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1.
The present study was carried out in a flat storeroom in central Greece, filled with approximately 60 tons of newly harvested wheat, in order to evaluate the population dynamics of stored-product mites and their predators in connection with horizontal and vertical distribution. At 15-day intervals, from July 2000 until March 2001, three replicates were taken from each sampling point at depths of 0–40, 40–80 and 80–120 cm, with a partitioned grain trier. The sampling points were divided into two zones, namely, central and peripheral. Air temperature, relative humidity, grain moisture and grain temperature were recorded during the sampling period. Twenty-four mite taxa were found, the dominant species beingTyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) andAcaropsis docta (Berlese). The numbers of these species varied significantly in the two zones and at the three depths. More individuals were found in the center compared with the periphery of the wheat bulk, and at the surface of the bulk than at greater depths. The highest mite population densities for the total mite species were recorded during October–November and after the middle of January. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 4, 2005.  相似文献   

2.
Samples were taken during a 2-year period (Sept. 1998 to Sept. 2000) from 17 ginning mills, located in the main cotton production regions in Greece. The material was examined in order to determine the presence and relative abundance of mites in stored seed cotton and its products: cotton fiber, cottonseed and cotton gin trash. Twenty-two mite taxa were found, with the predominance of mite species on each type of stored commodity differing significantly. Fifteen taxa were recorded in seed cotton, where the most abundant species wereTyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) andTarsonemus waitei Banks. In contrast, only four species were found in cotton fiber, withT. putrescentiae being the dominant one. Nine taxa were recorded in the cottonseed samples, where the most abundant species was by farLepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank).Caloglyphus sp. was the most abundant species in cotton gin trash, where a total of 13 taxa were found. Most mites were found in gin trash, followed by cottonseed and seed cotton; very few mites were detected in cotton fiber. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 16, 2002.  相似文献   

3.
The species composition and seasonal cycle ofTetranychus urticae Koch (two-spotted spider mite) andEotetranychus uncatus Garman (garman spider mite; the two species were evaluated together),Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher) (hawthom red spider nite),Panonychus ulni (Koch) (European red mite),Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten) (brown mite) (Acari Tetranychidae),Cenopalpus pulcher Can and Fanz. (flat scarlet mite) (Tenuipalpidae) and their natural enemies (Phytoseiidae and Stigmaeidae family members) were compared in two apple orchards during the years 2000 to 2002 in Tokat, Turkey. One orchard was pesticide-free, and the other was sprayed. Surveys were carried out once a week from April to November and the differences in the dominant species of spider mites and phytoseiid mites between the two orchards were recorded. In the sprayed orchard, the dominant phytophagous mites wereA. vienensis andP. ulmi whereas in the unsprayed orchardE uncatus andC pulcher were abundant. It was found that the predatory mites were able to control spider mites in the unsprayed orchard, but the population level was not adequate to control them in the sprayed orchard, presumably due to the excessive use of pesticides.  相似文献   

4.
This paper deals with the Arthropods fauna collected by bait and pheromone traps and categorized during one-year study in a Central Italy feed-mill. A total of 17,919 Arthropods were collected: Arachnida, Isopoda and Insecta. In the Arachnida we found mites, pseudoscorpions and mostly spiders; while in the Isopoda the only species noted wasPorcellio scaber (Latreille); in the Insecta 9 orders and 33 determined species were associated with the feed-mill: Collembola, Thysanura, Dermaptera, Psocoptera, Rhynchota, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. In the order Lepidoptera about 55% of the insects were collected. Eight species of stored product Lepidoptera were cuaght:Ephestia kuehniella. Zeller, was the most abundant and wide-spread in the feed-mill (with 8,230 males, 83.53% of Lepidoptera trapped) followed byPlodia interpunctella (Hübner), (1,415 males) andEphestia elutella, (Hübner), (161 males). Coleopterans made up 40.43% of the insects collected.Tribolium confusum J. Du Val, was the most abundant and widespread in the feed-mill (with 5,451 specimens, 75.23% of Coleoptera trapped); less abundant wereOryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (752 specimens),Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (359 specimens),Attagenus brunneus Fald. (223 specimens),Stegobium paniceum (L.) (156 specimens) andSitophilus oryzae (L.) (118 specimens). Arthropods infestation level found during this survey were probably directly proportional to the amount of debris present in the departments. Because of these and other peculiarities, the feed-mill staff have to be continually alert to prevent, detect, and control pest problems within their work environment.  相似文献   

