共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
农业废弃物资源化利用技术综合评价指标体系与方法 总被引：11，自引：8，他引：3
农业废弃物资源化利用技术综合评价是现代农业产地环境保护技术优选和集成的重要内容。为了构建中国农业废弃物资源化利用技术综合评价的指标体系和方法,该文采用文献分析的研究方法,基于自然—经济—社会复合生态系统理论,提出了农业废弃物资源化利用技术综合评价指标体系的构建思路,并建立了一套包括4级37个指标的综合评价指标体系。在论述农业废弃物资源化利用综合评价的实施过程基础上,提出了4层次的农业废弃物资源化利用技术的评价模式,该模式具有全面性、定量与定性相结合的特点。研究结果为评价、筛选、集成和推广农业废弃物资源化利用技术提供方法学依据。 相似文献
2.
基于能值分析的奶牛产业园区循环发展模式评价 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以沼气工程为纽带的循环农业模式是降低农业产业园区废弃物污染、提高资源利用率的有效方式。该研究构建了适合园区规模的循环农业模式能值评价指标体系,以河北省某典型奶牛产业园区为案例,将园区现行的利用全混式厌氧反应技术(Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor,CSTR)的湿法单相厌氧消化沼气工程,与湿法两相耦合厌氧消化、干法序批式厌氧消化、干法连续式厌氧消化3种不同沼气工程模式进行对比,运用能值理论及计算方法对以沼气工程为纽带的农业产业园循环模式进行了评价,选择最适宜园区发展的沼气工程模式。结果表明,该园区能值投入率为17.57,能值产出率为0.41,环境负载率0.33,可持续发展指数1.23,以CSTR湿法单相厌氧消化沼气工程为纽带的循环农业模式整体效益优于其他3种模式。研究对其他园区的循环农业模式评价和以沼气工程为纽带的循环农业发展具有借鉴意义。 相似文献
3.
中国北方平原地区种养循环农业现状调研与发展分析 总被引：8，自引：11，他引：8
中国各地根据自然条件、产业类型及资源禀赋等形成了不同的种养循环农业模式,然而,针对北方平原地区(包括东北地区、西北地区和黄淮海地区)的种养循环农业模式尚缺乏系统研究,可复制可推广可持续的典型模式亟待总结.该文以实地调研和文献资料总结分析形式,对北方平原地区121个种养大县的农业废弃物资源化利用系统调研分析,梳理总结出中国北方平原地区基于农业废弃物(畜禽粪污、秸秆、尾菜等)资源化利用,形成以沼气工程、好氧堆肥和秸秆资源化为纽带的种养循环农业模式.同时,深入分析现有种养模式存在问题,仍需优化种养业格局实现种养平衡,构建评价体系,因地制宜选择种养模式,加快关键技术研发,以指导北方平原地区乃至全国种养循环农业发展. 相似文献
4.
能源生态环保型沼气工程的实践与思考 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过分析国内外沼气工程及畜禽污染物处理技术,结合经济发达地区土地资源制约现状,提出能源生态与环保结合型沼气工程模式的定位思路;在实践中形成发酵贮液沉淀一体化混合式主体工程、节能型发酵设备运行系统、分流式污染物处理工艺、沼液沼渣多级处理利用系统、农业废弃物循环利用产业和环境友好型奶牛生态养殖模式;建议沼气工程应定位于农业基础性产业,由政府公共财政资金投资建设为主体,并实行企业化管理。 相似文献
5.
节能减排背景下看我国循环经济农业废弃物资源化问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
农业面源污染日趋加剧,农村环境形势严峻,农业废弃物没有合理利用是造成面源污染的主要原因。农业废弃物资源化产业发展是农村环境保护的经济选择。中国特色的循环经济在农业废弃物资源化产业中技术上不缺乏手段。农业废弃物资源化形成产业体系,能充分体现出经济价值、环境价值及社会效益,将对我国"三农"形成全方位的影响,对节能减排工作提供一种新思路,而且是我国未来能源产业新的增长点。 相似文献
6.
自然村生产生活废弃物循环利用模式及其评价研究 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
农业农村生产生活废弃物循环利用是实现农村人居环境治理、提高资源利用效率的重要途径,对美丽乡村建设具有重要意义。该文以自然村为研究对象,采用层次分析法和模糊评价法相结合的方法,统筹考虑生产生活废弃物循环利用,构建了自然村生产生活循环技术模式评价指标体系,确定各项指标的权重,建立评价方法。以河北邢台市山区某村为例,针对其生产生活废弃物产生特点,构建生产生活废弃物循环利用体系,该村农业废弃物以果木剪枝、生活垃圾、生活污水、人畜粪尿等为主,通过构建以果木剪枝热解+炭基有机肥还田为纽带的循环利用模式,辅以污水处理利用技术,实现了废弃物能源化和就地肥料化利用。通过对该自然村循环利用模式进行实地评价验证,结果表明该自然村生产生活循环技术模式评分结果为优。该文为中国村镇废弃物循环利用技术模式选择、农村人居环境改善和农业绿色发展提供参考和借鉴。 相似文献
7.
8.
通过对江苏省武进外向型农业综合开发区进行生态－经济诊断，提出在开发区建设无公害农产品生产基地，实施退稻种草养牛工程，开展农业废弃物资源化综合利用，建设生态果园，发展休闲观光农业等生态工程与措施，探讨了在我国经济发达地区建设生态农业，实现农业可持续的模式和途径。 相似文献
9.
10.
论乡村振兴战略背景下农业工程科技创新 总被引：2，自引：6，他引：2
为适应乡村振兴战略的任务需求,推进农业工程科技创新,该文阐述了乡村振兴战略的基本内涵,总结了近年来农业工程科技创新对农业农村经济发展的促进作用,主要表现在农业机械化工程提高生产效率;农业水土工程实现旱涝保收和生态环境改善;土地利用工程增加和优化耕地资源提高生产能力;农产品加工与贮藏工程促进一二三产业融合发展;农村能源工程促进绿色发展;农业资源循环利用工程促进农业可持续发展;农业建筑与生物环境工程提高劳动生产率和资源利用率;农业农村信息化工程促进精准农业和智慧农业发展;农业农村规划设计科学谋划"三农"发展。该文重点从乡村振兴中的产业振兴、生态振兴和人才振兴三个方面,分析了农业工程科技创新面临的新课题,提出了新时期农业工程科技创新以及人才培养的主要任务,包括树立系统思维,强化统筹和集成作用,综合集成农业工程理论、方法、技术和装备,提供整体、全面、有效的解决方案;聚焦提质增效,促进农业转型升级,推出一批关键工程技术和装备;强化循环发展理念,促进生产生活生态相融合,优化农业农村空间结构和产业布局,提供种养循环化、投入品减量化、生产清洁化、废弃物资源化、模式生态化的产业发展和工程解决方案;提高信息化应用和创新水平,促进数字农业和农村信息化发展,创制一批智能感知、智能作业、智能服务的产品;突出城乡融合、一二三产业融合、功能融合、产村融合、农业与互联网融合、要素融合和协作融合,做好乡村振兴规划;加强学科建设,开设急需专业,培养一批农业农村现代化急需的农业工程技术人才,为乡村振兴战略实施提供有力支撑和高效服务。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献
20.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献