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1.
While the flexible production literature has become increasingly abundant in recent years, the vast majority of it is narrowly restricted to manufacturing activities, entirely ignoring the role that producer services play in modern systems of production. This paper attempts to explore the conceptual linkages between the growth and the location of producer services, on the one hand, and the rise of flexible forms of production, on the other. After a brief summary of the flexible production approach, the factors underlying the growth and the increasing externalization of producer services are examined. The appropriateness of employing a flexible production framework in the case of producer services, and the significance of flexible production for understanding the location of producer services are then explored. Finally, the labor force effect of flexibility in the production and use of producer services is considered. 相似文献
2.
ABSTRACT While previous research has generally found that immigration raises unemployment for natives, effects are often more muted than expected. Anticipated out‐migration responses have been similarly difficult to discern. However, these findings may be byproducts of the long‐run nature of most inquiries, which furthermore do not account for changes in natives’ labor force participation. In response, this study evaluates the impact of the arrival of low‐skilled immigrants on low‐skilled natives in urban areas over a five year period. Initial static results from the Census Basic Monthly Survey clearly indicate that immigrants have a significant negative impact on natives’ labor force participation. Building upon these static panel results, characteristics of immigrants’ destination choices are examined along with the ensuing adjustment process through dynamic analyses of local markets. Surges of immigrants significantly reduce the labor force participation of low‐skilled natives, emphasizing this often neglected channel for labor market adjustment. Previous work may thus understate the true impact of immigrants on local labor markets by focusing on the longer term and ignoring adjustments through participation. 相似文献
3.
MERRILL L. JOHNSON 《Growth and change》1988,19(2):56-74
This study focuses on the location of electrical machinery manufacturing in South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama (with special attention given to the first three states), and the degree to which this industry is associated with labor environments attractive to firms in the late stage of the product cycle. Labor-environment variables were selected from published sources and then collapsed into principal components. County-level component scores were then correlated with selected electrical machinery employment variables. The analysis suggests that, with the possible exception of electronic components manufacturing, there has been no widespread locational response by electrical machinery manufacturing in these states to labor environments attractive to firms in the late stage of the product cycle. 相似文献
4.
ABSTRACT Owing to its competitive labor costs, its open‐market policy, and a substantial amount of capital investments, China has become a global manufacturing pole and an export‐based economy replicating the conventional Asian model but on a much wider scale. This is creating acute competition on other Asian export‐based economies such as Korea that have to adapt to the “China effect.” Consequently, many Korean manufacturing companies have repositioned their capital and equipment in China to enlarge their market potential as well as to reduce their production costs. Because Korea is adjacent to China—both are sharing the Yellow Sea Rim—this shift is creating a unique geographical dimension with a high level of functional integration of Sino‐Korean manufacturing supply chains. This transition has also brought substantial changes in the regional logistic network by organizing new flows of raw materials, parts, and final products, most of them along the Yellow Sea Rim. New logistic flows have given substantial influences on regional port competition by creating diverse links. These changes are bringing a reorientation of the regional maritime industry and of the port system. 相似文献
5.
This paper uses the Longitudinal Research Database (LRD),a unique, detailed, plant‐level database that covers the entire U.S. manufacturing sector in five‐year intervals to examine how the manufacturing sector in Appalachia has evolved over the past thirty years (from 1963 to 1992). The research focuses on three questions:1) Is the Appalachian Region attracting new manufacturing plants at the same rate as the rest of the country? 2) Does Appalachian manufacturing employment exhibit low wage, low productivity characteristics, compared with the rest of the country? 3) Is Appalachia still heavily reliant on branch plants? The results show the manufacturing base of Appalachia in 1992 looks very much the same as it did in 1967. Compared to the rest of the country, Appalachian manufacturing is still more reliant on branch plants and is characterized by lower wage and lower productivity establishments. This result is not due to a lack of entry—manufacturing plant entry rates and manufacturing job formation associated with entrants in Appalachia are only slightly lower than for the U.S. as a whole. Job destruction rates caused by exits are actually lower than in the U.S. as a whole. 相似文献
6.
JULIE A. SILVA 《Growth and change》2008,39(2):225-251
ABSTRACT States and localities in the U.S. put considerable effort into attracting and maintaining high‐tech manufacturing industries to preserve manufacturing employment. However, little work has examined whether high‐tech industries respond differently than traditional manufacturing to changing trade pressures. This study investigates the impact of international trade on skilled and unskilled labor demand across manufacturing sectors. Results of this study indicate that changes in exchange rates and trade orientation have similar effects across high‐tech and traditional manufacturing sectors. In addition, findings suggest that there is a high degree of variation in the trade‐related effects on labor demand across individual high‐tech sectors, and that the direction of these effects often runs counter to the predictions of traditional trade theory. 相似文献
7.
