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1.
A clinical palpation and semen smear examination of 647 rams submitted to the Regional Veterinary Laboratory during 1967 revealed that 42 (6,5%) of these animals had clinical epididymitis or orchitis, 6 (0,9%) showed other types of genital lesions and 98 (15,1%) suffered from subclinical genital infection. A. seminis and A. seminis-like organisms were isolated from semen specimens of 18 out of 35 rams with clinical epididymitis or orchitis, 25 out of 33 rams with subclinical infection and none out of 13 rams which showed no neutrophils in their semen. On 4 stud farms where Elberg Rev. 1 vaccine was meticulously applied and the complete absence of Brucella ovis infection was established, of a total of 327 rams examined, 10 (3,6%) were found to be clinically and 72 (22,0%) subclinically affected. A. seminis was isolated from 5 out of 6 of these rams with clinical lesions and 10 out of 15 of those which showed evidence of subclinical infection.  相似文献   

2.
A 2-year study of the frequency of isolation of various organisms from mature and yearling rams with epididymitis was conducted at the US Sheep Experiment Station at Dubois, Idaho. Investigation into the distribution of lesions in the epididymis in relation to age of the ram also was studied. Serologic or bacteriologic evidence of Brucella ovis infection was demonstrated in 79.5% of the mature rams with epididymal lesions. Actinobacillus seminis and Histophilus ovis were the 2 most frequently isolated organisms from yearling rams with lesions. The tail(s) of the epididymis was the most frequent site of lesion development in the mature rams (86.4%). Yearling rams developed lesions twice as frequently in the tail(s) of the epididymis as in the head(s) of the epididymis. When lesions were localized in the head(s) of the epididymis, an etiologic agent usually was not demonstrated.  相似文献   

3.
AIM: To investigate and assess the sequential pathological changes in the epididymis and testis of young rams injected intra-epididymally with Actinobacillus seminis. METHODS: Twenty yearling Suffolk and Suffolk-cross rams were randomly divided into two groups comprising 16 test and four control animals. Each test ram received 2.3 x 109 cfu/ml of A. seminis injected intra-epididymally. Every 24 h post-inoculation (p.i.), two test rams were randomly selected, euthanised, and necropsied, until the end of the experiment at 192 h p.i. One control animal was euthanised at 24 h, 48 h, 96 h and 144 h p.i., respectively. The reproductive tract of each ram was carefully examined, lesions photographed, and tissues cultured. Thin sections of tissue samples were fixed and examined by light microscopy; additionally, epididymal tissues were examined by scanning electron microscopy (ScEM). RESULTS: Gross lesions were observed in the cauda epididymis of all test rams, and ranged from swelling at 24 h p.i. through enlargement and granuloma formation from 72 h p.i., to gradual enlargement and increasing firmness by 192 h p.i. Gross testicular atrophy was observed in three rams. Histologically, spermatic granulomas were evident in the epididymis and the tunica vaginalis of 10 and four rams, respectively. Cauda epididymitis was present in all rams, and caput and corpus epididymitis in eight and four rams, respectively. Interstitial orchitis was observed in seven, testicular degeneration in 14, and localised and diffuse tunica vaginalitis in 12 rams. Epididymal vasculitis and infiltration of eosinophils were observed as early as 24 h p.i. Moderate disruption of the epididymal duct from 72 h p.i., with subsequent release of spermatozoa into the interstitium, was revealed by ScEM. Actinobacillus seminis was cultured from the granuloma of six test rams from 72 h p.i. CONCLUSIONS: Actinobacillus seminis has the ability to persist in the genitalia of young rams following experimental infection. Suppurative epididymitis is observed as early as 24 h p.i., and spermatic granuloma within 72 h p.i. Infiltration of eosinophils appears to be an early host response to the bacterium, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of the epididymitis.  相似文献   

