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1.
The effective use of manure nutrients requires an accurate assessment of their availability to the specific crops being grown. A fertilizer equivalence approach was used to evaluate the availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from liquid dairy manure to potatoes in field experiments conducted in northeast Wisconsin in 2000, 2001, and 2002. Crop responses to moderate and high rates of liquid dairy manure (93,500 and 187,000 L ha?1) were compared to results obtained from N or P fertilizer applied at five rates (0 to 269 kg ha?1). Availability estimates were made using the fertilizer equivalence method based on tuber yield, harvested tuber N or P concentration and uptake, petiole nitrate or total P concentration, and soil nitrate or extractable P phosphate levels. Results showed an apparent availability of manurial N from 10% to 40%, with an overall average across all 3 years and all parameters of 28.6% for the lower rate and 24.6% for the high rate. These values are slightly less than average availability measured where corn has been used as the test crop. Although all parameters did not show responses to P fertilizer additions in these trials, where estimates were possible, P availability ranged from 20% to 90% with an overall average across all 3 years of 55.4% for the low and 50.5% for the high manure rates. Despite potato being more shallow-rooted and somewhat less efficient in N and P use compared to corn, it appears that only minor adjustments to manurial nutrient availability estimates are warranted when potatoes are grown.  相似文献   

2.
Nitrogen source evaluation for potato production on irrigated sandy soils   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Ammonium sulfate (AS), ammonium nitrate (AN), urea (U), and calcium nitrate (CN) were evaluated as supplemental N sources for sprinkler irrigated potatoes on a loamy sand soil by determining N source effects on potato yield, quality, recovery of applied N in tubers, and petiole NO 3 - concentration. At the N rate required to maximize yield (224 kg N/ha), 5-year average yields obtained with AS were significantly higher than those obtained using AN, U, or CN. Average total tuber yields with AS, AN, U, and CN were 59.3, 56.2, 56.5, and 54.8 Mg/ha, respectively. Yield differences between AS and AN or CN are likely due to greater N loss through leaching from the NO 3 - -containing sources. This conclusion is supported by lower petiole NO 3 - concentrations and lower recovery of applied N in tubers when AN or CN were used. Yield differences between AS and U suggest that N applied as U is more susceptible to loss than N applied as AS on the soil used in this work. The percentage of total tuber yield in the US1A quality category was not affected by N source, but the percentage of cull tubers was higher with AS than with AN or CN. Our results indicate that potato yield and N recovery can be improved by use of AS instead of U, AN, or CN for irrigated potato production on sandy soils. Potato yield, quality, and N recovery were similar when U or AN were used as supplemental N sources.  相似文献   

3.
Potato is grown worldwide, in some cases in very acid soils. Aluminum (Al) is a major limiting factor for crop productivity in acid soils. Al toxicity was studied mainly on plant roots, while less attention was given to its effects on leaves. Al tolerance observed in solution cultures has rarely been correlated with Al tolerance in acid soils. Al tolerance was assessed in 12 potato cultivars grown in nutrient solutions containing 0, 25, and 50 μmol Al L?1 by its relative root elongation (RRE). The effect of acid soil with high level of exchangeable Al on leaf mineral content, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, water use efficiency (WUE), and light use efficiency (LUE) was studied on cultivars, with the greatest differences in RRE (cv. Tresor, 63.1 and 42.5% and cv. Canberra, 23.3 and 19.2%, for the 25 and 50 μmol Al L?1 treatments, respectively), grown for 49 days after planting (DAP) in acid and limed soil. Growth in acid soil significantly reduced concentrations of nitrogen (?18.51%) and magnesium (?27.17%) in the leaves in cv. Canberra and concentrations of potassium and copper in both cultivars. Canberra grown in acid soil showed a significant decrease in chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, from 28 to 49 DAP, and in transpiration rate and LUE when averaged across all measurements, while cv. Tresor was not affected. Physiological disorders observed on leaves of plants grown in acid soil can be correlated with the differences in Al tolerance observed in nutrient solutions.  相似文献   

4.
As hill shape significantly influences water infiltration into potato hills, modification of hill shape may be an opportunity for improving fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency on sandy soils. The interactive effect of different hill shapes and rate of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on N use efficiency was assessed in a 3-year potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv, Russet Burbank) field experiment on Plainfield loamy sand soil at Hancock, Wisconsin, USA. A split-plot design was used with hill shape (shaped-plateau, pointed, or standard) as the main plots and in-season N rates (0, 135, 202, 269 kg?N ha?1) as the split plots with four replications in randomized complete blocks. In 1 of 3 years, potato yield and quality were increased and less N was needed to optimize yield and quality where the hills were shaped. In the other 2 years, the more blocky hills (shaped-plateau and standard) showed consistent tendencies (p?=?0.02 to 0.19) toward better crop performance; however, time of hill formation was influencing these results with root pruning likely the influencing factor. Results of this study show more blocky hills with only one hilling operation at emergence can significantly improve potato yield and quality and N use efficiency on these sandy soils.  相似文献   