Mark Partridge 《Growth and change》2002,33(4):424-452
Despite the prevalence of multiple jobholding, there is relatively little research into its causes. Existing research has tested the predictions of standard labor models with micro data. Yet, there has been virtually no research into the relationship between moonlighting and structural differences in regional labor markets such as wages and employment growth. In this manner, this study examines the large differences in multiple jobholding rates across U.S. states. The findings indicate that multiple jobholding acts as a short‐term shock absorber to cyclical changes. However, in the long‐term, these effects dissipate, indicating that moonlighting plays a similar role as do changes in unemployment and labor‐force participation to regional labor market shocks. Conversely, multiple jobholding rates are inversely related to average weekly earnings. Thus, job growth accompanied by real wage (and productivity) growth may result in a decline in multiple jobholding, further exacerbating potential labor shortages. Other key factors found to influence multiple jobholding include occupational structure and education. 相似文献
8.
Hu Lide Yang Dan Wang Shilong 《保鲜与加工》1993,(6):58-64
After researching the function requirements of the planning and scheduling in manufacturing cells, the paper advanced a control structure with three phases, i. e. planning , scheduling and dispatching. The paper represented in detail the main purposes, requirements and scheduling actions in each phase. It suits to general machining FMSs. 相似文献
9.
Historically, the female unemployment rate in the U.S. has been higher than the male rate, but recently this unemployment rate differential has narrowed. This study looks at the reasons behind this phenomenon, and finds that relative declines in male-dominated industries such as durable manufacturing and construction increase the male unemployment rate relative to the female rate. If male-dominated industries continue to decline, the female unemployment rate is likely to fall below the male rate in the near future and remain lower in both recessions and expansions. The results reported here also indicate that increases in the female labor force participation rate are associated with relatively lower female unemployment rates after the mid-l970s, contrasting with the positive relationship in the 1950s and 1960s. 相似文献
10.
J. Brown 《Euphytica》1984,33(3):935-942
Summary A computer data base package, specifically designed to be used to store data collected from a plant breeding programme is described. The package will do many of the routine clerical operations involved in plant breeding, such as producing plot labels, field plans, genotype lists and data tabulations. It also has several statistical analysis routines, and routines which allow the user to examine and manipulate data. The package is user friendly since it was designed to be operated by plant breeders rather than computing specialists. Although it was written to handle data collected from a plant breeding programme, the package is flexible and could be used for a number of different applications. 相似文献
11.
Josep‐Maria Arauzo‐Carod 《Growth and change》2013,44(1):118-148
This paper is about the role played by the stock of human capital on location decisions of new manufacturing plants. I analyse the effect of several skill levels (from basic school to PhD) on decisions about the location of plants in various industries and, therefore, of different technological levels. I also test whether spatial aggregation level biases the results and determines the most appropriate areas to be considered in the analyses of these phenomena. My main statistical source is the Register of Manufacturing Establishments of Catalonia, which has plant‐level microdata on the locations of new manufacturing plants. 相似文献
12.
遗传因素对河北省玉米新品种推广的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对主要玉米品种推广分析,以及对代表性玉米种植户的调查研究,探讨了遗传因素对河北省玉米新品种推广的影响程度。研究结果表明,品种自身的优良遗传性状对玉米新品种的推广起决定作用;推广潜力大的新品种应具备产量高、品质优、抗性强、适应性广和较长的生育期等特点,其中抗逆性和适应性是决定品种推广范围和推广寿命的关键因素,株型不是影响品种推广的主要因素;遗传因素作为决定品种优劣的内在因素,决定着品种的推广成效。研究结果为河北省玉米新品种推广提供了参考依据。 相似文献
13.
美国植物种质资源保护与研究利用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
美国不是作物起源中心,但却是世界上保存植物种质资源最多的国家。美国拥有较完善的植物种质资源保护体系,其法律法规、管理制度、种质资源交换与共享政策、资助体系等稳定而灵活,保存设施和信息网络建设稳步发展,在种质资源收集、鉴定评价、新基因发掘、种质创新等方面针对不同作物的需求均取得了很大成效,充分体现出种质资源的基础性和公益性特点。本文在全面评述美国植物种质资源保护与研究利用情况的基础上,对我国种质资源保护、研究和管理提出了建议。 相似文献
14.
Design and manufacturing integration support system for sheet metal processing shop of electrical equipment 
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下载免费PDF全文 Under the mode of customization-oriented multi-varieties and small-batch production, the requirement of design and manufacturing integration exists in sheet metal processing shops, which has the characteristics of great varieties of sheet metals, huge design data and heavy production tasks. To meet the requirement, an integrated operation mode for sheet metal processing shop of electrical equipment is presented. The mode realizes the information sharing and business collaboration from the sheet metal 3D CAD, 2D outspread, process design, optimal sheet metal layout, NC programming to NC machining. The integration framework based on service oriented architecture(SOA), function structure and operation process of the system is constructed. The system has been applied to an electrical equipment manufacturer in Chongqing, and good results are obtained. 相似文献
15.
