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1.
Robin B.Guevarra Jun Hyung Lee Sun Hee Lee Min-Jae Seok Doo Wan Kim Bit Na Kang Timothy J.Johnson Richard E.Isaacson Hyeun Bum Kim 《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2019,(3)
The gut microbiome has long been known to play fundamentally important roles in the animal health and the well-being of its host. As such, the establishment and maintenance of a beneficial gut microbiota early in life is crucial in pigs, since early gut colonizers are pivotal in the establishment of permanent microbial community structures affecting the health and growth performance of pigs later in life. Emphasizing this importance of early gut colonizers, it is critical to understand the factors impacting the establishment of the piglet gut microbiome at weaning. Factors include, among others, diet, in-feed antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotic administration. The impact of these factors on establishment of the gut microbiome of piglets at weaning includes effects on piglet gut microbial diversity, structure, and succession. In this review, we thoroughly reviewed the most recent findings on the piglet gut microbiome shifts as influenced by weaning, and how these microbiome changes brought about by various factors that have been shown to affect the development of microbiota in piglets. This review will provide a general overview of recent studies that can help to facilitate the design of new strategies to modulate the gut microbiome in order to enhance gastrointestinal health, growth performance and well-being of piglets. 相似文献
2.
Gut microbiota is generally recognized to play a crucial role in maintaining host health and metabolism. The correlation among gut microbiota, glycolipid metabolism, and metabolic diseases has been well reviewed in humans. However, the interplay between gut microbiota and host metabolism in swine remains incompletely understood. Given the limitation in conducting human experiments and the high similarity between swine and humans in terms of anatomy, physiology, polyphagy, habits, and metabolism and in terms of the composition of gut microbiota, there is a pressing need to summarize the knowledge gained regarding swine gut microbiota, its interplay with host metabolism, and the underlying mechanisms. This review aimed to outline the bidirectional regulation between gut microbiota and nutrient metabolism in swine and to emphasize the action mechanisms underlying the complex microbiome–host crosstalk via the gut microbiota–gut–brain axis. Moreover, it highlights the new advances in knowledge of the diurnal rhythmicity of gut microbiota. A better understanding of these aspects can not only shed light on healthy and efficient pork production but also promote our knowledge on the associations between gut microbiota and the microbiome–host crosstalk mechanism. More importantly, knowledge on microbiota, host health and metabolism facilitates the development of a precise intervention therapy targeting the gut microbiota. 相似文献
3.
P.C. Barko M.A. McMichael K.S. Swanson D.A. Williams 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2018,32(1):9-25
The gastrointestinal microbiome is a diverse consortium of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses that inhabit the gut of all mammals. Studies in humans and other mammals have implicated the microbiome in a range of physiologic processes that are vital to host health including energy homeostasis, metabolism, gut epithelial health, immunologic activity, and neurobehavioral development. The microbial genome confers metabolic capabilities exceeding those of the host organism alone, making the gut microbiome an active participant in host physiology. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology and computational biology have revolutionized the field of microbiomics, permitting mechanistic evaluation of the relationships between an animal and its microbial symbionts. Changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome are associated with diseases in humans and animals including inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, immune‐mediated conditions, and neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder. While there remains a paucity of data regarding the intestinal microbiome in small animals, recent studies have helped to characterize its role in host animal health and associated disease states. This review is intended to familiarize small animal veterinarians with recent advances in the field of microbiomics and to prime them for a future in which diagnostic tests and therapies will incorporate these developments into clinical practice. 相似文献
4.
哺乳动物的肠道内栖息着庞大复杂的微生物群体，其微生物群体与宿主的消化吸收、物质的营养代谢和免疫功能密切相关，是影响机体健康的重要因素之一。随着分子生物学技术在肠道微生物领域的应用，特别是新一代测序技术的快速发展，使得人们对复杂的肠道微生物的研究更加深入。基于宏基因组学技术不仅能够研究肠道微生物组的多样性、揭示消化道微生物对宿主生理代谢的影响，还能进一步深入挖掘新的功能基因，并揭示宿主基因与微生物组间的互作关系和共同进化。作者综述了宏基因组学技术在哺乳动物肠道微生物中的主要应用和存在的不足，并展望了其在肠道微生物研究中的广阔应用前景，从而加深人们对肠道微生物影响宿主肠道健康作用的认识。 相似文献
5.
