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1.
基于称重式蒸渗仪的喷灌条件下冬小麦和糯玉米作物系数估算方法 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
利用位于北京的称重式蒸渗仪,对喷灌条件下的冬小麦和糯玉米需水规律进行了测定,进而计算了两种作物的作物系数。结果表明,冬小麦和糯玉米的作物系数与播种后天数之间的关系均可以用四次多项式来表征。根据FAO-56推荐的作物系数计算方法,计算了两种作物的分段单值作物系数和双作物系数,发现华北平原喷灌条件下冬小麦和糯玉米的作物系数在生育期内的变化可以用FAO-56推荐的模式来描述,但实测值一般大于FAO-56的建议值。为了能利用FAO-56推荐的模式较好地描述喷灌作物系数变化规律,依据实测资料对FAO-56建议的单值作物系数和基础作物系数进行调整后,模拟了两种作物需水量的变化,模拟的作物阶段需水量与实测值吻合良好。 相似文献
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Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) is widely used as a winter cover crop to conserve soil residual nitrogen (N) in the mid‐Atlantic region of the United States. Cereal rye, however, has agronomic drawbacks that may make other winter small grain crops more desirable alternatives. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a small grain that could substitute for cereal rye as a cover crop because it would give growers the flexibility of using it as a cover crop or growing it to maturity. There is currently little information on early season N accumulation of winter wheat cultivars, which is critical for the success of a small grain cover crop. To determine the degree of variation in early season N accumulation and early season biomass yield in soft red winter wheat in the mid‐Atlantic region, twenty‐five commercially available cultivars were evaluated at Beltsville, MD in the 1996/1997 and 1997/1998 growing seasons. Acereal rye cultivar ("Wheeler") was included as a cover crop control. Samples of plant tissue were taken at Feekes growth stage 5 and at physiological maturity each year. There were significant differences among cultivars for early season N accumulation and biomass yield. A large group of wheat cultivars had similar early season N accumulation and biomass yield as the cereal rye cover crop control. This suggests that some cultivars of winter wheat may be as effective as cereal rye as a winter cover crop. Early season N accumulation was highly correlated (r=0.90***) with early season biomass yield rather than with plant N content. These results indicate that soft red winter wheat has potential as a dual grain and cover crop and could be considered an alternative to cereal rye as a winter cover crop for conserving residual soil nitrogen in the mid‐Atlantic region of the United States. 相似文献
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综合季相节律和特征光谱的冬小麦种植面积遥感估算 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