5.
The commercially available trap WB Probe II Trap have been used in laboratory to monitor insects activity in grains at 24±1°C and 70±5% r.h.. The major coleopteran pests of cereals in Italy,Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.),Rhyzopertha dominica (F.),Sitophilus oryzae (L.) andTribolium castaneum (Herbst), were added to the grain at about 0.9 insect per kg. Two tests were prepared: in the testA insect activity was observed in spring wheatTriticum aestivum, L.; in the testB were compared in oat grainAvena sativa L., spring wheatTriticum aestivum L. and maize grainZea mays L. Significant differences in the numbers of insects collected by the traps were observed, both when compared across traps and cereal types. In all cereals considered traps trapped moreS. oryzae thanT. castaneum andO. surinamenis; the species less trapped wereR. dominica.  相似文献   

6.
Twenty‐five kilograms of wheat, at 16 and 17% moisture content (MC) were treated with ‘Dryacide’, a diatomaceous earth, at 3 and 5 g kg−1 and stored in metal bins. The bins were then infested with mixed populations of mites (Acarus siro and Lepidoglyphus destructor) and insects (Sitophilus granarius and Oryzaephilus surinamensis) at approximately 100 and 10 per kg, respectively. The grain was held at a constant temperature of 15 °C and relative humidities of 75 and 80%, chosen to simulate bulk surface conditions in UK stores, and monitored for 42 weeks. At 16% MC, the mite and insect populations were suppressed within 2 and 13 weeks, respectively, at both doses. At 17% MC, the mites took 5 weeks to die out and F1 adults of S granarius emerging within 22 weeks were controlled after a further 5 weeks. After 23 weeks the bins were re‐infested with mites and these were completely suppressed after a further 3 weeks. There was no decline in efficacy throughout the experiment. © Crown Copyright 2000. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

7.
BACKGROUND: Vapormate? is a cylinderised non‐flammable mixture of ethyl formate (16.7% by weight) and carbon dioxide (CO2) that has been developed as a rapid fumigant of stored grain. Four field trials were undertaken on wheat in 50 t farm silos to demonstrate the feasibility of dynamic application. To assess treatment efficacy, each trial tested mixed stages of Rhyzopertha dominica F. (>11 000), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) (>1500) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (>13 000) in mesh cages positioned through the centre of the grain bulk and on the grain surface. Ethyl formate and CO2 concentrations were measured in the silo during fumigation and in ambient air outside the 6 m fumigation zone. Application rates of 420, 660 and 940 g m?3 of ethyl formate/CO2 formulation and exposure times of 24, 3 and 72 h, respectively, were examined using wheat of 10.4–11.7% moisture content and grain temperatures between 2 and 32 °C. RESULTS: All life stages of R. dominica and T. castaneum were fully controlled under all conditions tested, and mortality of all life stages of S. oryzae was greater than 98%. CONCLUSION: Dynamic application of vaporised ethyl formate and CO2 to 50 t silos proved safe to operators and rapidly effective against stored‐grain insects on cold to warm grain. Copyright © 2009 CSIRO, Australia. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd  相似文献   

8.
Four-hundred-sixty-eightFusarium andFusarium-like isolates were obtained from crowns and subcrown internodes of winter wheat grown in Erzurum, Turkey. Of these isolates, 34.8% wereFusarium acuminatum, 32.3% wereF. equiseti, 16.9% wereF. oxysporum, 15.0% wereMicrodochium nivale (formerlyFusarium nivale), 0.6% wereF. tabacinum and 0.4% wereF. solani. In pathogenicity tests on wheat, the highest disease severity was caused by isolates ofM. nivale, whereas isolates ofF. acuminatum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum andF. solani were slightly virulent; isolates ofF. tabacinum were nonpathogenic. This is the first report ofM. nivale andF. tabacinum from wheat in Turkey. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 29, 2003.  相似文献   

