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ASVCP quality assurance guidelines: control of general analytical factors in veterinary laboratories
Flatland B Freeman KP Friedrichs KR Vap LM Getzy KM Evans EW Harr KE 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2010,39(3):264-277
Owing to lack of governmental regulation of veterinary laboratory performance, veterinarians ideally should demonstrate a commitment to self-monitoring and regulation of laboratory performance from within the profession. In response to member concerns about quality management in veterinary laboratories, the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) formed a Quality Assurance and Laboratory Standards (QAS) committee in 1996. This committee recently published updated and peer-reviewed Quality Assurance Guidelines on the ASVCP website. The Quality Assurance Guidelines are intended for use by veterinary diagnostic laboratories and veterinary research laboratories that are not covered by the US Food and Drug Administration Good Laboratory Practice standards (Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Chapter 58). The guidelines have been divided into 3 reports on 1) general analytic factors for veterinary laboratory performance and comparisons, 2) hematology and hemostasis, and 3) clinical chemistry, endocrine assessment, and urinalysis. This report documents recommendations for control of general analytical factors within veterinary clinical laboratories and is based on section 2.1 (Analytical Factors Important In Veterinary Clinical Pathology, General) of the newly revised ASVCP QAS Guidelines. These guidelines are not intended to be all-inclusive; rather, they provide minimum guidelines for quality assurance and quality control for veterinary laboratory testing. It is hoped that these guidelines will provide a basis for laboratories to assess their current practices, determine areas for improvement, and guide continuing professional development and education efforts. 相似文献
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The Texas A&M University Medical Sciences Library (MSL) supports lifelong learning for Texas veterinarians and College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (CVMBS) alumni through several ongoing outreach efforts. The MSL provides free document delivery and literature search services to practicing veterinarians in support of patient care. The MSL also responded to unique opportunities to expand services and increase its visibility through collaborations with the American Association of Equine Practitioners and CABI, provider of VetMed Resource. The MSL continues to explore ways to expand its mission-critical veterinary outreach work and market library services to veterinarians through participation in continuing education, regional meetings, and veterinary student instruction. 相似文献
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Martin RJ Schnurrenberger PR Walker JF 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1982,23(11):317-322
Interviews to solicit information about animal bites and rabies vaccinations were completed on 1165 of 1175 non-military veterinarians in Illinois in 1968. Two hundred and sixty-one veterinarians reported 380 exposure incidents that precipitated the administration of rabies vaccine; 72 veterinarians had received two or more series of vaccine. Vaccine was administered after exposure from: examination of a patient (n = 230), bite (n = 79), necropsy (n = 17), other causes (n = 13) and unstated (n = 41). Eighty-six percent of the exposures were to dogs or cattle. In 231 veterinarians receiving postexposure vaccinations, where year of first vaccination and year of graduation from veterinary school were known, 97 (42%) were exposed in the six years spanning one year before graduation and four years after graduation. There were 296 veterinarians, including 12 receiving postexposure vaccination, who had received their first series of vaccine as preexposure prophylaxis. Twenty-one percent of all vaccinees (pre- and postexposure) reported reactions to the rabies vaccine. Seventy-two veterinarians reported they had been treated for an animal bite in the previous year. 相似文献
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Igbokwe I. O. Maduka C. V. Igbokwe N. A. Ogbaji S. J. Onah C. C. Atsanda N. N. 《Tropical animal health and production》2020,52(6):3113-3121
Vaccinations against diseases to prevent disease outbreaks are strategic to disease prevention, but vaccination failures may constitute a challenge in practice. This study was aimed at assessing the adoption and failure rates of vaccinations in 80 chicken farms in Jos, Nigeria. Data were obtained through a structured questionnaire validated by interviews and checking of farm and veterinary records. Vaccination score (0–1) from the vaccination checklist (5 for broilers and 12 for layers) and vaccination procedure score (0–1), based on scored adopted procedures, were calculated for each farm. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated for each vaccine using the odds ratio from the association of frequencies of disease outbreaks in vaccinated and unvaccinated flocks. Farmers used more of imported than local vaccines. Vaccination procedure and vaccination scores did not influence frequencies of disease outbreaks, but vaccination scores tended to non-robustly correlate (r = − 0.89, p > 0.05) with rates of disease outbreak. Vaccination rates were highest against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease, and their vaccinations also had the highest effectiveness. There was an association (p = 0.009) between composite vaccination rates and disease outbreaks with 2.1 odds of outbreaks in vaccinated than unvaccinated flocks. Vaccination failures occurred in the use of 11 out of 12 vaccines and the highest failure rate (47.9%) was in vaccination against coccidiosis. Therefore, vaccination failure is a critical factor in poultry vaccination practice within the locality. The adoption of poultry vaccinations needs to be strategised in the context of a national poultry vaccination policy in order to promote effective poultry disease prevention and control.