4.
The performance of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated in the serological diagnosis of subclinical genital infection in 6 naturally infected ram flocks and 2 experimentally infected ram hoggets. The test employs lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen prepared by autoclaving from Actinobacillus seminis and Histophilus ovis. A total of 193 sheep (118 unmated virgin rams and 75 mature breeding rams) were examined clinically, serologically (by ELISA) and bacteriologically (semen bacteriology) at the same time. Serum samples from all animals were also tested by an ELISA employing LPS antigen prepared from Brucella ovis in the same way. Shedding of A. seminis and H. ovis did not show close correlation with serological positivity (Table 1), as only 9 (15.0%) out of the 60 A. seminis shedders were ELISA seropositive at the same time. As regards H. ovis only 10 (19.2%) out of the 52 H. ovis shedders were ELISA seropositive at the same time. The results indicate that, when used alone, the ELISA employing LPS antigen is unsuitable for diagnosing subclinical genital infection caused by H. ovis and A. seminis in rams. The authors discussed shortly the employing fields of this ELISA test in the diagnostic work.  相似文献   

5.
AIM: To investigate and assess the epididymal and testicular lesions in rams up to 44 days after inoculation with Actinobacillus seminis via various routes. METHODS: Forty-four young (18-24 months old) rams were randomly divided into nine test and two control groups (n=4 per group). The test rams were infected by installation, drenching or injection of A. seminis organisms cultured for 24 h in a brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth containing 2.3 x 10(9) cells/ml, via the following nine routes: intra-epididymal (1 ml), intravenous (3 ml), intra-urethral (3 ml), intra-preputial (3 ml), vas deferens (1 ml), intramuscular (3 ml), oral (10 ml), intranasal (3 ml), and intra-conjunctival (3 drops). All test rams were necropsied 9-44 days post-inoculation (p.i.). Control rams were subdivided into in-contact and non-contact groups and necropsied at 45 and 46 days p.i., respectively. Thin tissue sections were examined for histopathology. RESULTS: Gross lesions were evident only in rams inoculated intra-epididymally. Epididymides on the inoculated side were two to three times larger than those on the un-inoculated side, and the testes attached to the inoculated epididymides were also enlarged. Fibrinopurulent periorchitis and tunica vaginalitis were seen in three rams and atrophy in one. Microscopically, epididymitis was present in 17 (47%) rams, the highest incidence being in the cauda, followed by the caput and the corpus epididymis. Seminiferous tubular degeneration with areas of lymphocytic infiltration were seen in four rams: three inoculated via the cauda epididymis and one via the urethra. No epididymal and/or testicular lesions were seen in rams inoculated via the nasal and conjunctival routes. CONCLUSIONS: Injection of A. seminis in young rams by all routes except intra-conjunctival and intranasal resulted in epididymitis, predominantly in the cauda epididymis. Development of lesions in the reproductive tract following non-genital routes of inoculation supports earlier suggestions that non-venereal transmission of genital actinobacillosis occurs. This study confirmed the predilection of A. seminis for the epididymis, especially the cauda.  相似文献   

6.
A breeding soundness evaluation was conducted on 824 Colorado range rams. These rams were determined to be free from epididymitis via testicular palpation. Semen evaluation included microscopic observation for the presence of WBC. Of the 824 rams, 15.5% failed the breeding soundness evaluation on the basis of the semen evaluation: 10.6% had WBC in the semen and 4.9% had poor sperm morphology. The prevalence of Brucella ovis isolation varied from 0% to 16.2% within flocks. The prevalence of subclinical B ovis infection was 10% in the control flocks. Brucella ovis was isolated from 71.9% of the rams that had WBC in their semen. From this study, it appeared that palpation and vaccination may be inadequate for control of ram epididymitis.  相似文献   

