共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
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为给新型生物农药的研发提出依据,用黄连、黄芩、大蒜、金银花、柴胡和连翘6种植物的浸提液单剂及其复合剂对尖孢镰刀菌进行处理,探索浸提液单剂及复合剂对尖孢镰刀菌的影响。综合对尖孢镰刀菌菌落生长和产孢量两方面的影响,植物浸提液单剂的抑菌效果相对较好的处理分别是50%黄连、30%黄芩、20%金银花、60%柴胡、50%连翘、60%连翘以及10%大蒜、30%大蒜、60%大蒜。6种植物浸提液对尖孢镰刀菌均有抑菌作用,以黄连的抑菌效果最好,平均抑菌率为52.95%,平均抑产孢率为59.46%。 相似文献
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我国大蒜废弃物资源丰富,为引导其合理化、资源化利用,测定了大蒜提取物对大豆尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum fsp.tracheiphilum）、油菜菌核病菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum（Lib.）d eBary）、大豆细菌性斑点病菌（Pseudomonas.s yringae pv.glycinea）和水稻白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae〔Ishiyama〕Dye,Xoo）4种植物病原菌的抑制作用,并通过大蒜提取物、大蒜渣、大蒜肥对土壤中大豆尖孢镰刀菌的抑制试验,测定了其在土壤中对土传病原菌的抑制效果。结果表明,高浓度的大蒜提取物对这4种植物病原菌有抑制作用,随着提取物浓度的升高,抑菌效果也更为明显。质量浓度为500mg.mL-1时对大豆尖孢镰刀菌、大豆细菌性斑点病菌和水稻白叶枯病菌的抑菌效果最好。培养基中提取物浓度达100mg.mL-1时对两种真菌的抑制达100%。同时,含大蒜提取物0.05mL.g-1、大蒜渣5%或大蒜肥25%的土壤能抑制土传病原菌大豆尖孢镰刀菌在土壤中的定殖。 相似文献
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胨冻样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mucilaginosus)对烟草灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制作用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文首次报道胨冻样芽孢杆菌XDB1和D4B1对烟草灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制作用。实验表明,XDB1和D4B1的发酵原液和无细胞提取物具有相同的抑菌效果,而经121℃处理30分钟后,抑菌活性丧失。D481菌株的抑菌活性高于XDB1,钾长石作为基质时的活性高于土壤矿物。但是,XDB1和D481对立枯丝核病菌(R..solani)、西瓜尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum)、腐霉(Pythium sp)、小麦全蚀病菌(G.graminis)、烟炭疽病菌(C.gloeosporides)、烟草赤星病菌(A.alternata)、烟草黑胫病菌(P.nicotianae、串珠镰刀病菌(F.moniliforme)和水稻稻瘟病菌(P.grisea)无抑制作用。 相似文献
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硝/铵营养对香蕉枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
通过室内平板培养,研究了不同硝/铵配比的氮源,以及不同的pH对香蕉枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响。结果表明: 1）在所有不同硝/铵配比处理中,低pH（pH=4）均抑制尖孢镰刀菌的生长。在相同pH值条件下,100%铵态氮处理中尖孢镰刀菌的生长受到明显抑制,其菌落直径均小于4 cm; 2）在不同浓度铵处理后,尖孢镰刀菌的生长在铵态氮大于5 mmol/L时受到强烈的抑制; 3）通过模拟植物细胞壁被尖孢镰刀菌侵染并穿透的过程中发现,尖孢镰刀菌在100%铵态氮处理下不能穿透赛璐膜。本研究结果说明,铵态氮能够控制香蕉尖孢镰刀菌的生长,并抑制其侵染穿透寄主细胞壁。 相似文献
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不同栽培条件下蔬菜塑料大棚土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量的变化 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
应用尖孢镰刀菌选择性培养基,调查了太湖地区不同蔬菜品种、不同栽培年限、不同栽培方式及不同土壤深度的蔬菜塑料大棚土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量的变化情况。结果显示,栽种黄瓜的土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量达1.6×104cfug-1干土,显著大于栽种芹菜和茄子的土壤。随着栽培年限的增加,土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量有增加的趋势,连作4a土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量比连作1a土壤增加了22%。与有土栽培相比,基质槽培土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量较少,仅1.1×104cfug-1干土,基质栽培可能是国内今后蔬菜塑料大棚的发展方向之一。随着土层深度的增加,土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量逐渐降低,尖孢镰刀菌很少从表层土向下迁移。这些结果为蔬菜塑料大棚土壤的可持续利用提供了一些初步的微生物学依据。 相似文献
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为探究哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)M-33协同小麦秸秆对马铃薯黑痣病的生防效果,及其对马铃薯根际土壤微生物区系的影响,应用平皿对峙法和扫描电镜技术研究哈茨木霉M-33对立枯丝核菌的拮抗机制,通过盆栽试验研究哈茨木霉M-33协同小麦秸秆对马铃薯黑痣病的防治效果和对马铃薯植株生长的影响,基于稀释平板法和高通量测序技术测定协同处理对马铃薯根际土壤微生物区系的影响。结果表明,哈茨木霉M-33对立枯丝核菌的拮抗机制表现为空间竞争和重寄生;协同处理马铃薯出苗率为100%,对马铃薯黑痣病的防效高达70.26%,明显高于对照;协同处理的马铃薯株高、茎粗和分枝数分别为43 cm、0.82 cm和3.89,均明显高于对照;同时,协同处理后马铃薯根际土壤真菌数量较对照降低了29.54%,而细菌、放线菌和木霉菌数量分别较对照提高了75.36%、60.58%和 1 407.27%; 协同处理对真菌群落多样性、群落结构组成影响较大,对细菌群落多样性、群落结构组成影响较小;协同处理能够促进马铃薯根际土壤中有益微生物的聚集。本研究结果可为生防木霉菌高效利用和马铃薯黑痣病的生物防治提供理论基础。 相似文献