9.
Consumption of pea (Pisum sativum L.) protein-treated wheat flour by the red flour beetleTribolium castaneum (Herbst.), the rice weevilSitophilus oryzae (L.) and the lesser grain borerRhyzopertha dominica (F.), was significantly reduced compared with wheat flour alone. Consumption was affected when the insects were exposed for 3 days to flour disks containing protein-rich fraction of the ‘Bonneville’ pea variety. Antifeedants present in the pea protein fraction are apparently responsible for the reduced feeding response in these species. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 6, 2004.  相似文献   

10.
BACKGROUND: The ethyl formate/carbon dioxide (CO2) formulation Vapormate? is a rapid‐acting fumigant being developed for the control of stored‐grain insects. The effects have been investigated of concentration, exposure times of 1, 3, 24 and 72 h and two grain temperatures, 15 and 25 °C, on its efficacy against mixed‐stage cultures of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and strongly phosphine‐resistant Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) strain QRD569. RESULTS: High mortalities (≥92%) of mixed‐stage cultures of all three species were obtained when grain was fumigated with the formulation (193 g m?3 ethyl formate) for 1 h. Complete control of R. dominica QRD569 and T. castaneum was achieved with 63 and 76 g m?3 ethyl formate respectively, with exposure for 24 h, whereas mean mortality of S. oryzae was 86% under the same conditions. Mortalities of S. oryzae juvenile stages were significantly lower than adults under the conditions tested, which was due to pronounced tolerance of mid‐stage pupae to the fumigant. Reducing grain temperature from 25 to 15 °C had no effect on insect mortality. CONCLUSION: Ethyl formate/CO2 formulation is highly effective against stored‐grain insects over a range of concentrations and exposure times. Efficacious fumigations were conducted in as little as 1 h, and a strongly phosphine‐resistant R. dominica strain was readily controlled with the fumigant. Copyright © 2009 CSIRO, Australia. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd  相似文献   

11.
Mites associated with abandoned fig trees in Egypt were observed during a 2-year study. This study included species diversity and seasonal fluctuations as well as some biological aspects of common eriophyoid species. Three phytophagous species consisted of the fig bud mite Aceria ficus (Cotte), the fig leaf mite Rhyncaphytoptus ficifoliae Keifer and the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, representing a basic trophic level, were fed upon by three of predacious mites (Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor), Amblyselus swirskii Athias-Henriot, Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez). Population abundance of the injurious mites were affected by the prevailing climatic conditions, action of predators and leaf age. A control measure of one summer pesticide (abamectin) application throughout the year seemed to be the most successful management of harmful mites. Life table parameters showed that the population of A. ficus multiplied 28.52 times in a generation time of 17.90 days, while R. ficifoliae population increased 16.50 times in a generation time of 14.61 days. Field and laboratory studies indicated that the viviparity is a typical character in the reproduction of R. ficifoliae.  相似文献   

12.
The USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) funded a demonstration project (1998-2002) for areawide IPM for stored wheat in Kansas and Oklahoma. This project was a collaboration of researchers at the ARS Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, Kansas, Kansas State University, and Oklahoma State University. The project utilized two elevator networks, one in each state, for a total of 28 grain elevators. These elevators stored approximately 31 million bushels of wheat, which is approximately 1.2% of the annual national production. Stored wheat was followed as it moved from farm to the country elevator and finally to the terminal elevator. During this study, thousands of grain samples were taken in concrete elevator silos. Wheat stored at elevators was frequently infested by several insect species, which sometimes reached high numbers and damaged the grain. Fumigation using aluminum phosphide pellets was the main method for managing these insect pests in elevators in the USA. Fumigation decisions tended to be based on past experience with controlling stored-grain insects, or were calendar based. Integrated pest management (IPM) requires sampling and risk benefit analysis. We found that the best sampling method for estimating insect density, without turning the grain from one bin to another, was the vacuum probe sampler. Decision support software, Stored Grain Advisor Pro (SGA Pro) was developed that interprets insect sampling data, and provides grain managers with a risk analysis report detailing which bins are at low, moderate or high risk for insect-caused economic losses. Insect density was predicted up to three months in the future based on current insect density, grain temperature and moisture. Because sampling costs money, there is a trade-off between frequency of sampling and the cost of fumigation. The insect growth model in SGA Pro reduces the need to sample as often, thereby making the program more cost-effective. SGA Pro was validated during the final year of the areawide program. Based on data from 533 bins, SGA Pro accurately predicted which bins were at low, moderate or high risk. Only in two out of 533 bins did SGA Pro incorrectly predict bins as being low risk and, in both cases, insect density was only high (> two insects kg(-1)) at the surface, which suggested recent immigration. SGA Pro is superior to calendar-based management because it ensures that grain is only treated when insect densities exceed economic thresholds (two insects kg(-1)). This approach will reduce the frequency of fumigation while maintaining high grain quality. Minimizing the use of fumigant improves worker safety and reduces both control costs and harm to the environment.  相似文献   

