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1.
Time of application of fertilizer N on yield of Kennebec potatoes, N content of the plant and specific gravity of tubers were investigated on a sandy loam soil. All N in a band at planting was compared with part at planting plus 1 to 4 supplemental sidedressings at 2 to 8 weeks after emergence. Mean yields for the two-year period showed a significant response to 135 kg/ha of N at planting. Supplemental N as a sidedress had no effect on yield provided the seasonal requirements for the crop were applied at planting time. Concentrations of N in the plant increased with increasing rates of N at planting and generally with sidedress applications. Specific gravity of tubers was lower with high rates of N at planting and with sidedress applications in conjunction with 135 kg/ha at planting. It was concluded that from the standpoint of yield and economic considerations, no advantages accrue from split applications under our soil and environmental conditions.  相似文献   

2.
Efficiency of nitrogen uptake by potatoes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
White Rose potatoes were fertilized with isotopically labeled ammonium sulfate at rates of 67, 134, 202 and 270 kg N/ha to evaluate N uptake efficiency. All N application increased yields above the control, however the 3 higher N rates produced the same yields statistically. All N rates which maximized yields maintained petiole levels of total N above 600 ppm. Rapid changes in petiole inorganic N occurred during the growing season. Fertilizer derived inorganic N decreased at rates ranging from 67 to 518 ppm/day during the third month after planting. Total inorganic N in petioles during the same period dropped at rates ranging from 500 to 880 ppm/ day. Tubers grown in N-fertilized plots assimilated total N in a nearly linear pattern during the period 82 to 125 days after planting. Uptake of total N ranged from 142 to 233 kg/ha. In assessing N utilization by 3 methods, good agreement was achieved between the isotope and difference method in the first and third (last) samplings, however, agreement was poor between the two in the second sampling. With N rates to 202 kg/ha the uptake efficiency was about 57% but dropped to 39% with application of 270 kg N/ha. When uptake efficiency was measured by dry matter production in relation to units of N fertilizer, the 67 kg N rate was superior to other rates. Inorganic N levels in the surface meter of soil were higher before planting and fertilizer application than after harvest. Following harvest the control plots had more N below 1.5 m than did the N fertilized plots. In control plots, the total inorganic N between 1.5 and 2.5 m depths was equivalent to 170 kg N/ha. Virtually none of the accumulated N below 1 m was due to labeled N applied in the experiment. Using 134 kg N/ha as the optimum rate, tubers removed 178 kg N/ha of which 78 kg was derived from the applied fertilizer. With total N input of 191 kg/ha (57 kg N/ha from irrigation water) the N rate required for maximum yield would pose no risk of nitrate pollution since it represents only 13 kg more than crop removal (191 vs 178 kg N/ha).  相似文献   

3.
Fertilizer nitrogen (N) may be managed to increase crop production and profitability while reducing nitrate contamination of groundwater. A two-year field investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of applied N on tuber yield and quality, dry matter production and N uptake of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Russet Burbank) grown on irrigated sandy soils in Michigan. Nitrogen was applied as ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] at rates of 0, 56 and 112, kg N ha?1 in a single application at planting or 112 and 168 kg N ha?1 in split applications during the growing season. Total tuber yield generally increased with N applications up to 112 kg N ha?1. Only one of the three experimental sites showed an increase in marketable tuber yield when 112 kg N ha?1 was split evenly between planting and tuber initiation. Tuber specific gravity was not affected by N rate. Nitrogen rates of 112–168 kg N ha?1 maximized dry matter production and plant tissue N concentration at onset of maturity and harvest. Tuber N concentration at harvest ranged from 13–17 g kg?1 at two of the three locations. Values for the third experiment were 10–13 g N kg?1. Whole crop N uptake at onset of senescence ranged from 45 to 225 kg N ha?1 across all locations and treatments. An average of 67 percent of this N was found in tubers at harvest. Nitrogen fertilization exceeded N removal in harvested tubers by more than 50 kg N ha?1 only for the 168 kg N ha?1 treatment. These results indicate that acceptable tuber yield can be obtained with lower N rates than those currently used by most producers, with the potential for reducing net loss of N from the soil.  相似文献   