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红三叶根际促生菌中具生防效果菌株筛选、鉴定及特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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有机肥配施对番茄土传病害的防治及土壤微生物多样性的调控 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
在田间试验条件下,采用施用基肥和追肥的方法,结合Biolog技术,分析了不同有机肥配合施用对番茄土传病害的防治效果及对土壤微生物群落多样性的影响,并探讨了有机肥防治作物土传病害的机理及意义。结果显示,有机肥的施用对大田番茄青枯病、枯萎病、茎基腐病等3种土传病害均有显著的防治效果,粉状有机肥和液体有机肥配合施用时防病效果最显著;有机肥的施用还改善了土壤微生物群落结构。土壤微生物群落的AWCD和Shannon index与作物发病情况有较好的一致性,显示施肥提高土壤微生物多样性,对土传病害的防治有重要的影响。 相似文献
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Robert P. Larkin 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(6):1341-1351
Various biological amendments, including commercial biocontrol agents, microbial inoculants, mycorrhizae, and an aerobic compost tea (ACT), were evaluated, alone and in conjunction with different crop rotations, for their efficacy in introducing beneficial microorganisms, affecting soil microbial community characteristics (SMCC), and reducing soilborne diseases of potato in greenhouse and field trials in Maine. Most amendments successfully delivered microorganisms into the soil, altering microbial populations and activity in accordance with the particular organisms added, and significantly altering SMCC (as determined by FAME analysis) to various degrees from 2 to 24 weeks. Amendment effects were greatest early on (2 weeks after amendment), but effects associated with crop treatment became more dominant at subsequent assessments (10 and 24 weeks after amendment). In field trials, effects on microbial characteristics, soilborne diseases and tuber yield were variable, with some microbial inoculants and a biostimulant producing no significant effects, whereas arbuscular mycorrhizae, reduced stem canker and black scurf by 17–28%. When used in three different 2 yr crop rotations (barley/ryegrass, barley/clover, and potato, all followed by potato), biological amendments reduced soilborne disease and improved yield in some rotations, but not others. Soil-applied ACT and the combination of ACT with a mixture of beneficial microorganisms (Mix) reduced stem canker, black scurf, and common scab on tubers by 18–33% and increased yield 20–23% in the barley/ryegrass rotation, but not in the other rotations. Mix also reduced disease (20–32%) in the barley/clover rotation only. None of the amendments significantly reduced disease in continuous potato plots. Both crop rotation and amendment treatments significantly affected SMCC, but rotation effects were more dominant. These results indicate that certain rotations were better able to support the added beneficial organisms from amendments and enable more effective biological control, and also that favorable crop rotations may be more effective than amendments in manipulating or altering SMCC. Establishment and persistence of amendment effects may depend on many factors, but an effective and supportive crop rotation is apparently important. 相似文献
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三种堆肥对番茄生长及青枯病防治效果的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