5.
《Field Crops Research》1998,57(1):45-56
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is often cultivated in sandy soils that are very low in nutrients and organic matter. Under such conditions, yields often decline when the crop is grown successively without fertilizer application. An 8-year on-farm trial was conducted on sandy soils in northern Colombia to study effects of (1) surface mulching with residues of the grass Panicum maximum, (2) moderate applications of N, P and K fertilizer and (3) tillage on crop productivity, root quality and soil properties. Mulch applications significantly increased root and top biomass, increased root dry matter content while reducing its yearly variation, and decreased root HCN, particularly in the absence of fertilizer. Mulch applications also significantly reduced soil temperatures within the top 20 cm and increased soil organic carbon, K, P, Ca and Mg. Without mulch, soil pH decreased over the years. Annual applications of 21 kg ha−1 P resulted in a build-up of soil P, whereas no build-up of soil K was observed with applications of 41 kg K ha−1. The application of N, P and K fertilizer significantly increased root and top biomass and reduced root HCN, especially if no mulch was applied. Where both mulch and fertilizer applications were absent, root yield and top biomass declined over the years. Tillage, except when combined with fertilizer application, had no effect on root yield, top biomass, root dry matter or HCN contents. Neither were effects of tillage observed in any of the studied soil parameters. The trial indicated that, to sustain cassava productivity in poor sandy soils, applications of plant mulch and/or chemical fertilizer are highly desirable.  相似文献   

6.
Maximizing fertilizer nitrogen (N) uptake efficiency, while maintaining crop productivity may reduce potential nitrate contamination of groundwater. A two-year field investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of applied N on fertilizer N uptake, uptake efficiency, and total fertilizer N recovery of potato (Solarium tuberosum L. var. Russet Burbank) grown on irrigated sandy soils in Michigan. Nitrogen was applied as15N-depleted ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] at rates 0, 56, and 112, kg N ha-1 in a single application at planting or 112 and 168 kg N ha-1 in split applications during the growing season. Fertilizer N uptake efficiency was relatively unaffected by the N treatments. Fertilizer N uptake efficiency for the whole crop at onset of senescence averaged 52 percent, while values calculated for tubers at harvest were 34 percent. An average of 27 percent of the applied N was present in the soil to a depth of 120 cm after harvest. Approximately 83 percent of this N was found in the 0–30 cm depth. Over 90 percent of the recovered soil N was in the organic form. In this investigation, crop fertilizer N uptake and fertilizer N recovery in soil averaged 63 percent and was largely unaffected by the rate or timing of fertilizer N applications.  相似文献   

7.
Nitrogen fertilizer practices affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils. The “4R” nutrient stewardship framework of using N fertilizer at the right rate, right source, right placement and right time can reduce N2O emissions while maintaining or improving yield of field crops, but understanding of how the various factors affect N2O emissions from irrigated processing potato is lacking. We examined the effects of selected 4R practices on emissions, using results from two irrigated processing potato studies each conducted in 2011 and 2012 in Manitoba, Canada. Experiment 1 examined combinations of source (urea, ESN), placement (pre-plant incorporation [PPI], banding), and rate (100 and 200 kg N ha-1) on a clay loam soil. Experiment 2 examined timing and source treatment combinations (urea PPI, ESN PPI, urea split, urea split/fertigation) on a loamy fine sandy soil. For Experiment 1, use of ESN at 200 kg ha-1 did not reduce area-, yield- and applied fertilizer N- based N2O emissions compared to urea at 200 kg ha-1, irrespective of placement. Emissions from pre-plant banding ESN at 200 kg ha?1, however, were 32% lower than from PPI ESN. For Experiment 2, compared to single pre-plant urea application, fertigation simulated by in-season application of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) gave lower area-, yield- and applied fertilizer N- based emissions. Split urea ( \( \raisebox{1ex}{$2$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right. \) pre-plant, \( \raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right. \) hilling) also reduced area- and yield- based N2O emissions compared to single pre-plant urea application. Emissions were generally lower at the site with loamy fine sandy soil than the site with clay loam soil. These results demonstrate that combinations of “4R” practices rather than source alone are best to achieve reductions in N2O emissions from irrigated potato production.  相似文献   

