波动降低,在12~24 h达到最小值后稳定在低于对照组水平。低盐(15)和高盐(40)渐变组的鳃ATP酶活力变幅均小于突变组。盐度胁迫下鳃Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的响应方式不同,即低盐胁迫时活力增强,高盐胁迫时活力降低。采用盐度渐变的驯化处理更有利于魁蚶稚贝应对盐度胁迫。  相似文献   

6.
盐度胁迫对尼罗罗非鱼免疫相关指标的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为探究盐度胁迫对尼罗罗非鱼免疫的影响,对体质量(35.0±5.0) g的尼罗罗非鱼进行了急性和慢性的盐度胁迫实验,对免疫相关指标进行了检测和分析。在急性盐度胁迫中,设置0、5和15盐度组,分别在胁迫后6、12、24、48和96 h进行取样,检测血清SOD、CAT、GSH-Px和AKP的活性。在慢性实验中,设置0、10、20和30盐度组,胁迫8周后检测血清SOD、CAT、GSH-Px和AKP活性,并进行了无乳链球菌易感性实验。结果显示：①血清中SOD活性在急性盐度胁迫6、12和24 h时都有随盐度上升而上升的趋势,但在96 h时盐度15组酶活性显著低于盐度5组;在慢性盐度胁迫下,各组的酶活性呈现出随着盐度升高而显著性下降的趋势。②血清CAT活性在急性盐度胁迫下12和24 h时呈现出随着盐度升高而显著下降的趋势;在慢性胁迫下不存在显著性差异。③血清中GSH-Px活性在急性和慢性胁迫后,均呈现随着盐度升高而降低的趋势。④血清AKP活性在胁迫后6 h随盐度升高呈现出显著下降趋势;在慢性盐度胁迫下,盐度20组显著低于其他实验组。⑤尼罗罗非鱼对无乳链球菌易感性实验中,盐度10组的易感性和盐度0组之间无显著差异,盐度20和30组的易感性高于盐度0组。研究表明,两种盐度胁迫均会引起免疫相关指标的变化,急性盐度胁迫实验表明,盐度5和15可导致尼罗罗非鱼机体氧化损伤,但尼罗罗非鱼可以逐渐适应这一变化;慢性盐度胁迫实验表明,盐度高于20会抑制尼罗罗非鱼多种免疫指标活性,造成其对无乳链球菌的易感性升高。  相似文献   

7.
盐度对大菱鲆幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  
研究了大菱鲆(Scophamusmaximus)幼鱼由盐度34向低盐(盐度28、23、18、12、6)以及向高盐(盐度40)适应过程中代谢率的变化。结果表明:盐度改变后,各突变组大菱鲆幼鱼的耗氧率和排氨率都呈现出不同程度的逐渐升高趋势,随着盐度突变范围的增大,变化趋势更为明显。在突变后24h左右,各突变组大菱鲆幼鱼耗氧率出现高峰值,48h后恢复到突变前的水平,此时各实验组大菱鲆的耗氧率没有显著的差异性(P>0.05)。在突变后9～15h排氨率出现高峰值,48h后各组大菱鲆幼鱼的排氨率恢复到突变前的水平,此时各实验组大菱鲆的排氨率没有显著的差异性(P>0.05)。  相似文献   

8.
2004年8月，在浙江省舟山市定海区小沙镇浙江华兴海水种苗有限公司以日龄为56d的黄姑鱼（Nibeaalbiflora）幼鱼作为实验动物，开展Hg^2＋、Zn^2＋、Cr^6＋对黄姑鱼幼鱼的急性毒性和加和等毒性强度联合毒性试验。结果表明，Hg^2＋对黄姑鱼幼鱼24h、48h、72h、96h的半致死质量浓度分别为0．7523mg／L、0．6616mg／L、0．5618mg／L、0．4959mg／L；Zn^2＋对黄姑鱼幼鱼24h、48h、72h、96h的半致死质量浓度分别为22．9908mg／L、18．4576mg／L、14．5306mg／L、11．5833mg／L；Cr^6＋对黄姑鱼幼鱼24h、48h、72h、96h的半致死质量浓度分别为18．7654mg／L、16．7415mg／L、15．4521mg／L、13．1276mg／L。黄姑鱼幼鱼对Cr6’、Zn^2＋、Hg^2＋96h安全质量浓度分别为1．31mg／L、1．16mg／L和0．050mg／L。各重金属离子毒性由大到小依次为Hg^2＋、Zn^2＋、Cr^6＋,Hg^2＋-Zn^2＋、Hg^2＋,Cr^6＋对黄姑鱼幼鱼的96h联合急性毒性表现为协同作用。Zn^2＋-Cr^6＋对黄姑鱼幼鱼的96h联合急性毒性表现为，低毒性强度的Zn^2＋对Cr^6＋具拮抗作用Cr^6＋毒性强度略高于Zn^2＋时表现为相互独立作用，当Zn^2＋毒性强度高于Cr^6＋时则表现为协同作用。并就Hg^2＋、Zn^2＋、Cr^6＋对黄姑鱼幼鱼的急性致毒效应特征，黄姑鱼幼鱼对Hg^2＋、Zn^2＋、Cr^6＋的安全浓度以及Cr^6＋-Zn^2＋、Cr^6＋-Hg^2＋与Zn^2＋-Hg^2＋对黄姑鱼幼鱼的联合毒性效应机理进行了探讨。  相似文献   