及时准确地获取区域和国家尺度的作物种植面积和空间分布具有重要意义。针对目前中低分辨率遥感数据相结合方法的局限,提出一种新的作物类型识别方法。首先基于MODIS NDVI数据的时间优势,提取研究区各类植被的NDVI时间序列曲线,从而分析冬小麦在季相节律上的识别特征,构建冬小麦识别模型。再将MODIS像元分类处理,纯耕地像元利用冬小麦的季相节律特征识别;耕地与其他植被的混合像元利用混合像元分解的思想提取耕地组分的NDVI时间序列,从而进行识别,进一步根据空间关系将识别结果重新定位到中分辨率尺度上;冬小麦与其他作物的混合像元覆盖区则利用TM遥感影像的光谱差异加以区分。在伊洛河流域主要农业区,以冬小麦为识别对象,结果表明识别精度达到96.3%。该方法为作物种植信息的提取提供了新的解决问题的途径,也对其他类型作物的识别也具有重要的参考价值。 相似文献
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及时、准确的农作物空间分布信息是进行作物长势监测、灾害评估与产量估计的基础。传统方法一般在作物收获期前后进行作物的识别，时间上滞后，难以满足农业生产的应用，时空泛化能力差，模型复用程度低。该研究以历史知识为支撑，提出冬小麦像元匹配模型（Pixel-matched Model，PMM）进行冬小麦空间分布提取，旨在生长季内实现冬小麦空间分布的快速提取。研究结果表明，PMM能充分利用作物物候特征变化，排除冬小麦种植物候空间异质性的影响，能够在播种后2个月内实现冬小麦的准确提取，总体精度达到了95.49%，F1分数为0.83，且不随物候曲线的延伸而大幅提高精度。与传统参考曲线模型（Reference Curve Model，RCM）相比，PMM在消除区域内冬小麦生长物候差异方面具有优势，可在年际间实现冬小麦的准确识别，具有较强的时间泛化能力，能够实现冬小麦的自动化识别。 相似文献
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基于水分供需关系的冬小麦夏玉米节水灌溉模式研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
节水灌溉是解决水资源短缺问题的重要途径之一。在长期田间试验的基础上, 运用Hydrus-1D模型对研究区冬小麦 夏玉米轮作条件下的田间水分运移过程进行了模拟分析, 探讨适宜的节水灌溉模式。结果表明, 表征土壤水分实测值与模拟值精度关系的Nash-Suttcliff效率系数Ens为0.652~0.903, 均大于0.5, 模型效果良好; 在灌水量为520 mm的传统灌溉模式下, 1.6 m土层深层土壤水分无效渗漏量为189 mm, 占地表总入渗补给水量的22.3%, 土壤水分无效渗漏大, 且与降雨和灌溉关系密切; 根据作物水分供需状况及土壤水分状况得出夏玉米、冬小麦季的灌溉量分别为50 mm、320 mm, 比传统灌溉模式共节水100 mm。改进后的灌溉模式对于土壤水分渗漏具有良好的控制作用, 土壤水分渗漏峰值明显降低, 根据作物供需与土壤水分状况提出的节水灌溉模式能减少土壤水分渗漏, 提高灌溉水利用效率。 相似文献
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称重式蒸渗仪测定作物蒸散量（ET）是公认的一种标准测定方法。大型称重式蒸渗仪因单点独立安装而无法进行不同处理的重复试验,小型蒸渗仪则可解决该问题,但目前对于小尺寸蒸渗仪的适用性尚无统一结论。本文利用1m2（SL）、2m2（ML）和4m2（LL）3种不同面积的蒸渗仪在冬小麦（2012年11月21日播种,2013年6月20日收获）和水稻（2013年6月22日移栽,2013年10月28日收获）整个生长季进行连续蒸散量观测,筛选无有效降水日的数据进行对比分析。结果表明：（1）在冬小麦和水稻生长季内,SL（小）蒸渗仪所测蒸散量日内变化均表现出较大的变化幅度,ML（中）蒸渗仪所测蒸散量日内变化趋势均与LL（大）蒸渗仪所测一致,日内变化比较平稳;（2）ML蒸渗仪所测日蒸散量与LL所测结果的相关性最好（P<0.01）;（3）SL蒸渗仪所测水稻日平均蒸散量和蒸散总量与LL接近,所以可将SL蒸渗仪替代LL测定水稻日平均蒸散量和蒸散总量;ML所测冬小麦和水稻的日平均蒸散量及蒸散总量均比LL明显偏小,蒸散总量偏小主要由于拔节后较大的日蒸散量偏差导致。 相似文献
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基于GF-1影像的沿淮地区冬季耕地撂荒遥感调查应用 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
耕地作为一种稀缺资源对国家和农民来说都具有极其重要的意义,但随着市场经济的深入和农村经济的发展,农村耕地撂荒现象时有发生,撂荒耕地必然导致土地资源浪费,影响到中国粮食安全和农民增收,也不利于农村经济社会稳定发展。沿淮地区是安徽省乃至全国重要的商品粮生产基地,但近年来冬季撂荒情况日益严重。该文拟选取安徽省霍邱县,利用2015、2016、2017三年冬小麦生长期内的GF-1卫星16 m多光谱影像,提取霍邱县冬季作物种植的空间分布和面积,通过多年数据对比,来分析霍邱县近年冬季耕地撂荒情况。结果显示:2015、2016、2017三个年度冬小麦种植面积分别为937.72,821.79,608.91km~2。参照2015年度冬小麦种植情况,2016年度冬季撂荒面积115.93 km~2、占比12.36%,2017年度冬季撂荒面积328.81 km~2、占比35.06%。结合实地调研分析,霍邱县近年来冬季撂荒面积不断增大的的主要原因有农田排灌等水利设施不足、稻茬麦效益低、外出务工等。而2017年度撂荒面积明显增加的直接原因是冬小麦播种期间,出现连续阴雨异常天气,低洼地区田间积水严重,致使冬小麦无法播种,被动撂荒。该文的研究可以为沿淮地区冬季撂荒遥感调查提供技术参考。 相似文献