8.
Potassium (K) fertilizer form (liquid or granular), source (chloride or sulfate), and time of application (preplant or in-season) were evaluated for effects on potato tuber yield and quality in Washington’s Columbia Basin. Potato yield and quality did not respond positively to potassium fertilizer although pre-plant soil-test K values were in the range where adding K fertilizer is recommended in the current (1999) Washington guidelines. In one of three years, total tuber yield was reduced with inseason fertilization with potassium chloride and with 75% in-season liquid K application. While the results were inconsistent over growing seasons, a few of the in-season, liquid K fertilizer treatments resulted in a significant reduction in percent marketable yield. Thus, the study results uphold the current practice of using granular K fertilizers pre-plant. In addition, the results of this study strongly indicate that K source does not affect tuber specific gravity. The limited response of yield and quality factors to K fertilizer on sites that Washington’s current soil-test and K fertilizer guidelines indicate should be K responsive suggest that further research is needed to fine tune the guidelines  相似文献   

9.
The study evaluates the effects of seed priming (5 g or ml kg−1 seed) and soil application (2 kg or l ha−1) of eight organophosphate pesticides on rice root-knot disease caused by Meloidogyne graminicola. Seed priming (SP) or soil application (SA) of phorate, carbofuran and chlorpyriphos (1000 J2 of M. graminicola kg−1 soil) suppressed galling in the rice nursery by 92 and 99%, 80 and 88% and 76 and 80%, respectively, over control. Relatively similar decreases in the galling were recorded when this nursery was grown for four months in the sterilized soils in earthen pots. Rice cv. PS-5 grown in naturally infested soil in earthen pots (1000 J2 kg−1 soil) became stunted, showing chlorotic foliage, and terminal galls developed on the roots. The treatment of SP + SA 15 + 30 days after planting (DAP) with phorate, carbosulfan, and chlorpyriphos significantly suppressed the root-knot development and improved the plant growth of rice over the controls (P ≤ 0.05). The overall effect of the SP + SA 15 DAP treatments was marginally weaker than the SP + SA 15 + 30 DAP treatments but statistically on par. Under field conditions, the greatest decrease in the galling occurred due to SP + SA 15 + 30 DAP of phorate (69−71%) and SP + SA 15 DAP (65−67%) followed by carbosulfan and chlorpyriphos. The yield of rice plants was also highest with phorate (32−36% and 29−34%) over the control during the two years of the study. The soil population of M. graminicola decreased by 58–84% over four months due to the phorate treatments. The study demonstrates that seed priming with phorate effectively controls nematode infections in the nursery and that soil application at 15 DAP (2 kg ai ha−1) prevents root-knot development in an infested field under irrigated conditions. Use of SP + SA 15 DAP may enable to avoid one soil application of phorate in the field.  相似文献   

10.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):138-143
Abstract

Potato tuber initiation and its growth are key processes determining tuber yield, which are closely related to stolon growth, and are influenced by many factors including N nutrition. We investigated the influences of different forms of nitrogen (N) on stolon and tuber growth in sand culture with a nitrification inhibitor during 2010 – 2011, and using two potato cultivars. Plants supplied with NO3-N (N as nitrate, NO3-) produced more and thicker stolons than those supplied with NH4-N (N as ammonium, NH4+) at tuber initiation stage. In the plants fed NO3-N, the stolon tips swelled or formed tubers earlier and produced more tubers than in those fed with NH4-N. However, no significant difference was observed among N forms in terms of tuber yield at harvest, this may have been because of the shoot growth rate at tuber initiation stage was lower in the plants fed NO3-N. During the tuber bulking stage, the difference in shoot DWs among N forms began to decrease, and the shoot DW of plants fed NO3-N was even heavier than those fed NH4-N in some cases. The influence of N form on potato plant growth may therefore vary with the potato growth stage.  相似文献   