Trace metals and animal health: Interplay of the gut microbiota with iron,manganese, zinc,and copper
Metals such as iron, manganese, copper, and zinc are recognized as essential trace elements. These trace metals play critical roles in development, growth, and metabolism, participating in various metabolic processes by acting as cofactors of enzymes or providing structural support to proteins. Deficiency or toxicity of these metals can impact human and animal health, giving rise to a number of metabolic and neurological disorders. Proper breakdown, absorption, and elimination of these trace metals is a tightly regulated process that requires crosstalk between the host and these micronutrients. The gut is a complex system that serves as the interface between these components, but other factors that contribute to this delicate interaction are not well understood. The gut is home to trillions of microorganisms and microbial genes (the gut microbiome) that can regulate the metabolism and transport of micronutrients and contribute to the bioavailability of trace metals through their assimilation from food sources or by competing with the host. Furthermore, deficiency or toxicity of these metals can modulate the gut microenvironment, including microbiota, nutrient availability, stress, and immunity. Thus, understanding the role of the gut microbiota in the metabolism of manganese, iron, copper, and zinc, as well as in heavy metal deficiencies and toxicities, and vice versa, may provide insight into developing improved or alternative therapeutic strategies to address emerging health concerns. This review describes the current understanding of how the gut microbiome and trace metals interact and affect host health, particularly in pigs. 相似文献
6.
《动物营养（英文）》2020,6(1):1-8
The last few decades have been marked by a rapid genetic improvement in chicken growth rates. The modern-day chicken is more efficient in converting feed into muscle mass than their predecessors. This enhanced efficiency emanates from better nutrient digestion, absorption, and metabolism. The gut has therefore become a research focus especially after the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGP) in poultry. In pursuance of better gut health in the post-AGP era, many different strategies are being continuously sought and tested. The gut is inhabited by more than 900 bacterial species along with fungi and archaea, and they play an important role to maintain a conducive milieu for the host. A beneficial shift in the microbial ecosystem of the chicken can be promoted by many dietary and non-dietary interventions, however, diet is ranked as one of the most important and potent regulators of gut microbiota composition. Therefore, the constituents of the diet warrant special attention in the modulation of the gut ecosystem. Among dietary constituents, fiber possesses a significant ability to modulate the microbiota. In this review, we will highlight the importance of fiber in poultry nutrition and will also discuss the effects of fiber on gut microbiota and its resultant ramifications on the liver and brain. 相似文献
7.
The intestinal tract is a host to 100 trillion of microbes that have co-evolved with mammals over the millennia. These commensal organisms are critical to the host survival. The roles that symbiotic microorganisms play in the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients have been clearly demonstrated. Additionally, commensals are indispensable in regulating host immunity. This is evidenced by the poorly developed gut immune system of germ-free mice, which can be corrected by transplantation of specific commensal bacteria. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of host–microbial interaction have provided the basis for this interaction. This paper reviews some of these key studies, with a specific focus on the effect of the microbiome on the immune organ development, nonspecific immunity, specific immunity, and inflammation. 相似文献
8.
流感病毒作为一种常见的呼吸道病毒,是人类健康和世界经济的巨大威胁。目前流感治疗遇到病毒高度突变的问题,不断完善已有的控制流感感染方法的同时,也需要开阔视野从宿主反应的角度探索控制流感的新措施,本研究从肠道微生物的角度探索流感造成肺损伤的机制。提前3周将组合抗生素和益生元添加到小鼠饮水中构建不同的肠道微生物环境,小鼠感染流感病毒后运用16S rDNA技术测定结肠微生物组成,蛋白免疫印迹法测定肺部Th17和Treg细胞转录因子RORγT和Foxp3的表达情况,苏木精-伊红染色、荧光定量PCR测定肺损伤状况。结果表明,提前使用组合抗生素和益生元能够改变肠道菌群组成,通过降低肠道菌群数目和增加肠道拟杆菌相对丰度保护肠道,从而反作用于肺部诱导肺Treg细胞分化,抑制Th17细胞分化,改善流感造成的肺损伤。 相似文献
9.
The gut microbiota is comprised of a diverse array of microorganisms that interact with immune system and exert crucial roles for the health. Changes in the gut microbiota composition and functionality are associated with multiple diseases. As such, mobilizing a rapid and appropriate antimicrobial response depending on the nature of each stimulus is crucial for maintaining the balance between homeostasis and inflammation in the gut. Major players in this scenario are antimicrobial peptides (AMP), which belong to an ancient defense system found in all organisms and participate in a preservative co-evolution with a complex microbiome. Particularly increasing interactions between AMP and microbiota have been found in the gut. Here, we focus on the mechanisms by which AMP help to maintain a balanced microbiota and advancing our understanding of the circumstances of such balanced interactions between gut microbiota and host AMP. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the interplay of diverse antimicrobial responses with enteric pathogens and the gut microbiota, which should have therapeutic implications for different intestinal disorders. 相似文献
10.