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Effects of tillage systems and rotations on crop production for a thin Black Chernozem in the Canadian Prairies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Soil degradation is the single most important threat to global food production and security. Wind and water erosion are the main forms of this degradation, and conservation tillage represents an effective method for controlling this problem. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of three tillage methods [zero (ZT), minimum (MT) and conventional (CT)] and three four-year crop sequences [spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–spring wheat–winter wheat–fallow; spring wheat–spring wheat–flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)–winter wheat; spring wheat–flax–winter wheat–field pea (Pisum sativum L.] on crop establishment, plant height, seed weight, soil water storage, crop water use, crop water use efficiency and grain yield over a 12-year period under Canadian growing conditions. Plant establishment was not adversely affected by tillage systems or crop sequences except for flax, where a small reduction was observed with ZT and MT. Conservation tillage showed a yield benefit over CT of 7%, 12.5% and 7.4% for field pea, flax and spring wheat grown on cereal stubble, respectively over the 12 years of the study. Much of the yield increase was due to an increase in soil water in the 0–30 cm soil layer with ZT and MT. However, tillage systems had no effect on grain yield for spring wheat grown on fallow and field pea stubble due to a lack of differences in spring soil water content. Flax grown in sequence with cereals only yielded higher than when it was grown in the sequence which included field pea, even though flax was seeded on spring wheat stubble in both cases. Winter wheat yielded higher when grown on flax stubble than on spring wheat stubble. The results indicate that a one-year non-cereal break crop was enough to alleviate the negative effects of consecutive cereal crops on winter wheat. Spring wheat grown on field pea stubble always yielded more than when grown on cereal stubble. A 10% increase in water use efficiency was observed with flax grown with ZT and MT management. Crop sequence improved water use efficiency in flax and spring wheat. Growing spring wheat on field pea stubble as opposed to growing it on cereal stubble resulted in a 10% increase in water use efficiency. Overall, rainfall accounted for 73%, 72%, 67% and 65% of total water used by field pea, flax, winter wheat and spring wheat, respectively. This explains the large year effect as a result of variation in growing (May–August) season precipitation. The non-significant tillage system by year interaction implies that the positive benefits of ZT and MT occur over a wide range of growing conditions, while the absence of a tillage system by crop sequence interaction suggests that knowledge developed under CT management also applies to ZT and MT. The results of this study support the large shifts towards in conservation tillage being observed in the Canadian prairies. 相似文献