9.
研究了急性盐度胁迫对7月龄俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)幼鱼[体质量(86.1±18)g]鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力、血清渗透压和血清离子(Na+、K+、Cl-)的影响。结果表明:幼鱼从淡水直接转入盐度15、20、25水中,96h死亡率分别为72.22%、100%、100%,其他组(盐度0、5、10)无死亡。各盐度组96h血清渗透压、Na+、Cl-浓度随盐度升高而增加,且各盐度组显著高于对照组(P0.05),盐度15组最高,盐度5、10组间各指标不存在显著差异(P0.05)。盐度组血清K+离子在48h中较对照组均显著降低(P0.05),96h时有所回升但仍低于对照组,盐度15与盐度5、10相比血清K+离子有显著性差异(P0.05),盐度5、10之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。盐度组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力呈先下降后上升变化,48h为最低,与对照组有显著性差异(P0.05),96h时盐度5、10组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力与对照组及组间无显著差异(P0.05),盐度15与对照组及盐度5、10均有显著差异(P0.05)。96h幼鱼的等渗点为303.2mOsm·kg-1,相当于盐度10.06,而Na+及Cl-等离子点分别为146.1mmol·L-1和136.8mmol·L-1,分别相当于盐度9.02和8.95。与盐度15组相比,盐度10及其以下处理组各项检测指标变化幅度相对较小,在幼鱼渗透调节范围之内,盐度10中养殖15d后各项指标与淡水组差异较小,因此7月龄俄罗斯鲟幼鱼已具备在盐度10及以下的咸水中生活的能力,但不能耐受高于10的盐度。  相似文献   

10.
采用单因子静态急性毒性试验方法与加和等毒性溶液法,分别研究了Cu^2＋、Zu^2＋、Cd^2＋（Megalobrarna pellegrini）幼鱼的急性毒性和联合毒性效应。结果显示：3种重金属离子对厚颌鲂幼鱼的毒性由强到弱依次为Cu^2＋、Zu^2＋、Cd^2＋其中Cu^2＋对厚颌鲂幼鱼24h、48h、72h、96h的半致死质量浓度（LC50）分别为0．54mg／L、0．38mg／L、0．27mg／L、0．23mg／L;Cd^2＋对厚颌鲂幼鱼24h、48h、72h、96h的半致死质量浓度（LC50）分别为14．32mg／L、8．34mg／L、6．36mg／L、4．44mg／L;Zn^2＋对厚颌鲂幼鱼24h、48h、72h、96h的半致死质量浓度（LC50）分别为21．95mg／L、17．56mg／L、15．33mg／L、14．62mg／L。Cu^2＋、Cd^2＋、Zn^2＋对厚颌鲂幼鱼的安全质量浓度分别为0．056mg／L、0．849mg／L、3．372mg／L。Cu^2＋、Cd^2＋、Zn^2＋两两共存时对厚颌鲂幼鱼96h的联合毒性效应均表现为毒性增强的协同作用。  相似文献   

11.
The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.  相似文献   

12.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.  相似文献   

13.
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.  相似文献   

16.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.  相似文献   

17.
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).  相似文献   

18.
Plasma estradiol-17 (E2), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E2 and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E2 and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.  相似文献   

19.
Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.  相似文献   

20.
The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.  相似文献   

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