Pierre Mormède 《Livestock Production Science》2005,93(1):15-21
Genetic factors are undoubtedly involved in inter-individual variability of the behaviours that may be important for livestock production, as shown by pedigree studies, comparison of genetic stocks raised in the same environment, and selection experiments. The knowledge of gene polymorphisms responsible for genetic variability would increase the efficiency of selection, as shown for instance by the identification of the ryanodine receptor gene that harbours the mutations responsible for the porcine stress syndrome, that allows the eradication of the susceptibility allele. One strategy is to screen systematically the genes that are known to be involved in regulation of behaviour (functional candidate genes). This strategy is however very difficult for most behavioural traits, since behaviour is an emerging function from the whole brain/body and the molecular pathways involved in genetic variability are very poorly understood. Another strategy is to investigate linkage between trait variation and genetic markers in a segregating population (usually an intercross or backcross between two strains or breeds contrasting for the trait under study). It allows the detection of genomic regions influencing that trait (quantitative trait loci or QTL), and further investigation aims at the identification of the gene(s) located in each of these regions and the molecular polymorphisms involved in phenotypic variation. Although many QTL have been published for behavioural traits in experimental animals, very few examples are available where strong candidate genes have been identified. Further progress will be very much dependent upon the careful definition of behavioural traits to be studied (including their importance for animal production), on the reliability of their measurement in a large number of animals and on the efficient mastering of environmental factors of variability. The fast increase in the knowledge of genome sequence in several species will undoubtedly facilitate the application to farm animal species of the knowledge obtained in model organisms, as well as the use of model organisms to explore candidate genes detected by QTL studies in farm animals. 相似文献
11.
Polyphenols are a class of non-essential phytonutrients, which are abundant in fruits and vegetables. Dietary polyphenols or foods rich in polyphenols are widely recommended for metabolic health. Indeed, polyphenols (i.e., catechins, resveratrol, and curcumin) are increasingly recognized as a regulator of lipid metabolism in host. The mechanisms, at least in part, may be highly associated with gut microbiome. This review mainly discussed the beneficial effects of dietary polyphenols on lipid metabolism. The potential mechanisms of gut microbiome are focused on the effect of dietary polyphenols on gut microbiota compositions and how gut microbiota affect polyphenol metabolism. Together, dietary polyphenols may be a useful nutritional strategy for manipulation of lipid metabolism or obesity care. 相似文献
12.
《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2018,(4)
Background: Understanding the composition of the microbial community and its functional capacity during weaning is important for pig production as bacteria play important roles in the pig's health and growth performance. However,limited information is available regarding the composition and function of the gut microbiome of piglets in early-life.Therefore, we performed 16 S rRNA gene and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing of DNA from fecal samples from healthy piglets during weaning to measure microbiome shifts, and to identify the potential contribution of the early-life microbiota in shaping piglet health with a focus on microbial stress responses, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.Results: The analysis of 16 S rR NA genes and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing revealed significant compositional and functional differences between the fecal microbiome in nursing and weaned piglets. The fecal microbiome of the nursing piglets showed higher relative abundance of bacteria in the genus Bacteroides with abundant gene families related to the utilization of lactose and galactose. Prevotel a and Lactobacil us were enriched in weaned piglets with an enrichment for the gene families associated with carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. In addition, an analysis of the functional capacity of the fecal microbiome showed higher abundances of genes associated with heat shock and oxidative stress in the metagenome of weaned piglets compared to nursing piglets.Conclusions: Overal, our data show that microbial shifts and changes in functional capacities of the piglet fecal microbiome resulted in potential reductions in the effects of stress, including dietary changes that occur during weaning.These results provide us with new insights into the piglet gut microbiome that contributes to the growth of the animal. 相似文献
13.