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河北省冬小麦、棉花全生育期缺水量时空特征分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于河北省13个国家标准气象站点近60年（1955—2014年）的逐日气象数据,利用联合国粮农组织（FAO）推荐的作物需水规律计算方法以及曼—肯德尔（M-K）法、Morlet小波分析法和普通克里金插值法分别对河北省冬小麦、棉花的缺水量和水分盈亏指数的时空规律进行了分析。结果表明:（1）近60年,河北省全生育期冬小麦缺水量以-3.74 mm/（d·10 a）的速率呈减少趋势,棉花以-22.88 mm/（d·10 a）的速率呈显著性减少趋势,并且两种作物的缺水量变化均存在40年左右的主周期和25年左右的次周期。全生育期内冬小麦缺水量最大值出现在南宫,缺水量最小值出现在秦皇岛;棉花缺水量最大值均出现在黄骅,遵化缺水量最小。（2）两种作物的缺水量最大时期均为快速发育期,冬小麦在冻融期时缺水量最少,而棉花在初始生长期缺水量最少;冬小麦在初始生长期水分盈亏指数达到最大值,而棉花在生育中期达到最大值,并且地区差异较小。（3）河北省冬小麦、棉花的缺水量空间分布不均,两种作物水分盈亏指数恰与之相反,基本上呈由中心向四周逐渐增大的分布特征。研究结果对农业灌溉水资源优化配置、提高农业灌溉效率具有实际意义。 相似文献
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旱地土壤中残留肥料氮的动向及作物有效性 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
氮素是作物生长最重要的必需元素之一。合理施用氮肥能促进作物生长并提高产量,但是,过多施用氮肥则抑制作物生长并导致大量的肥料氮残留在土壤中,这部分氮素不但会引起土壤养分不平衡,而且为生态环境带来潜在威胁,因此,研究残留氮的动向及作物有效性可为合理施用化肥氮、高效利用土壤残留氮素和减少残留氮素的损失提供依据。应用~(15)N示踪技术,通过4年定位试验,研究了黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦/夏玉米轮作过程中土壤残留肥料氮的变化及作物吸收利用。在冬小麦和夏玉米轮作的第一个周期,为了制造高肥料氮残留背景,于冬小麦播种前向微区施入240 kg hm~(-2)的~(15)N标记氮素;在夏玉米拔节期,为了研究氮肥施入对残留肥料氮的影响,设置0和120 kg hm~(-2)两个氮水平,以普通尿素施入微区。在第2至第4个轮作周期内,为了分析残留肥料氮的动向及其对作物的有效性,微区内不施任何肥料。结果发现,冬小麦播种前施用的~(15)N标记氮肥于收获期在0~200 cm土壤剖面中均有残留,但大部分累积在0~40 cm土层中,累积总量达到200.9 kg hm~(-2),占当季施入量的83.7%。在随后的夏玉米生长季残留的肥料氮迅速减少,之后随生长季的后移缓慢减少,然后保持相对稳定。经过4年的冬小麦/夏玉米轮作,0~300 cm土壤剖面仍残留大量的~(15)N肥料,后季不追施氮肥和追施氮肥处理的残留量分别为47.1 kg hm~(-2)和54.0 kg hm~(-2)。可见,有一部分肥料氮被固定在土壤有机质中。作物对残留氮的回收量逐年减少,且因后季追施氮肥与否而异,4年中作物对肥料氮的总利用率不追施氮肥和追施氮肥处理的分别为46.9%和50.4%,其中在第1个轮作周期中,小麦和玉米的总利用率分别41.6%和42.0%,后3年利用率分别仅有5.3%和8.4%;4年中残留~(15)N的损失率分别达38.1%和29.7%,其损失主要发生在第1个轮作周期的夏玉米生长季节。说明,在旱地土壤上,氮肥的残留是不可避免的,残留肥料氮的有效性较低,只有少量被作物逐年吸收,一部分以有机形态残留在土壤剖面中,另一部分发生了无效损失。后季追施氮肥可促进作物对土壤残留肥料氮的吸收且增加肥料氮在土壤中的保留,减少残留肥料氮的无效损失,但是以自身的大量损失为代价的。 相似文献
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基于主产区气象观测站和农业气象站实测气象资料和作物发育期资料,计算冬小麦和油菜生长季的气候适宜度和灾害指数等参数,评价该阶段气象条件对夏收粮油作物的利弊影响。结果显示：2021/2022年度冬小麦、油菜生育期内,产区大部光热充足、土壤墒情适宜,冻害、干旱等农业气象灾害影响程度偏轻,气候适宜度高于上年和近5a平均值,气象条件利于夏收粮油作物生长发育和产量形成;成熟收获期间多晴好天气,收获进度快、质量高。但北方冬麦区秋播期多雨渍涝,冬小麦播种期明显推迟,冬前壮苗比例偏少、分蘖不足。江南和贵州等油菜产区冬季持续阴雨寡照,影响油菜发育进程。 相似文献