4.
The response of potato plants to banding and broadcasting of N was evaluated under sprinkler irrigation utilizing well water containing 20 to 24 ppm NO3-N. A potato crop was grown for three consecutive years on a Wasco sandy loam soil at rates of 67, 134, 202, and 269 kg N/ha, as (NH4)2SO4. At each rate of N, 58 kg P/ha as superphosphate, and 112 kg K/ha as K2SO4, were included. Differences in PO4-P or K concentrations in petiole tissue were minimal with no consistant differences in NO3-N concentration whether N was banded or broadcast. With each increment of N the NO3-N concentration increased. Total or U.S. No. 1 yields of potatoes were not consistently different whether N was banded or broadcast. Total yields increased when N was increased from 67 to 202 kg/ha. Neither yield of U.S. No. 1 grade or dry matter content of potatoes was improved when N was increased above 134 kg/ha.  相似文献   

5.
Irrigation and nitrogen management are two of the most important factors affecting production efficiency and environmental quality in potato cropping systems. Field studies were conducted in 1990 and 1991 to determine the interactive effects of irrigation amount and N timing on potato yield, quality and nitrate leaching potential. Sprinkler irrigation was applied at approximately 1.0, 1.2 or 1.4 times estimated evapotranspiration (ET) to Russet Burbank potatoes grown on a silt loam soil. Following tuber initiation, a total of 132 kg N/ha was applied through the irrigation system to N treatment subplots using either six weekly 22 kg N/ha applications or 3 biweekly 44 kg N/ha applications. Excessive irrigation reduced root zone and petiole NO3-N concentrations during substantial portions of the tuber bulking period. Biweekly 44 kg N/ha applications in 1991 produced higher and more consistent earlyseason root zone NO3-N concentrations in the 1.2 and 1.4 ET plots than did the weekly 22 kg N/ha applications. Late-season tuber dry weight, total plant dry weight and plant N uptake were not affected by irrigation rate or N timing. However, excessive irrigation reduced U.S. No. 1 yield and yield of tubers >284 g in both 1990 and 1991 and reduced total yield in 1990. Biweekly N applications produced higher U.S. No. 1 yields than weekly N applications at all irrigation levels. Excessive irrigation also reduced NO3-N remaining in the top 60 cm of soil at the end of the growing season. These results show that irrigating at optimal rates and applying split N at two week intervals on a silt loam soil can maximize Russet Burbank yield and quality while minimizing NO3-N losses.  相似文献   

6.
《Field Crops Research》1987,16(4):349-362
It is becoming increasingly important to develop economically and environmentally sound nitrogen fertilizer management practices. The objective of this experiment was to determine the optimum N application time-crop planting time combination(s) at two N rates which would maximize N fertilizer use efficiency (NFUE) and maintain high grain yields of irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) in the western Corn Belt of the USA. Maize was planted three times at biweekly intervals during 1979–1981 on a Typic Argiudoll in eastern Nebraska. The 15N-depleted (NH4)2SO4 was applied at rates of 90 or 180 kg N/ha in a band midway between maize rows at planting, or at the 4-, 8-, or 16-leaf growth stage during 1979–1980. Control plots (no N fertilizer applied) were maintained in each planting date. No N was applied during 1981 to allow study of residual treatment effects. Grain dry-matter yield and total N and fertilizer N (FN) contents of grain were determined, and NFUE was calculated as the fraction of FN in grain to applied FN.Very high N supply by the soil resulted in small effects of FN on yield and NFUE during the first year of treatment. According to the response surface analysis, greatest NFUE (52%) in concert with high grain yield (11.2 Mg/ha, the predicted maximum) would have been achieved by applying the low N rate at the 13- to 14-leaf growth stage to maize planted during the week before the average date of 10 May. Due to lower soil N supply the 2nd year of treatment, most corn with 90 kg N/ha did not produce near-maximum grain yields. However, yields within 10% of maximum were obtained when 90 kg N/ha was applied to the early planting at the 14- to 16-leaf stage, and NFUE was 67–71% with this treatment. Maximum NFUE with the application of 180 kg N/ha was only 44%. Recovery of residual FN in this silty clay loam soil was an important factor in the improvement of NFUE with delayed N applications the second year of treatment. In 1981, recovery of residual FN generally increased with a previous delay in N application time and was not greatly influenced by planting time. Early planting in combination with a modest rate of N applied very late during vegetative growth provided maximum recovery of FN in harvested grain, while maintaining high grain yields.  相似文献   