7.
TESTICULAR PATHOLOGY OF MERINO RAMS   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
SUMMARY The scrotal contents of 2,281 Merino rams of wide age range examined at 3 abattoirs in Perth, Western Australia, showed a 40% prevalence of rams with 1 or more gross lesions. The percentage prevalence of gross lesions found on autopsy were: adhesions 21, testicular atrophy/hypoplasia 14, testicular calcification 13, congenital cyst of the epididymis 6, cryptorchidism 4, chronic epididymitis/scrotal abscesses 2, varicocoele 2, testicular aplasia1, seminoma1. The prevalence of lesions increased with age of rams. Testicular atrophy was often present when varicocoele, chronic epididymitis and scrotal abscess affected that side of the scrotal sac. Corynebacterium spp was the most frequent isolate from chronic epididymitis. Actinobacillus seminis was isolated once and Brucella ovis was not isolated. About 20% of the rams showed lesions compatible with a diagnosis of reproductive unsoundness. A large proportion of lesions were revealed only after removal of the scrotum and most of these did not appear to affect normal spermatogenesis except for an estimated 9% of rams, which showed mild atrophy/hypoplasia. Samples of these testes showed mild to moderate changes in spermatogenesis on histopathology. It was postulated that the latter group of rams might represent those ill-defined clinical cases which show equivocal results on appraisal of semen samples despite the presence of palpably normal testes.  相似文献   

8.
Three young Suffolk ram lambs had lesions which rendered them reproductively unsound. One had a unilateral scrotal hernia, detected by palpation, and two had sperm granulomas which were detected by trans-scrotal ultrasonography at 18 to 20 weeks of age, before they could be detected by palpation. Changes in the lesions were monitored ultrasonographically at two-week intervals with a 7.5 MHz linear array transducer. On the day of each examination, semen was collected from the rams with sperm granulomas by using an artificial vagina, and their libido was assessed. Semen could rarely be collected from the third ram. Comparisons were made with similar data obtained from two normal rams. When the rams were 20 to 21 months of age, they were vasectomised on the normal side, so that the influence of the lesions on semen composition and libido could be assessed, and semen was collected and evaluated until they were euthanised at approximately 24 months of age, when the genital system was examined for gross lesions. The sperm granulomas changed in size (one of them increased in size by about 30 times) and echotexture over the 19-month period of the study, whereas the scrotal hernia, which contained omental fat, remained fairly constant. The libido of the two rams with sperm granulomas was comparable with the two normal controls. The total mean (sem) number of sperm in the ejaculates were 1.11 (0.10) x 10(9) and 2.03 (0.17) x 10(9) sperm/ml in the affected rams and 4.11 x 10(9) sperm/ml in the normal rams over the same period; the differences were significant (P<0.05). After unilateral vasectomy, the ejaculates from these two rams contained small numbers of dead spermatozoa, mostly with degenerate heads. Postmortem examination confirmed the gross lesions identified ultrasonographically.  相似文献   

9.
The efficacy of Brucella Melitensis Rev 1 vaccine (Rev 1) for the prophylaxis of Brucella ovis ram epididymitis was evaluated. Twenty-nine 3-month-old rams were vaccinated with 2 X 10(9) Rev 1 and 14 were revaccinated with 5 X 10(8) at 14 months of age. Six rams remained unvaccinated as a control group. All rams were challenged with 5 X 10(8) B. ovis at 21 months of age. Before being slaughtered 8 weeks later, only one vaccinated ram developed epididymitis while four of the six control rams developed testicular alterations. Genital and selected extragenital organs and lymph nodes were removed at slaughter and inoculated on selective media. B. ovis was isolated from 26.6% of the vaccinated rams, 21.4% of the revaccinated rams and 100% of control rams. Portions of epididymis, testes and vesicular glands were also used for pathological studies. More severe lesions were observed in control rams than in vaccinated ones. In conclusion, these results show that vaccination of young lambs, followed or not by revaccination, is a suitable method for the prophylaxis of B. ovis infection of rams.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the rapid detection of Brucella ovis, Actinobacillus seminis, Histophilus somni in fresh ram semen samples. DESIGN: The multiplex assay was based on the single PCR assays published for the detection of A seminis and B ovis, and the forward primer published for the detection of H somni; an alternative reverse primer for H somni was designed in this study. PROCEDURE: Culture and PCR of 295 fresh semen samples were carried out. RESULTS: The multiplex PCR was far more successful in the detection of H somni (45/295) than culture (23/295). A seminis was also detected in more semen samples by multiplex PCR (29/295) than culture (13/295) and B ovis was detected in three samples using both PCR and culture. No amplifications were detected with DNA from a range of bacterial isolates including species associated with epididymitis in rams. CONCLUSION: This PCR could be used as a complementary test, or alternative to culture of ram semen and other biological samples for the detection B ovis, H somni and A seminis.  相似文献   