11.
Field experiments were conducted over eleven site-years where five K rates (0, 93, 187, 280, and 373 kg K ha?1) as KC1 or K2SO4 were band-applied at planting to potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ). Significant yield increases up to 332 kg K ha?1 were observed in five of eleven site-years when soil test K ranged from 75 to 110 mg kg1. The increase in tuber yield was associated with an increase of tuber size (170 to 370 g) and above in the US#1A category. Lack of yield response at the other site-years may be due to the high soil test K (125 to 180 mg kg?1). Statistically significant differences in total tuber yield were not evident between the two sources of K fertilizer studied; however, there was a tendency for a significant rate x source interaction (p > 0.15) in five site-years where K2SO4 increased tuber yield more than KC1 at rates up to 280 kg K ha?1. Above this rate, tuber yield decreased for K2SO4 but remained stable for KC1. Based on the tuber yield data and initial soil test K from the controls of each site-year, data from this study suggest that 104 mg K kg?1 is a critical pre-plant soil test level. A reduction in specific gravity with increasing applied K was evident in most of the site-years of this study, although decreases were generally not as marked when K2SO4 was used. A significant decrease in hollow heart with increasing rate of K fertilization was observed in four of eleven site-years; however, statistically significant yield responses to added K were found at only one of these sites. The incidence ofRhizoctonia solani was generally not affected by K rate; however, there was a tendency in some site-years for a higher disease incidence when KC1 was used instead of K2SO4 Potassium rate slightly decreased stem numbers per seed piece, averaging 3.7, 3.6, 3.5, 3.4, and 3.3 across all experiments, for the 0, 93, 187, 280, and 373 kg K ha?1 rates, respectively.  相似文献   

12.
Moisture stress in potato plants results in a significant increase in tuber NO3?N levels. Research plots with three irrigation treatments and four nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 100, 200, and 500 lb N/A) (0, 112, 224, and 560 kg N/ha) were established to test the influence of soil moisture and nitrogen rate on tuber NO3?N content. Data from these plots showed that regardless of nitrogen rate, potato tubers from plants subjected to moisture stress had NO3?N levels approximately twice as high as tubers from plants under optimum or excessive irrigation. With low nitrogen fertilizer rates, tuber NO3?N levels were 78 to 80 ppm under optimum and excessive irrigation treatments as compared to 144 ppm under the deficient irrigation treatment. With excessive nitrogen fertilizer rates, tuber NO3?N levels were 151 to 154 ppm under optimum and excessive irrigation treatments compared to 370 ppm under deficient irrigation. Correlation between tuber NO3?N and petiole NO3?N levels suggest that moisture stressed plants have a different relationship between tuber and petiole than plants under proper to high soil moisture conditions.  相似文献   

13.
On low cation exchange capacity, sandy soils where soil test Ca is low, potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) Ca levels may not be optimal for maximum yield or quality; therefore, this study evaluated the effect of several levels of applied Ca on potato yield and quality on four soil types in Wisconsin. Calcium was applied to a Plainfield loamy sand, a Keiner loamy sand, a Pence sandy loam, and an Antigo silt loam at five rates in 1984 (0, 84, 252, 420, and 588 kg Ca ha?1) and at six rates in 1985 (0, 56, 112, 168, 224, and 336 kg Ca ha?1) as a band of CaSO4 in the hill. In 1984, on the Plainfield soil, three rates of sidedress Ca(NO3)2 (0, 84, and 168 kg Ca ha?1) were factorially combined with the five CaSO4 treatments to evaluate the efficacy of Ca(NO3)2 as a concomitant Ca and N source. In general, total yield was not affected by CaSO4 additions; however, the addition of approximately 100 kg Ca ha?1 as Ca(NO3)2 increased total yield 3.6 Mg ha?1. On the low-CEC, low-Ca soils (Plainfield and Kelner), improved tuber grade and/ or US1A size grade were detected with the addition of up to approximately 300 kg Ca ha?1 as CaSO4. The percent of US1A tubers increased 5 to 10% and the yield of US1A prime size (170–370 g) tubers increased 3.4 to 8.4 Mg ha?1 above control values. These improvements were accompanied by increased periderm Ca concentrations, even though leaflet Ca concentrations were not affected by Ca applications. The use of 100 kg Ca ha?1 asCa(NO3)2 in combination with CaSO4 was more effective than CaSO4 alone. On higher soil test Ca soils (Pence and Antigo), responses were inconsistent and periderm Ca was generally not increased.  相似文献   

14.
通过2009--2010年度在龙海设置冬种马铃薯施钾肥试验,结果明确：马铃薯吸钾量随施钾量的提高而增加;马铃薯吸钾速率以前中期为最大,开花后从土壤中吸钾速率逐渐降低,块茎所需钾素大部分来自茎叶既有钾素的输出;每667m2马铃薯鲜薯产量2500～2700kg所需的K肥经济施用量为14kg;种薯脱毒与否对氯离子胁迫抗力明显...  相似文献   