合理施用堆肥能够有效地改善植物的生长条件和土壤的生态环境,从而提高植物对病害的抗性。通过盆栽试验,研究了药渣、 污泥和猪粪三种堆肥以不同比例与泥炭混合对番茄植株生长和番茄青枯病防治的影响。结果表明: 三种不同堆肥均能促进番茄植株生长,其中猪粪堆肥对番茄生长的促进效果最显著,当泥炭与猪粪的混合比例为3∶1时效果最好,当收获番茄植株时,其鲜重和干重较泥炭基础基质处理分别提高了29.8%和41.2%,污泥堆肥次之,药渣堆肥最差; 三种不同堆肥都能抑制青枯病的发生,药渣堆肥对番茄青枯病的抑制效果最明显,当泥炭与药渣的混合比例为4∶1时效果最好,在番茄植株移栽33d 时,其病情指数较泥炭基础基质降低了66.7%,污泥堆肥次之,猪粪堆肥最差。添加不同堆肥使得盆栽基质的理化性质、 酶活性和可培养微生物的数量发生了不同的变化,推测可能是上述因素的变化使其对番茄的生长和青枯病的防治效果产生了明显的差异。 相似文献
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A field laboratory was established in Prince Edward Island, Canada, to determine the effects of 2- and 3-year crop rotations, with conventional and minimum tillage treatments, on the severity of soilborne diseases of potato. The 2-year rotation consisted of spring barley and potato (cv. ‘Russet Burbank’), and the 3-year rotation was barley (undersown with red clover), red clover and potato. Examination of potato stem, stolon, and tuber tissues revealed significantly (P=0.05) lower levels of canker and black scurf caused by Rhizoctonia solani, in plants grown in 3-year vs. 2-year rotations. The severity of dry rot (Fusarium spp.) and silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani) was significantly (P=0.05) lower in tubers from plots managed with 3-year rotations and minimum tillage practices. Potato tubers harvested from 3-year rotational soils were significantly (P=0.05) less diseased than those from 2-year rotational soils following inoculation with Phytophthora erythroseptica, causal agent of pink rot. In greenhouse experiments using field soils from 2- and 3-year rotations, we found that potato plants growing in 3-year rotational soils were significantly (P=0.05) less diseased than those growing in 2-year rotational soils following inoculation with P. erythroseptica. Analysis of root zone bacteria recovered from the rhizosphere (exoroot) and potato root tissues (endoroot) showed that the greatest antibiosis activity inhibiting the growth of soilborne pathogens in vitro occurred in bacterial isolates recovered from the endoroot tissues of 3-year rotation crops under minimum tillage management. Our evidence supports the view that soil agroecosystems can be modified through rotation and conservation tillage practices to improve disease suppression by enhancing the antibiosis abilities of endophytic and root zone bacteria (endo- and exoroot). 相似文献
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Carpinella MC Giorda LM Ferrayoli CG Palacios SM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(9):2506-2511
Extracts from different parts of Melia azedarach L. were studied as potential antifungal agents for selected phytopathogenic fungi. In a serial agar dilution method, hexanic and ethanolic extracts from fruit, seed kernels, and senescent leaves exhibited fungistatic activity against Aspergillus flavus,Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionales, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium verticillioides, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Both hexanic extract from senescent leaves and ethanolic extract from seed kernel were highly effective on all tested fungi, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.5 to 25 mg/mL and 0.5 to 5 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, all of the above-mentioned extracts showed fungicidal activity on these fungi, with ethanolic seed kernel extract being the most active. Three compounds displaying activity against F. verticillioides were isolated from the ethanolic seed kernel extract and were characterized as vanillin (1), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde (2), and (+/-)-pinoresinol (3), with MICs of 0.6, 0.4, and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. These compounds also showed a synergistic effect when combined in different concentrations, needing four times less concentration to reach complete inhibition in the growth of F. verticillioides. 相似文献