13.
Mites associated with abandoned fig trees in Egypt were observed during a 2-year study. This study included species diversity and seasonal fluctuations as well as some biological aspects of common eriophyoid species. Three phytophagous species consisted of the fig bud mite Aceria ficus (Cotte), the fig leaf mite Rhyncaphytoptus ficifoliae Keifer and the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, representing a basic trophic level, were fed upon by three of predacious mites (Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor), Amblyselus swirskii Athias-Henriot, Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez). Population abundance of the injurious mites were affected by the prevailing climatic conditions, action of predators and leaf age. A control measure of one summer pesticide (abamectin) application throughout the year seemed to be the most successful management of harmful mites. Life table parameters showed that the population of A. ficus multiplied 28.52 times in a generation time of 17.90 days, while R. ficifoliae population increased 16.50 times in a generation time of 14.61 days. Field and laboratory studies indicated that the viviparity is a typical character in the reproduction of R. ficifoliae.  相似文献   

14.
Species of entomophthoraceous fungi attacking insects and mites are very well represented in Israel. In the last decade, 22 species ofEntomophthora sensu stricto, Triplosporium, Zoophthora, Conidiobolus, and others under the designationEntomophthora sensu lato, have been identified, of which three are new species:Entomophthora turbinata, Zoophthora erinacea andZ. orientalis. Fiftyfour host-pathogen combinations hitherto not recorded in Israel are listed, of which 19 insect species are new hosts of entomophthoraceous species anywhere.  相似文献   

15.
M. Schmid  U. Guyer 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2004,56(7-8):218-221
We tested a combined application of neem and two predatory mite species, Amblyeius cucumeris and Hypoaspis miles, against a spontaneous infestation of a Western Flower thrips population (Frankliniella occidentalis) under greenhouse conditions. We treated the infested plants and the soil twice at an interval of 8 days with neem solutions of 0.3% and 0.5%, respectively. Four days after the second treatment, we released the two predatory mite species. We monitored the thrips population with blue insect traps and counted the insects caught regularly. From the 21st week (monitored till the 52nd week) after the beginning of the treatment with neem, we registered no further thrips on the insect traps.  相似文献   

16.
The research into the side effect of fungicides used in the control of the most serious disease in apples (Venturia inaequalis) i. e. the research into the influence of fungicides on the population of phytophagous mites, was carried out at Nedeliŝće (North-West Croatia) during 1997 and 1998. The study is related to the population of the mites most present in apple orchards, such as red spider mite (Pananychus ulmi) and other mites (Aculus schlechtendali andTetranychus urticae). Fungicides which are known to be effective against scab, i. e.Venturia inaequalis, and used in fruit production in Croatia, were tested in order to investigate their secondary properties which have not yet been studied. The following fungicides were used: cyprodinil, dodine, dichlofluanid + bitertanol (as tank mix), and kresoxim-methyl. The tests were repeated three times; the application time was determined by monitoring the conditions for infection. The treatments were done curatively, i. e. up to 96 h after the onset of infection conditions. The mite population was estimated by the pressing method, which yielded the average number of mites per leaf. All the results were statistically processed by variance analysis and by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test, and are presented graphically and in tables. The paper also presents graphically the climatic conditions, scab infections and application time. The research over two years have shown a pronounced suppressive effect of dichlofluanid + bitertanol on populations of phytophagous mites, while the other fungicides used in the research had a neutral effect on the mite papulation.  相似文献   