《动物营养（英文）》2021,7(3):883-895
Colonization and development of the gut microbiome is a crucial consideration for optimizing the health and performance of livestock animals. This is mainly attributed to the fact that dietary and management practices greatly influence the gut microbiota, subsequently leading to changes in nutrient utilization and immune response. A favorable microbiome can be implanted through dietary or management interventions of livestock animals, especially during early life. In this review, we explore all the possible factors (for example gestation, colostrum, and milk feeding, drinking water, starter feed, inoculation from healthy animals, prebiotics/probiotics, weaning time, essential oil and transgenesis), which can influence rumen microbiome colonization and development. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of potential strategies used to manipulate gut development and microbial colonization to improve the production and health of newborn calves at an early age when they are most susceptible to enteric disease. Moreover, we provide insights into possible interventions and their potential effects on rumen development and microbiota establishment. Prospects of latest techniques like transgenesis and host genetics have also been discussed regarding their potential role in modulation of rumen microbiome and subsequent effects on gut development and performance in neonatal ruminants. 相似文献
14.
Victoria Asselstine Stephanie Lam Filippo Miglior Luiz F Brito Hannah Sweett Leluo Guan Sinead M Waters Graham Plastow Angela Cnovas 《Journal of animal science》2021,99(10)
Ruminant supply chains contribute 5.7 gigatons of CO2-eq per annum, which represents approximately 80% of the livestock sector emissions. One of the largest sources of emission in the ruminant sector is methane (CH4), accounting for approximately 40% of the sectors total emissions. With climate change being a growing concern, emphasis is being put on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, including those from ruminant production. Various genetic and environmental factors influence cattle CH4 production, such as breed, genetic makeup, diet, management practices, and physiological status of the host. The influence of genetic variability on CH4 yield in ruminants indicates that genomic selection for reduced CH4 emissions is possible. Although the microbiology of CH4 production has been studied, further research is needed to identify key differences in the host and microbiome genomes and how they interact with one another. The advancement of “-omics” technologies, such as metabolomics and metagenomics, may provide valuable information in this regard. Improved understanding of genetic mechanisms associated with CH4 production and the interaction between the microbiome profile and host genetics will increase the rate of genetic progress for reduced CH4 emissions. Through a systems biology approach, various “-omics” technologies can be combined to unravel genomic regions and genetic markers associated with CH4 production, which can then be used in selective breeding programs. This comprehensive review discusses current challenges in applying genomic selection for reduced CH4 emissions, and the potential for “-omics” technologies, especially metabolomics and metagenomics, to minimize such challenges. The integration and evaluation of different levels of biological information using a systems biology approach is also discussed, which can assist in understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms and biology of CH4 production traits in ruminants and aid in reducing agriculture’s overall environmental footprint. 相似文献
15.
动物肠道菌群与病原微生物感染关系的研究进展 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
动物肠道内寄居着大量微生物,通常被称为共生菌群。它们对动物的生长、代谢和免疫状态至关重要,还与许多疾病的发生密切相关。病毒、细菌和寄生虫感染都会使机体的肠道菌群发生紊乱,表现在益生菌丰度减少而有害菌丰度增加。其机制包括引发宿主的炎症反应和抑制机体的免疫细胞两方面。同样肠道菌群也会调控病原菌的感染,如肠道菌群对不同的病毒会产生颉颃或促进作用,对细菌和寄生虫分别产生抑制和促进作用。肠道菌群抑制病原菌的机制包括与病原菌竞争代谢产物和诱导宿主的免疫反应。肠道菌群促进病毒感染的机制包括3点,分别为提高病毒的稳定性及其与靶细胞的黏附作用、抑制机体免疫系统和刺激靶细胞的增殖。肠道菌群促进寄生虫感染的可能机制包括降低Th2细胞因子(如IL-4和IL-13)并提高调节性T细胞的表达频率。肠道菌群、病原微生物和宿主不断相互作用,形成一个动态的平衡关系,并在感染过程中不断进化。作者主要综述了病毒、细菌和寄生虫感染对动物肠道菌群的组成和丰度的影响,动物肠道菌群如何影响病毒、细菌和寄生虫的感染进程并分析相关机制,以期了解疾病的发病机理,为疫苗佐剂的研发及制定更有效的预防和治疗策略提供新视角和理论依据。 相似文献
16.