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Cover crops (CCs) can improve soil hydraulic properties prior to termination, but their effects on soil hydraulic properties during the growing season are less known. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of no-till CC on the soil hydraulic properties during the commodity crop growing season in Murfreesboro, USA. The CCs included hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter peas (Lathyrus hirsutus L.), oats (Avena sativa), triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). The cash crop grown was corn (Zea mays). Soil samples were collected using a cylindrical core (55 mm inside diameter, 60 mm long) at 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depths during April (prior to CC termination), May, June and July. Results showed that soil bulk density (Db) was 23%, 12%, 11% and 10% higher under no cover crop (NCC) compared with CC management during April – July, respectively. This suggests a lower rate of soil consolidation under CC management even after several rainfall events. Four months after CC termination, macroporosity and total porosity were 306 and 50% higher, respectively, under CC compared with NCC management. Therefore, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) during July was two times higher under CC management compared with NCC management and this can affect increase water infiltration and conservation during the growing season. Due to CC root-induced improvement in macroporosity, CCs had 64% higher volumetric water content (θ) at saturation during July compared with NCC management. Cover crops can improve soil hydraulic properties and these benefits can persist for up to four months after termination. 相似文献
15.
黄淮海农作区冬小麦需水量时空变化特征及气候影响因素分析 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
鉴于作物需水量变化趋势对制定灌溉策略与区域水资源配置的重要作用,本文依据黄淮海农作区50个气象台站近50年(1960—2009年)的逐日气象数据,利用SIMETAW模型计算了研究区域7个亚区冬小麦生育期需水量、适宜灌溉量的时空变化趋势,各主要气象因子时空变化趋势以及需水量与气象因子的相关性。结果表明:近50年来,冬小麦生育期需水量呈下降趋势,其中在1970—1999年间显著下降9.21~18.90mm.10a 1;冬小麦需水量多年平均值为452.4 mm;灌溉需要量在不同亚区间变化不同,其中在汾渭谷地水浇地二熟旱地一熟兼二熟区和豫西丘陵山地旱坡地一熟水浇地二熟区呈上升趋势,每10年上升10.02~13.48 mm;生育期降水耦合度仅为0.40。生育期需水量、灌溉需要量在空间上呈现两边多、中间少的分布,在豫西丘陵山地旱坡地一熟水浇地二熟区最高,分别为457.32 mm、335.33 mm;在海河低平原缺水水浇地二熟兼旱地一熟区最低,分别为363.24 mm和247.51 mm。50年来,黄淮海农作区气温显著上升,降水量不显著下降,风速、相对湿度、太阳辐射显著下降;冬小麦需水量下降主要受太阳辐射、温度、平均风速、平均相对湿度、降水的综合影响,其中最主要的气象原因为太阳辐射量下降,温度、日照时数、平均风速与冬小麦需水量呈显著正相关,相对平均湿度与其呈显著负相关。 相似文献
16.
Nitrogen and carbon mineralization of surface-applied and incorporated winter wheat and peanut residues 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ke Jin Steven Sleutel Stefaan De Neve Donald Gabriels Dianxiong Cai Jiyun Jin Georges Hofman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2008,44(4):661-665
Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the C and N mineralization dynamics of crop residues (fine roots
and straw) of the two main crops (winter wheat and peanut) in the Chinese Loess Plateau under different ways of incorporation.