15.
A primary objective of phosphorus (P) management is to maintain optimal levels of P in the soil solution at the root surface. Potato plants typically have low root density, resulting in higher solution P concentration needs and critical soil test levels than most other common crop plants. The chemistry of P in fertilized soils makes maintaining these high P concentrations a challenge. Phosphorus has a very high affinity for the soil solid phase with iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) dominating reactions in moderately acid soils and calcium (Ca) in alkaline soils. Guidelines for P stewardship for potato production are: (1) adopt practices that develop soil conditions that favor root growth and development; (2) make source, rate, time and placement decisions for nutrient applications that maintain optimal soil solution P concentrations during critical growth stages; and (3) use soil and water conservation practices to minimize P losses from the root zone and the field.  相似文献   

16.
为实现油菜磷肥减施增效和保障生态环境,利用土壤有效磷含量较低的黄棕壤和酸紫砂土开展试验,建立土壤-磷肥-作物体系相匹配的磷肥施肥方案.以甘蓝型油菜中双11号和圣光168为材料,采用盆栽试验研究黄棕壤和酸紫砂土上施用过磷酸钙(SSP)、磷酸二铵(DAP)、聚磷酸铵(APP)和钙镁磷肥(CMP)对油菜苗期生长及成熟期产量、...  相似文献   

17.
湖南冬闲田马铃薯氮吸收分配规律研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
试验采用“3414”设计方案,分析冬闲田马铃薯在不同肥料水平下氮肥吸收分配规律。结果表明：马铃薯地上部全氮含量在全生育期间其动态变化呈现为苗期低,块茎形成期高,而在块茎成熟期缓陧下降的趋势,且在整个生育期内,氮素浓度的变化表现为地上部〉块茎;块茎中氮的含量均在块茎形成期最高,块茎成熟期下降。  相似文献   

18.
Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most important virus in North American seed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production. Planting virus-free minitubers in place of field-grown seed, which usually has a low PVY incidence, reduces initial PVY inoculum in the field. However, plants grown from minitubers are smaller and emerge later than those grown from conventional seed, which could make them more likely to become infected with PVY. We tested the effects of seed type of three potato cultivars (Dark Red Norland, Goldrush, and Red La Soda) on PVY incidence, tuber yield, and flowering time. The incidence of PVY in plants grown from minitubers did not differ from that of plants grown from conventional seed. Minituber-grown plants produced lower tuber yields than plants grown from conventional seed. Plants from minitubers also emerged and flowered later, but this did not increase their incidence of PVY. Cultivar-specific differences were observed in tuber yield and flowering times, suggesting that this variation may influence PVY incidence more than seed type.  相似文献   

19.
Fertilizer nitrogen (N) may be managed to increase crop production and profitability while reducing nitrate contamination of groundwater. A two-year field investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of applied N on tuber yield and quality, dry matter production and N uptake of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Russet Burbank) grown on irrigated sandy soils in Michigan. Nitrogen was applied as ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] at rates of 0, 56 and 112, kg N ha?1 in a single application at planting or 112 and 168 kg N ha?1 in split applications during the growing season. Total tuber yield generally increased with N applications up to 112 kg N ha?1. Only one of the three experimental sites showed an increase in marketable tuber yield when 112 kg N ha?1 was split evenly between planting and tuber initiation. Tuber specific gravity was not affected by N rate. Nitrogen rates of 112–168 kg N ha?1 maximized dry matter production and plant tissue N concentration at onset of maturity and harvest. Tuber N concentration at harvest ranged from 13–17 g kg?1 at two of the three locations. Values for the third experiment were 10–13 g N kg?1. Whole crop N uptake at onset of senescence ranged from 45 to 225 kg N ha?1 across all locations and treatments. An average of 67 percent of this N was found in tubers at harvest. Nitrogen fertilization exceeded N removal in harvested tubers by more than 50 kg N ha?1 only for the 168 kg N ha?1 treatment. These results indicate that acceptable tuber yield can be obtained with lower N rates than those currently used by most producers, with the potential for reducing net loss of N from the soil.  相似文献   

20.
A Potato Virus X (PVX) free seed stock resulted in higher total yield and U.S. No. 1 potatoes than regular seed stock which carried PVX. Petiole samples from PVX free seed stock were higher in 2% acetic acid extractable PO4-P than those from regular seed at all rates of fertilizer phosphorus. A high positive correlation was found between petiole phosphate and yield at early tuber set. Increasing rates of nitrogen increased higher total and U.S. No. 1 yields of potatoes, but also slightly decreased specific gravity. The results of this study indicate that phosphorus fertilizer recommendations for growers using Russet Burbank seed low in PVX will necessarily be different from those made for growers planting ordinary seed.  相似文献   

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