7.
Yield response curves were developed for potatoes (Solanum tuberosum cv. Russet Burbank) with sprinkler-applied N fertilizer on a high-frequency schedule. The potatoes were grown on a Quincy sand to loamy sand (mixed, mesic, Xeric Torripsamments) typical of sandy-textured soils of the center-pivot irrigated areas of the Columbia River Basin of Oregon and Washington. These soils require daily irrigation at peak evapotranspiration because of low water-holding capacity. Yields were measured for total quantities of N, ranging from 100 to 665 kg N/ha, applied in small frequent increments as a urea-NH4NO3 solution. Maximum tuber yields ranged from 67 to 85 Mg/ha in 6 experiments over a period of 6 years. Economically optimum yields were obtained at fertilizer rates between 300 and 400 kg N/ha depending on cost-price ratio of N fertilizer and potatoes. Fertilization in this range should optimize tuber yield and quality with fertilizer N efficiency and economic return on fertilizer investment.  相似文献   

8.
The effects of N-fertilization on the nutritional quality of short-straw wheat variety, Yecora Rojo, was studied under sprinkler irrigation system. The fertilizers applied were the conventional N-fertilizer, urea (U) applied as single dose or in three split applications (U-S), and the slow release N-fertilizers, ureaform (UF) (38% N and 20 N), osmocote (OC) with 9 or 14 months longevity and sulphur-coated urea (SCU) with either 17% or 37% dissolution rates in 7 days. These fertilizers were applied at 0 (control), 75, 125, and 175 kg/ha during the 1982–1983 season. Results indicated that at 75 kg/ha there was no significant change in the protein content. At 125 kg/ha, the protein content increased (P<0.05) with urea (applied in three split applications) and OC. At 175 kg/ha, all the fertilizers increased the protein content with the exception of urea (applied as single dose) and UF. Ash content tended to decrease with increasing levels of N, while fat and crude fiber were unaffected. All the fertilizers increased the protein yield (kg/ha), the maximum increase occurring with the slow-release N fertilizers, OC and SCU. Except UF, all the fertilizers decreased the lysine content significantly (P<0.05) in the protein moeity at 175 kg/ha level but lysine percentage in the grain was not reduced. The yield (kg/ha) of individual amino acids including lysine was increased several times at the 175 kg/ha level. P content tended to decrease while Fe and Zn increased with fertilization. Slow-release N-fertilizers, OC and SCU as well as urea (in 3 split applications) appear to have a significant positive effect on the nutritional quality of the grains of wheat variety, Yecora Rojo.  相似文献   

9.
以苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料,2013～2016年于扬州大学实验农场研究拔节期追氮量(0、150、300 kg/hm2)对鲜食糯玉米产量(鲜果穗和鲜子粒)、干物质和氮素积累和转运的影响。结果表明,鲜食糯玉米子粒产量和果穗产量均随追氮量的增加呈先升后降趋势,在追氮150 kg/hm2时产量最高。干物质和氮素积累量随着追氮量的增加表现趋势与产量一致。氮素利用率以子粒作为收获产品时随追氮量增加逐渐降低,以果穗作为收获产品时,在150和300 kg/hm2时无显著差异,低于不追氮处理。在鲜食糯玉米生产中,拔节期适量追氮150 kg/hm2可有效增加鲜食糯玉米产量、后期干物质和氮素积累量以及氮素利用效率,提高产量的同时降低环境风险。  相似文献   