The C mineralization patterns of the soil amended with winter wheat residues differed greatly, and the highest C mineralization
was observed in the treatment with winter wheat straw incorporated (39% of the total added C mineralized). The way of straw
placement had only a minor effect on the pattern of C mineralization for peanut. Generally, winter wheat residues showed a
stronger immobilization than peanut residues during the incubation period, without any net N release. Winter wheat straw incorporated
showed the strongest N immobilization with 35 mg kg−1 (equivalent to 27% of added N) immobilized at the eighth week. This study indicated that retaining crop residues at the soil
surface in the dry land soils of the Chinese Loess Plateau is beneficial for C sequestration. It also showed that N immobilization
occurs only during a limited period of time, sufficient to prevent part of the mineral N pool from leaching, and that net
N mineralization can be expected during the subsequent cropping season, thus enhancing synchronization of N supply and demand. 相似文献
17.
A.H. Weir 《Soil Use and Management》1988,4(2):33-40
Abstract. A simple model for droughtiness, when linked to the distribution of soil types in England and Wales, is potentially valuable for estimating drought-induced losses of yield in winter wheat at either particular places or in larger areas of the country. The model defines droughtiness, D , in terms of the soil water extractable by the crop, AP , and the adjusted potential moisture deficit, MD :
D = AP − MD .
The model should represent well the growth of actual crops of winter wheat if AP , which is based on laboratory measurements, accurately simulates the extraction of soil water by roots, if MD represents the cumulative transpiration of water by wheat crops by mid-July, and if the latter is an appropriate date for testing the effect of drought on grain growth. These three assumptions have been investigated using measurements of artificially draughted crops of winter wheat.
The results indicate that mid-July is a good choice for a single date and MD a good representation of the water requirement of a wheat crop that has been draughted to the point where yield is beginning to be affected. For the deep-rooting crops studied, AP underestimates the soil water extracted by the crop, and therefore overestimates the susceptibility of the soil to drought
If average MD values are replaced by means and a standard deviation the resulting normal distribution of D -values can be used to assess the probability that drought will limit yields. When applied to a droughtiness map of England and Wales with AP -values used for the soils the model predicts that the soils growing wheat will be susceptible to drought in 16–84 years out of every 100. Our results suggest, however, that this probably applies to shallow rooting or diseased crops and that for deep-rooting, healthy crops the drought risk is much less serious. 相似文献
D = AP − MD .
The model should represent well the growth of actual crops of winter wheat if AP , which is based on laboratory measurements, accurately simulates the extraction of soil water by roots, if MD represents the cumulative transpiration of water by wheat crops by mid-July, and if the latter is an appropriate date for testing the effect of drought on grain growth. These three assumptions have been investigated using measurements of artificially draughted crops of winter wheat.
The results indicate that mid-July is a good choice for a single date and MD a good representation of the water requirement of a wheat crop that has been draughted to the point where yield is beginning to be affected. For the deep-rooting crops studied, AP underestimates the soil water extracted by the crop, and therefore overestimates the susceptibility of the soil to drought
If average MD values are replaced by means and a standard deviation the resulting normal distribution of D -values can be used to assess the probability that drought will limit yields. When applied to a droughtiness map of England and Wales with AP -values used for the soils the model predicts that the soils growing wheat will be susceptible to drought in 16–84 years out of every 100. Our results suggest, however, that this probably applies to shallow rooting or diseased crops and that for deep-rooting, healthy crops the drought risk is much less serious. 相似文献
18.