11.
Nine groups of four 18- to 24-month-old rams were inoculated with Actinobacillus seminis by the following routes: intraconjunctival, intranasal, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intraepididymal, vas deferens, intraurethral or intrapreputial. Eight similar rams were left uninoculated as controls. Systemic clinical signs were minimal and were confined primarily to the inoculation sites and the scrotal contents. Mild to severe epididymitis resulted from all the routes of inoculation except intraconjunctival and intranasal. Direct inoculation into the genital tract, especially into the cauda epididymis, was more effective. Intrapreputial and intraurethral inoculation led to ascending urethral infection, and inoculation into the vas deferens resulted primarily in descending infection of the accessory sex glands. A seminis was isolated from 11 of the 36 test rams (30.6 per cent); 26 of the 36 rams, some from each of the test groups except those inoculated intravenously, reacted serologically.  相似文献   

12.
Clinical examination of 31 rams with evidence of Actinobacillus seminis infection revealed 15 cases with marked lesions of the scrotal contents, two cases with very mild lesions, one with testicular atrophy but no abnormality of the epididymides, and another 13 without any palpable abnormalities of the genitalia. The rams were from a Border Leicester flock and included 27 un-mated rams from 6 to 12 months old. Histological examinations of affected epididymides showed a mixed purulent and non-purulent inflammation, with cystic hyperplasia of the ductus epididymis. Interstitial fibrosis and spermatic granulomas were seen in chronic lesions. Bilateral testicular atrophy and seminal degeneration were found in the nine rams that were autopsied. The clinical and pathological features of the disease are similar to those of ovine brucellosis. A pyelonephritis of unknown significance was found in four of the nine rams examined.  相似文献   

13.
The interrelationship between the various bacteria isolated from the genital tract of rams and their host animals was studied. The pathogenicity of the different isolates varied. Several of these bacteria could be cultured in a medium consisting of a suspension of pen floor debris solidified with agar, while many organisms survived in the suspension for 10 days. Epidemiological investigations showed that rams kept under intensive systems were subjected to large-scale invasion of their genitalia by bacteria which led to infection of the accessory glands and orchitis and epididymitis. Apart from the preputial cavity, some rams kept on open range were entirely free of bacterial infection of their genitalia, and those that did have bacteria in the deeper parts of their genitalia had a very significantly lower incidence of pathological lesions of their genitalia. Finding bacteria and neutrophils in semen is consistent with the epidemiological findings.  相似文献   

14.
The eradication of Brucella ovis from a commercial flock of 36 Romney rams was complicated by four infected rams remaining undetected despite four successive flock examinations using the complement fixation test. These four rams were subsequently tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a gel diffusion test and shown to be infected by semen culture. All four rams could have been identified as infected at the initial test if the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay had been used in addition to the complement fixation test. Although gross evidence of epididymitis was found in only one ram at necropsy, three had histological lesions of epididymitis and all four had a seminal vesiculitis.  相似文献   

15.
Procedures for the diagnosis of Br. ovis infection in rams were evaluated by examining 10 rams artificially infected by preputial inoculation. Observations were undertaken at weekly intervals for 1 year to follow changes in clinical, bacteriological and serological findings. Clinical lesions were detected in 1 ram 3 weeks after inoculation and in all rams by 8 weeks; lesions were undetectable in 3 rams at the completion of the trial. The presence of inflammatory cells in semen samples was the earliest indication of infection being demonstrated in 2 rams at 2 weeks and in all rams by 8 weeks; subsequently 86% of samples were positive. Br. ovis was detected in semen smears from 3 rams at 4 weeks but only once in all rams (at 27 weeks); overall 52% of semen smears were positive from 4 weeks onwards. Br. ovis was cultured from semen of 5 rams after 4 weeks and from all rams at 5 weeks; thereafter 97% of samples were positive. All rams developed significant titres to the CFT between 2 and 9 weeks; thereafter the CFT was a reliable indication of infection in 6 rams, highly suggestive in 3 and unreliable in one. By 8–10 weeks all rams developed significant titres to the IHA which were then maintained in all rams for the remainder of the trial.  相似文献   