17.
Samples were collected from southern Greece during 1996–2000 in order to investigate the presence of parasitoids onAphis gossypii Glover infesting several citrus species. The species of aphidiines found to have a significantly different preference forA. gossypii wereAphidius colemani Viereck,Aphidius matricariae Haliday,Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh),Ephedrus persicae Froggat,Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson),Binodoxys acalephae (Marshall) andBinodoxys angelicae (Haliday). In another sampling experiment, the relative abundance of aphidiine parasitoids on aphids infesting orange and tangerine trees was studied in southern Greece (Nea Kios) in 1996 and 1997.A. gossypii constituted the largest part of the aphid population and was the only species parasitized.B. angelicae andA. colemani were the most abundant parasitoid species. The parasitization rate differed among the parasitoid species.B. angelicae had the highest colonization rate in centrally located and large host (A. gossypii) groups, whereasA. colemani was found in more isolated and relatively small host groups. The percentage of parasitism byB. angelicae was high mainly in large host groups, whenB. angelicae was the only parasitoid present. However, in cases of coexistence ofB. angelicae withA. colemani with hyperparasitoids, in the same sampling unit, the percentage of parasitism was relatively low. http://www.phytoparasitica.org  相似文献   

18.
Bioassays were conducted in stored grains to evaluate the combined use of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, diatomaceous earth (DE) and fenitrothion against adults of Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum. The insecticide agents were applied to wheat as follows: the fungus at 1 × 108 conidia/kg of wheat, DE at 3 g/kg of wheat and fenitrothion at a rate of 0.15 ml/kg of wheat (25% of field dose rate). Surviving insects and progeny production were monitored at thirty-day intervals until four months. For both insect species, significantly less progeny was produced on wheat treated with fenitrothion and DE + B. bassiana formulations in comparison with controls. The effect of insecticides on the grain damage, germination power of wheat and bulk density was also evaluated. After four months, B. bassiana mixed with DE reduced the damaged insect grains by 50% in comparison with both fenitrothion and control treatments. Trials using DE caused a reduction in bulk density while there were no significant differences for germination testing between treatments.  相似文献   

19.
BACKGROUND: The worldwide need to produce an inexpensive and abundant food supply for a growing population is a great challenge that is further complicated by concerns about risks to environmental stability and human health triggered by the use of pesticides. The result is the ongoing development of alternative pest control strategies, and new, lower‐risk insecticidal molecules. Among the recent technological advances in agricultural science, nanotechnology shows considerable promise, although its development for use in crop protection is in its initial stages. RESULTS: This study reports for the first time the insecticidal effect of nanostructured alumina. Two species were used as model organisms, Sitophilus oryzae L. and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), which are major insect pests in stored food supplies throughout the world. Both species experienced significant mortality after 3 days of continuous exposure to treated wheat. Nine days after treatment, the median lethal doses (LD50) observed ranged from 127 to 235 mg kg?1. CONCLUSION: Comparison of these results with recommended rates for commercial insecticidal dusts suggests that inorganic nanostructured alumina may provide a cheap and reliable alternative for control of insect pests. This study expands the frontiers for nanoparticle‐based technologies in pest management. Further research is needed to identify its mode of action and its non‐target toxicity, and to determine the potential of other nanostructured materials as pest control options for insects. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

20.
Four spider species and the predacious mitePhytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) were examined in the laboratory for their capacity to feed on the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). The adult females ofChiracanthium mildei L. Koch showed the highest capacity for feeding onT. cinnabarinus (27.5 mites/day) and differed significantly from all other spider species, including the immatureC. mildei which consumed an average of 18.9 mites/day — nearly equal to that of the Oxyopidae species (16.8 mites/day). The salticid (10.1 mites/day) and theridiid (9.5 mites/day) spider species had the lowest capacity, which was nearly equal to that of the predacious miteP. persimilis (11.3 mites/day). Results indicate that spiders play an important role as mite predators.  相似文献   

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