Strategy for long term use of saline drainage water for irrigation in semi-arid regions 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
In arid and semi-arid regions, effluent from subsurface drainage is often saline and in the absence of a natural outlet, its disposal is a serious environmental threat. A field experiment was conducted for 7 years using drainage water of different salinity levels (ECiw=6, 9, 12 and 18.8 dS/m) for irrigation of wheat during the dry winter season. The objective was to find whether crop production would still be feasible and soil salinity would not be increased unacceptably by this practice. The experimental crop was wheat during the winter season and pearl-millet and sorghum in the rainy season, grown on a sandy loam soil provided with subsurface drainage system. All crops were given a pre-plant irrigation with non-saline canal water and subsequently, saline drainage water of different salinity levels was used for the irrigation of wheat as per the treatment. On an average, the mean yield reduction in wheat yield at different ECiw was 4.2% at 6, 9.7% at 9, 16.3% at 12 and 22.2% at 18.8 dS/m. Pearl-millet and sorghum yields decreased significantly only where 12 dS/m or higher salinity water was applied to previous wheat crop. The high salinity and sodicity of the drainage water increased the soil salinity and sodicity in the soil profile during the winter season, but these hazards were eliminated by the subsurface drainage during the ensuing monsoon periods. The results obtained provide a promising option for the use of poor quality drainage water for the irrigation of winter wheat without undue yield reduction and soil degradation. 相似文献
19.
Nitrogen uptake,nitrate leaching and root development in winter‐grown wheat and fodder radish 
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下载免费PDF全文 L. J. Munkholm E. M. Hansen I. K. Thomsen E. M. Wahlström H. S. Østergaard 《Soil Use and Management》2017,33(2):233-242
Early seeding of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been proposed as a means to reduce N leaching as an alternative to growing cover crops like fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of winter wheat, seeded early and normally, and of fodder radish on N dynamics and root growth. Field experiments were carried out on a humid temperate sandy loam soil. Aboveground biomass and soil inorganic N were determined in late autumn; N uptake and grain yield of winter wheat were measured at harvest. Nitrate leaching was estimated from soil water samples taken at 1 m depth. Root growth was measured late autumn using the core break and root washing methods. Winter wheat root growth dynamics were followed during the growing season using the minirhizotron method. The 2013–2014 results showed that early seeding of wheat improved autumn growth and N uptake and reduced N leaching during the winter compared with the normal seeding time. Early‐seeded wheat (WWearly) was, however, not as efficient as fodder radish at reducing N leaching. Proper establishment of WWearly was a prerequisite for benefiting from early seeding, as indicated by the 2012–2013 results. Early seeding improved root growth throughout the 2013–2014 growing season compared with normal seeding time, but had no significant effect on crop grain yield. Our results indicate the potential of using early seeding as a tool to limit drought susceptibility and increase nutrient uptake from the subsoil. 相似文献
20.
环渤海低平原农田多水源高效利用机理和技术研究 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2
淡水资源严重匮乏是影响环渤海低平原粮食生产可持续发展的重要限制因素。本文针对该区粮食生产中水分利用效率低、提升潜力巨大,同时该区浅层微咸水资源和降水资源较丰富的现状,以中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站最近3年试验研究结果为基础,综述了在挖掘咸水利用潜力、提高雨水和灌溉水利用效率方面研究工作进展。针对冬小麦夏玉米一年两作种植,研究结果显示品种间产量和水分利用效率(WUE)差异显著,最高和最低品种差异达20%左右,通过选用节水高产品种可显著提升产量和WUE;冬小麦通过拔节期灌溉关键水,在促进地上部生物量积累同时,显著促进地下根系生长,使冬小麦充分利用土壤储水,实现限水灌溉下稳产高效;夏玉米通过缩小行距增大株距的缩行匀播,可提升夏玉米苗期单株作物根系所占土壤体积空间,增加水分养分对作物的有效性,提高夏玉米成苗率和苗期所截获辐射量,比常规种植产量提高10%左右;冬小麦在拔节期利用含盐量不大于4 g×L~(-1)的浅层微咸水替代淡水灌溉,产量与淡水灌溉相同;浅层微咸水替代淡水灌溉并配套土壤有机质提升技术和利用夏季降水淋盐,可实现微咸水灌溉下周年土壤盐分平衡。通过上述措施实施,实现以咸补淡、以淡调盐、多水源互补高效利用,在不影响作物产量条件下可节约深层淡水资源,促进区域灌溉农业可持续发展。 相似文献