16.
Rams shedding Brucella ovis in semen but without palpable abnormalities of the epididymides were treated with long-acting oxytetracycline for 15 days and dihydrostreptomycin for 7 days (n = 9) or conventional oxytetracycline and dihydrostreptomycin (n = 9) for 7 days. Nine rams were not treated. More treated rams were considered to have satisfactory breeding soundness examination results at posttreatment weeks 3, 7, 12, and 19. Nontreated rams continued to shed B ovis in semen. After treatment, B ovis was not recovered from 78% of rams given long-acting oxytetracycline and dihydrostreptomycin or from 89% of rams given conventional oxytetracycline and dihydrostreptomycin. At week 21, all rams were euthanatized, and specimens of the testes and epididymides were bacteriologically cultured for B ovis. Brucella ovis was not recovered from the testes of rams or from the epididymides from rams not shedding the organism in the semen. In one treated ram, B ovis was recovered from the semen but not from other tissues. All rams remained ELISA-positive, with the exception of 2 treated rams that ceased shedding B ovis in semen immediately after treatment was started; both these rams became ELISA-negative on the last examination at week 19.  相似文献   

17.
LESIONS CAUSED BY CORYNEBACTERIUM PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS IN THE SCROTUM OF RAMS   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
SUMMARY Palpable lesions within the scrotum but not associated with the testis or epididymis were detected in 20 of 200 merino rams in 3 flocks during routine veterinary examination. In 13 of 15 rams further examined Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was isolated from the lesions, which were typical CLA type abscesses. C. pseudotuberculosis was not shed in semen, and semen quality was normal in all affected rams.  相似文献   

18.
Examination of 1260 rams, involving 1540 semen examinations, revealed that 9 per cent of rams in hill flocks in Argyll were subfertile as assessed by semen evaluation. Although 34 lesions of the genitalia were identified, only 13 were associated with poor semen quality. A five year survey of one blackface flock resulted in the elimination, after three years, of a 17 per cent level of infertility following routine examination of all rams, with an increase of 2.27 per cent in the lamb crop. Based on the 1981 lamb prices for this flock an increased income of 1085 pounds was achieved.  相似文献   

19.
Sera from rams vaccinated with antigens extracted chaotropically from Brucella ovis by potassium thiocyanate treatment were used to optimise a whole-cell, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CELISA) and to monitor the temporal serological response of rams which had been challenged with infected semen by the intranasal or intrapreputial route. Three patterns of CELISA response were detected. Thirteen of 15 rams intranasally challenged did not respond serologically (pattern 1 or nil response). Only one of 15 rams in the intranasal group exhibited a rise and fall response with CELISA (pattern 2), while another showed a rise and surge response (pattern 3). The numbers of rams in the intrapreputial group which displayed a pattern 1 or 2 or 3 response were four, nine and two, respectively. No ram with a pattern 2 response excreted B ovis in the semen or showed any other evidence of infection, whereas rams with a pattern 3 response excreted B ovis in the semen and developed palpable lesions. Intrapreputially challenged rams that were CELISA-positive consistently mounted an antibody response against B ovis about two to four weeks earlier than intranasally challenged rams.  相似文献   

20.
Histophilus ovis and Actinobacillus seminis were isolated from the preputial cavity of 6-month-old rams and the vagina of 6-month-old ewes at a substantially higher rate than that in mature (greater than 2 years old) rams and ewes. These organisms appeared to be a transitory component of the ovine genital flora, the prevalence of which was associated with age regardless of gender. Additional evaluation of the recoverability of H ovis and A seminis from the preputial cavity of rams from birth to 1 year of age indicated that the isolation rate from rams and predominance of the organisms in the preputial cavity differed greatly over this age period. These organisms were not recoverable until ram lambs were 12 weeks of age and were most prevalent at 20 weeks of age, after which recoverability of H ovis and A seminis from the preputial cavity steadily decreased, continuing through the time of the last evaluation at 1 year of age. The time period with which these organisms can be isolated from the preputial cavity is closely correlated with the time period when epididymitis associated with these organisms develops, and may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of epididymitis.  相似文献   

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