10.
Russet Burbank and Shepody potatoes were grown with the following four nitrogen treatments: 1) 90 kg ha?1 at planting; 2) 180 kg ha?1 at planting; 3) 90 kg ha?1 at planting followed by an additional 90 kg ha?1 side-dressed after tuber initiation; or 4) 90 kg ha?1 at planting followed by an additional 45 kg ha?1 sidedressing. When compared to the 90 kg ha?1 at-planting treatment, petiole NO3-N concentrations increased rapidly after sidedressing and were relatively constant through mid-season. Sidedressed N significantly increased total yields relative to the 90 kg N ha?1 at-planting treatment by an average of 5.0 t ha?1 in three of nine experiments. Three of the experiments, where yields did not significantly increase, were on sites which were not expected to respond to supplemental N based on petiole NO3-N testing. A red clover green manure crop was the previous crop for two of these experimental sites. Petiole NO3-N testing criteria were only partially effective in detecting sites where response to sidedressed N occurred. When compared to a single application of 180 kg N ha?1 at planting, split application of 90 kg N ha?1 at planting followed by a 90 kg N ha?1 sidedressing significantly reduced total yields in one of nine experiments and did not affect yields in the remaining eight experiments. Tuber uniformity was improved in three of nine experiments by the split-N treatment. Specific gravity was not significantly affected. Use of 45 kg N ha?1 at side-dressing resulted in similar yield as the 90 kg N ha?1 sidedressing, although yield of large-sized tubers was often decreased with the lower N rate. Use of reduced at-planting N rates followed by sidedressed N does not appear to increase yields of non-irrigated Russet Burbank and Shepody potatoes when compared to the at-planting N rates that are currently recommended. This management approach can maintain yields at levels comparable to at-planting N programs and does provide an opportunity to reduce N application rates on sites where soil N reserves and soil amendments may make a substantial N contribution to the potato crop. Side-dressed N application can frequently improve yields and tuber size when potatoes have been underfertilized at planting; however, some inconsistency in response can be expected in regions that rely on unpredictable natural rainfall.  相似文献   

11.
Fumigation of Verticillium infested soils with Telone®+chloropicrin in 1966 increased yields of Russet Burbank potatoes 178 and 147 cwt/a (200 and 165 q/ha) over yields in unfumigated plots near Othello and Prosser, Washington, respectively. Systemic insecticides disulfoton and aldicarb banded at planting, sidedressed after planting, or applied in combination treatments did not increase yield at either location. Plots fumigated with Telone®+chloropicrin and fertilized with ammonium nitrate (150 and 350 lb N/a?168 and 392 kg N/ha) in 1967 significantly increased yields over that of the unfumigated, fertilized plots. Application of disulfoton and aldicarb to plots fertilized with ammonium nitrate (150 and 350 lb N/a?168 and 392 kg N/ha) did not increase yields over that of fertilized plots receiving no systemic insecticide.  相似文献   

12.
以郑单958和中单909为试验材料,设4.5万、6.75万、9.0万株/km~2 3个种植密度和0、100、300、500 kg/km~2 4种施氮水平,分析种植密度与施氮量对夏玉米干物质积累量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,玉米在种植密度9.0万株/hm~2,其叶面积指数、群体干物质积累量、总氮素积累量以及产量均显著高于4.5万株/hm~2密度处理。增施氮肥可显著增加玉米叶面积指数、单株干物质积累量、群体干物质积累量、总氮积累量和子粒产量。当施氮量为300~500 kg/hm~2时,叶面积指数、群体干物质积累量及产量不再提加,氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生产力大幅降低。结果表明,郑单958和中单909种植适宜模式为施氮量300~500 kg/hm~2、种植密度9.0万株/hm~2。  相似文献   