Historically, intermittent fasting (IF) has been considered as an effective strategy for controlling the weight of athletes before competition. Along with excellent insight into its application in various spaces by numerous studies, increasing IF-mediated positive effects have been reported, including anti-aging, neuroprotection, especially obesity control. Recently, the gut microbiota has been considered as an essential manipulator for host energy metabolism and its structure has been reported to be sensitive to dietary structure and habits, indicating that there is a potential and strong association between IF and gut microbiota. In this paper, we focus on the crosstalk between these symbionts and energy metabolism during IF which hold the promise to optimize host energy metabolism at various physical positions, including adipose tissue, liver and intestines, and further improve milieu internal homeostasis. Moreover, this paper also discusses the positive function of a potential recommendatory strain (Akkermansia muciniphila) based on the observational data for IF-mediated alternated pattern of gut microbiota and a hopefully regulatory pathway (circadian rhythm) for gut microbiota in IF-involved improvement on host energy metabolism. Finally, this review addresses the limitation and perspective originating from these studies, such as the association with tissue-specific bio-clock and single strain research, which may continuously reveal novel viewpoints and mechanisms to understand the energy metabolism and develop new strategies for treating obesity, diabetes, and metabolic disorders. 相似文献
17.
《动物营养（英文）》2021,7(4):1283-1295
Historically, intermittent fasting (IF) has been considered as an effective strategy for controlling the weight of athletes before competition. Along with excellent insight into its application in various spaces by numerous studies, increasing IF-mediated positive effects have been reported, including anti-aging, neuroprotection, especially obesity control. Recently, the gut microbiota has been considered as an essential manipulator for host energy metabolism and its structure has been reported to be sensitive to dietary structure and habits, indicating that there is a potential and strong association between IF and gut microbiota. In this paper, we focus on the crosstalk between these symbionts and energy metabolism during IF which hold the promise to optimize host energy metabolism at various physical positions, including adipose tissue, liver and intestines, and further improve milieu internal homeostasis. Moreover, this paper also discusses the positive function of a potential recommendatory strain (Akkermansia muciniphila) based on the observational data for IF-mediated alternated pattern of gut microbiota and a hopefully regulatory pathway (circadian rhythm) for gut microbiota in IF-involved improvement on host energy metabolism. Finally, this review addresses the limitation and perspective originating from these studies, such as the association with tissue-specific bio-clock and single strain research, which may continuously reveal novel viewpoints and mechanisms to understand the energy metabolism and develop new strategies for treating obesity, diabetes, and metabolic disorders. 相似文献
18.
温度是一个重要的非生物环境变量,能够驱动动物谱系的适应轨迹和动物群落的组成。环境温度作为影响动物肠道微生物菌群变化的众多因素之一,能够影响肠道微生物菌群的组成及丰度,进而调控宿主生长、发育、繁殖、免疫等生物学过程及功能。动物肠道核心菌群的组成及其代谢产物在不同温度下存在显著差异,在单胃动物、反刍动物等中都有相应的报道。极端温度主要通过诱导肠道微生物菌群产生结构和功能上的差异,进而对宿主表型产生影响。目前,对于温度如何影响动物肠道菌群的了解仍非常有限。本文针对不同环境温度条件下,肠道微生物菌群结构和功能的差异及相关研究进行了总结及综述。探讨由环境温度引起的肠道微生物菌群与宿主适应机制之间的关系,包括对宿主产热机制、消化系统和免疫系统等其他方面的影响并开展研究,将为肠道微生物对宿主健康的调节提供参考和思路。 相似文献
19.
Shijie BAI Peijun ZHANG Mingli LIN Wenzhi LIN Zixin YANG Songhai LI 《Integrative zoology》2021,16(3):324-335
Information on the gut microbiome composition of different mammals could provide novel insights into the evolution of mammals and succession of microbial communities in different hosts. However, there is limited information on the gut microbiome composition of marine mammals, especially cetaceans because of sampling constraints. In this study, we investigated the diversity and composition of microbial communities in the stomach, midgut, and hindgut of 2 stranded short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) and hindgut of a stranded pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) by using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing technology. On the basis of the 50 most abundant operational taxonomic units, principal coordinate analysis, and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis, we confirmed that the gut microbial communities of the 3 whales were different. Our results revealed that the gut microbiome of 1 stranded short-finned pilot whale GM16 was dominated by Firmicutes (mainly Clostridium) and Fusobacteria; whereas that of the other pilot whale GM19 was composed of Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes (mainly Vibrio and Bacteroides, respectively), probably caused by intestinal disease and antibiotic treatment. The gut microbiome of the pygmy sperm whale was dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Moreover, different gastrointestinal tract regions harbored different microbial community structures. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the gut microbiome of short-finned pilot whales, and our findings will expand our current knowledge on microbial diversity and composition in the gastrointestinal tract of cetaceans. 相似文献