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Antimycotic activities of selected plant flora,growing wild in Lebanon,against phytopathogenic fungi
Petroleum ether (PE) and methanolic extracts of nine wild plant species were tested in vitro for their antimycotic activity against eight phytopathogenic fungi. The efficacy of PE extracts against all pathogens tested was higher than that of methanolic extracts. Wild marjoram (Origanum syriacum) PE extract showed the highest and widest range of activity. It resulted in complete inhibition of mycelial growth of six of eight fungi tested and also gave nearly complete inhibition of spore germination of the six fungi included in the assay, namely, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, and Verticillium dahlia. The other plant extracts showed differential activities in the spore germination test, but none was highly active against mycelial growth. Inula viscosa and Mentha longifolia were highly effective (>88%) in spore germination tests against five of six fungi tested, whereas Centaurea pallescens, Cichorium intybus, Eryngium creticum, Salvia fruticosa, and Melia azedarach showed >95% inhibition of spore germination in at least two fungi. Foeniculum vulgare showed the least antimycotic activity. Fractionation followed by autobiography on TLC plates using Cladosporium sp. as a test organism showed that O. syriacum PE extracts contained three inhibition zones, and those of Inula viscosa and Cichorium intybus, two, whereas the PE extracts of the remaining plants showed each one inhibition zone. Some of the major compounds present in these inhibition zones were identified by GC-MS. The possibility for using these extracts, or their mixtures, to control plant diseases is discussed. 相似文献
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连续施用有机肥对连作花生根际微生物种群和 酶活性的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
花生连作导致土传病害易发,严重制约其产量和品质。为探讨持续施用有机肥缓解连作花生病害发生的防治机理,大田条件下研究了连续6年施用化肥、普通有机肥和生物有机肥(接种内生菌拟茎点霉B3)后对连作花生根腐病、根际土壤典型微生物种群和酶活的影响。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,持续施用普通有机肥和生物有机肥可有效控制连作花生土传病害发生,荚果产量提高23.8%和47.9%。连续施用普通有机肥和生物有机肥均显著提高根际过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和酚氧化酶活性,荧光定量PCR进一步测定出连续施用有机肥可显著增加连作花生根际细菌和真菌的数量,说明连续施用有机肥后连作花生根际微生物活性显著提升。连续施用普通有机肥和生物有机肥显著增加了连作花生根际有益微生物种群的数量,其中放线菌增加0.9倍和1.6倍,假单胞菌增加10.9倍和13.1倍,伯克氏菌增加2.6倍和1.9倍,芽孢杆菌增加1.1倍和2.1倍;然而连续施用有机肥对连作花生根际主要致病微生物种群(如镰刀菌属和青枯雷尔氏菌)无明显影响。表明通过持续施用有机肥可有效提高连作花生根际有益微生物种群的数量和土壤酶活性,进而改善连作花生根际微生态环境,增强连作土壤抑病能力,以达到控制连作花生土传病害易发的目的。 相似文献
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竹黄无性型菌株液体发酵菌丝提取物的生物活性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
测定竹黄无性型菌株ZHLS-03发酵菌丝体中竹红菌甲素的含量,并对其菌丝提取物的清除自由基活性和抑菌活性进行了研究。按50μg/ml的浓度测定了菌丝体石油醚、乙酸乙酯和甲醇等3种提取物对水稻纹枯病菌、稻瘟病菌、棉花枯萎病菌3种植物病原菌以及白色假丝酵母、金黄色葡萄球菌2种病原细菌的抑制能力;同时测定菌丝体的石油醚、乙酸乙酯和饱和正丁醇等3种提取物对DPPH自由基的清除率。结果表明：菌株ZHLS-03液体培养至6d,菌丝体中竹红菌甲素含量最高,可达到28029mg/g;菌丝体甲醇和正丁醇提取物分别具有较强的抑菌活性和清除自由基活性,甲醇相对棉花枯萎病菌的抑制率为7478%,抗白色假丝酵母的抑菌圈直径达到2069mm,且反应15min后正丁醇提取物对DPPH自由基的清除率可达9324%。 相似文献