13.
Russet Burbank and Kennebec potatoes were evaluated over 5 years at 3 planting dates, 3 plant spacings, and 3 nitrogen rates. Delayed planting significantly reduced Russet Burbank yield, but did not effect Kennebec yield. Both varieties exhibited reduced specific gravity of tubers with delayed planting. Spacings between 38 and 56 cm for Russet Burbank and 20 and 38 cm for Kennebec had no significant effect on yields of “A” size tubers, but wider spacing reduced specific gravity of tubers. No yield advantage occurred with nitrogen application greater than 134 kg N/ha. Increased nitrogen application reduced specific gravity of tubers. Significant differences in the N, P, and K levels of leaves, petioles, and tubers were observed due to some treatments.  相似文献   

14.
大田条件下,研究了种植密度、施氮量、施氮方式、喷施植物生长调节剂（玉黄金）等主要栽培措施对玉米新品种中单808产量的影响。结果表明：中单808高产适宜种植密度为45 000株/hm2,氮肥合理施用量为施纯氮225 kg/hm2,施用方式为播种前、拔节中期分两次按60∶40比例施入;喷施玉黄金对中单808产量形成具有明显效应,适宜喷施时期为14展叶期,喷施量为产品推荐量的1/2,增产效果显著。  相似文献   

15.
为了解不同氮肥运筹处理对华北平原限水灌溉条件下冬小麦产量、水分和氮素利用效率的影响,在中国农业大学吴桥试验站限水灌溉(播种前灌充足底墒水,春浇拔节水和开花水)条件下,开展了6个不同氮肥运筹处理(157.5 kg N/ha全部做基肥;基肥88.5 kg N/ha 追肥69 kg N/ha;基肥157.5 kg N/ha 追肥69 kg N/ha;基施88.5 kg N/ha 追施138 kg/ha;226.5 kg N/ha全部做基肥;基肥157.5 kg N/ha 追肥138 kg N/ha)的大田试验。结果表明,限水灌溉条件下,不同氮肥运筹处理的冬小麦经济产量和产量构成因素(有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重)间无显著差异。冬小麦水分利用效率(1.78~1.87 kg/m3)和氮素生理利用效率(39.65~44.42 kg/kgN)随氮肥施用量加大呈下降趋势,而氮肥生产力则随施氮量增加而显著降低。冬小麦氮素转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率(%)均表现为叶片>茎鞘>穗颖。氮肥一次性基施处理的氮素转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率(%)在各氮肥运筹处理中均较高。在华北平原地区,施氮水平在157.5 kg N/ha且一次性基施,是限水灌溉冬小麦高产、高效、简化的适宜施肥方式。  相似文献   

16.
Four forms of potassium fertilizer: bicarbonate; sulphate; and chloride with and without potassium-magnesium sulphate, were tested on potatoes in Vien Sand (Lotbinière, Quebec) at four rates: 0, 56, 112 and 168 kg/ha during the period 1965–1967. Yield and quality studies were supplemented by chemical analysis of the soil at the end of the experiment. The experiments were repeated in the greenhouse in the autumn of 1968, accompanied in this case by foliage analysis. The introduction of potassium bicarbonate as a fertilizer for potatoes on many soils of Eastern Quebec is proposed. In wet seasons this form leads to higher yields than potassium chloride with or without potassium-magnesium sulphate. It is more effective in small applications; tends to produce paler chips than other forms of potassium, at normal rates; and does not appear to need addition of magnesium. This research also reveals the great potassium and magnesium-releasing capacity of Vien sand. In view of this a moderate application of the preferred form of bicarbonate at the rate of 100 to 125 kg/ha is recommended. Being soluble and free from chlorine, the bicarbonate might be useful in foliar fertilization.  相似文献   