Pursuing the green manufacturing of products is beneficial to the alleviation of environment burdens. In order to reap such benefits, green manufacturing is involved in every aspect of manufacturing processes.The optimization selection of tool is one of the important approach to improve environmentally performance of cutting machining. The objective factors of decision making problems for traditional tool selection are usually the following, quality and cost.Based on the main idea of environmentally conscious and decision making framework model of green manufacturing proposed by the authors, an multi object decision making model for tool selection is put forward. The objects includes Time(T),Quality (Q),Cost(C), Resources(R) and Environment impact(E), where T aims to minimize the produce time,Q means to maximize the quality,C means to minimize the cost, R means to minimize the consume the resources and E means to minimize the environment impact respectively. Each object is analyzed in detail and integrated the Fuzzy Clustering Analysis Algorithm together with the expert judging method apply to the model too. A case study in which a practical decision making problem for tool selection in green manufacturing machining is analyzed. Successful application of above model shows the model is practical . 相似文献
16.
外源DNA直接导入技术以DNA片断杂交假说为理论基础，直接将目的基因或带有目的性状供体遗传物质（总DNA）通过花粉管通道法导入水稻植株，创造大量的变异材料，通过筛选获得目的性状的后代和新品种。由于简单、易行、不受受体植物种类的限制，已被越多的育种者所接受，在水稻的抗病、米质、丰产性上等各方面广为应用。介绍了外源DNA导入方法、外源基因导入类型、后代遗传变异特点及影响花粉管通道法导入的因素，优点、局限性进行了分析，同时提出了问题和展望。 相似文献
17.
The mathematical model of vacancy course path optimization of laser machining is built and changed to the travelling salesman problem (TSP). The Nearest Neighbor (NN) is modified to Adaptive Neighborhood Method (ANM). In ANM one mimics the traveller whose rule of thumb is not always to go next to the nearest as yet unvisited location. The next city is randomly selected from the unvisited cities in adaptive neighborhood. While solving the TSP, ANM is used to create the initial population at first, then iterations are done through selection, cross and mutation operation. In selection, the proposed algorithm only keep 90% samples from the previous generation, the remained agents are supplied by the new sample created by ANM. The results show that the algorithm shortens vacancy course in laser machining and the manufacturing efficiency is improved. 相似文献
18.
We examine the effects of individual plant and local characteristics on explaining survival of manufacturing plants over the last two recessions. We link the establishment‐level Rural Manufacturing Survey to longitudinal establishment employment records (Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages) and examine establishment survival using a Cox proportional hazards model. We find that independent and smaller plants were most likely to survive this period of manufacturing decline (1996–2011) and their survival was more affected by local context than establishments which are part of a multi‐plant firm. Among independent plants, we find that those in metropolitan counties had higher hazard rates despite finding access to local markets being a driver of survival. Plants located in more competitive counties had higher hazard rates. 相似文献
19.
ALLEN J. SCOTT 《Growth and change》1991,22(1):22-35
In this paper, I deal with three main facets of the electronics assembly subcontract industry in Southern California: (a) its technological and organizational structure, (b) its employment characteristics, and (c) its transactional-locational logic. I begin by describing production processes in the industry, and I suggest that the industry is marked by two distinctive kinds of flexible specialization. On the basis of a questionnaire survey, I show that the industry's labor force is composed for the most part of women and immigrants, and that there is a fairly distinctive gender and ethnic division of labor within individual establishments. I show too that the industry is typically arranged in an agglomerated locational pattern resulting from its transactions-intensive nature. I end the paper with a brief allusion to some possible restructuring trends that may affect the future functioning and locational structure of the industry. 相似文献
20.
VIGS:植物功能基因组学研究的革命 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
病毒诱导基因沉默(vims induced gene silencing,VIGS)技术是一种RNA介导的抗病毒防御反应机制,目前在植物反向遗传学领域已经表现出巨大的潜力.VIGS技术不仅优于传统的植物转基因技术,方法简便,高效耐用,而且具有高通量特性.在功能基因组学领域的研究中,这些优越性已经使VIGS技术成为最具吸引力的首选技术手段.目前,VIGS体系应用最成功的植物是病毒学家常用的模式植物一本氏烟草(Micotiana benthomiana),与此同时,也在努力改良VIGS技术,使其能够在包括单子叶植物在内的其它物种中得到广泛应用.我们讨论的重点是针对利用VIGS技术来确定基因功能,该技术已经在抗病性,逆境胁迫,细胞信号传导以及次生代谢生物合成途径研究中显示出相关基因功能的多样性,并随之构建出一系列新的相关模型. 相似文献