17.
A series of eight fertilizer N rates, ranging from 0 to 377 kg N/ha per year, at increments of 53.8 kg N, was applied to a S170 tall fescue/SlOO white clover sward. The annual rates were split into 8, 6 or 4 equal dressings for harvests at intervals of 3, 4 and 6 weeks, respectively, over a 24-week growth period from March to September, in each of two years. Residual harvests were taken 6 weeks later in October. Curves relating annual herbage yields to N rate were fitted to tbe data. Total herbage DM responses to 108 kg N/ha were small because of the typical white clover yield N rate interaction, but were almost linear from 108 to 323 kg N/ha at all harvesting frequencies. Tbe decline in rate of response at tbe bigher N application levels was less marked with frequent than with infrequent defoliation. Tall fescue DM responses were substantially linear from 0 to 323 kg N/ha. For the first and second years, relative DM yields of total herbage for harvesting frequencies of 3, 4 and 6 weeks were 100:108:120 and 100:111:131, respectively. Total herbage CP response curves were similar to those for DM, but continued to rise more steeply to the highest N rate tested, 377 kg N/ha. Tall fescue CP responses were linear from 0 to 377 kg N/ha. Harvesting frequency did not markedly influence CP yields. Total herbage DM yield was 14% less in the second year compared witb the first. The decline was due to a reduction in white clover, attributed mainly to the effect of repeated N applications, also the subsidiary effects of companion grass and weather.  相似文献   

18.
A large percentage of winter and spring potatoes (Solanum tuberosum, L.) grown in the USA is produced in northeast Florida (NEF) on sandy soils with low cation exchange capacity. Maintaining adequate K nutrition is a major concern. A study was conducted on an Elzey fine sand (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Typic Humaquept) in NEF to relate yield and leaf K to soil and fertilizer K levels. In 1981, Mehlich-I soil K in the 0–15 cm depth averaged 73 mg/kg. Yields of 35 t/ha were obtained without any K fertilization and no response to K sidedressed at rates up to 70 kg/ha was obtained. In the following three years, soil K prior to fertilization was < 40 mg/kg. In 1982 and 1983, significant differences in yield were obtained as a result of K fertilization at planting at rates up to 186 kg/ha. In 1984, no yield differences were obtained with K fertilizer rates ranging from 94 to 280 kg/ha. Differences in maximum tuber yields from year to year were related to the number of growing-degree days accumulated between planting and harvest. Yield-leaf K relationships for leaf samples taken late in the season showed that the critical leaf K concentration for 35 t/ha yields was no more than about 20 g/kg; that for yields approaching 40 t/ha was no more than about 45 g/kg. The results of this study indicated that current K fertilizer recommendations are higher than necessary for the yields being obtained by most NEF potato growers.  相似文献   

19.
Netted Gem potatoes were grown at four levels of N, three of P, and two of K fertilizer in metal lysimeters protected from rain by an automatic shelter. The first two increments of N fertilizer, 200 and 400lb/acre (224 and 448 kg/ha), successively increased yields by increasing the number of tubers produced. The first increment also increased the average tuber weight. With 800 lb N/acre (896 kg N/ha), tuber yield and grade of potatoes were reduced from those of the 400-lb/acre (448-kg/ha) treatment becuase the average weight per tuber was reduced. P fertilizer increased yield by increasing the average tuber weight. The increased yield due to N and P fertilizers was almost entirely in the form of Canada No. 1 potatoes. K fertilizer did not affect number or weight of tubers in this high-K soil.  相似文献   

20.
以中晚熟品种郑单958和晚熟品种丹玉405为试验材料,采用裂区设计,在3种不同种植形式和3种不同密度条件下,对玉米品种与密度、品种与种植形式互作的关系进行比较分析。结果表明,郑单958在二比空种植形式60 000株/hm2下产量最大,为11 726.71 kg/hm2;丹玉405在二比空种植形式49 500株/hm2下产量最大,为11 092.03 kg/hm2。郑单958和丹玉405在各自产量最高时,百粒重、穗行数和行粒数均最大,两个品种在二比空种植形式下功能叶的叶面积指数和净光合速率较高。  相似文献   

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