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Distemper and rabies vaccination are highly recommended because of the almost invariable fatal outcome of these conditions. Vaccination should constitute an important part of a ferret's preventative medicine program. With the current and anticipated development and licensing of new vaccines, practitioners are invited to gain awareness of the latest vaccine information. Establishment of a practice vaccination protocol with regards to the site of administration of rabies and distemper vaccines is paramount to document any future abnormal tissue reactions. Influenza is the most common zoonotic disease that is seen in ferrets. Although it generally is benign in most ferrets, veterinarians must take this condition seriously. The characteristic continuous antigenic variation of this virus may lead to more virulent strains; the recent emergence of avian influenza virus outbreaks; and the increased susceptibility of elderly, young, and immunosuppressed individuals. 相似文献
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Paul MA Appel M Barrett R Carmichael LE Childers H Cotter S Davidson A Ford R Keil D Lappin M Schultz RD Thacker E Trumpeter JL Welborn L;American Animal Hospital Association Canine Vaccine Task Force 《Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association》2003,39(2):119-131
The AAHA has undertaken the development of this document in an effort to inform veterinary practitioners, clarify misunderstandings held by veterinarians, and encourage practitioners to recognize that immunization of patients is a medical procedure. As such, it is bound by the same tenets that govern the recommendation of other medical procedures-principally, that it be tailored to the needs of the individual patient. Many diseases we immunize against are ubiquitous. Many are serious and some even life threatening. Some are of limited demographic concern given the exposure risk for each patient. These factors have all been considered in developing the AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines. In the end, each veterinarian must do what he or she determines to be in the best interest of the patient. Vaccination of individual animals produces not only individual immunity but also population or herd immunity. Since we have no readily available and reliable way to determine if each patient has developed an adequate immune response, we encourage the practice philosophy of vaccinating more patients while vaccinating each patient no more than needed. 相似文献
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The Australian College of Veterinary Scientists (ACVSc) has been promoting the advancement of the veterinary profession for 40 years through the provision of continuing education of Australian and New Zealand veterinarians. Formed in 1971 through the Australian Veterinary Association, after many years of debate over its role and necessity, the ACVSc became an independent entity in 1985. It currently provides examination-based qualifications of Membership and Fellowship of the College in 37 disciplines and has over 100 applicants every year. Highly valued as a mark of superior achievement in a veterinary field in Australia and New Zealand, the ACVSc is now working to have its Fellowship and Membership qualifications recognised in Europe and North America, thereby increasing the standing of Australian veterinarians around the world. 相似文献
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Hendra virus (HeV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus which causes acute and deadly infection in horses (Equus caballus). It is a rare and unmanaged emerging viral infection in horses which is harbored by bats of the genus Pteropus (Australian flying foxes or fruit bats). The virus is pleomorphic in shape and its genome contains nonsegmented negative-stranded RNA with 18234 nucleotides in length. The virus is transmitted from flying foxes to horses, horse to horse, and horse to humans. Human-to-human transmission of HeV infection is not reported yet. The infection of HeV in horses is highly variable and shows broad range of signs and lesions including distinct respiratory and neurological disorders. Currently, there are no specific antiviral drugs available for the treatment of HeV infection in horses. Vaccination is considered as prime option to prevent HeV infection in horses. A subunit vaccine, called as “Equivac HeV vaccine” has been approved recently for preventing this viral infection in horses. In addition, a plethora of common preventive strategies could help restrict the inter- and intra-species transmission of HeV. Considering the scanty but severe fatality cases of this mystery virus as well as lack of proper attention by veterinary scientists, this review article spotlights not only on the clinical signs, transmission, epidemiology, biology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of HeV but also the preventive managements of this uncommon infection in horses by vaccination and other precautious strategies. 相似文献
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Proliferative enteropathy (PE) is an enteric disease of pigs that results in diarrhoea, reduced growth rate, reduced feed conversion efficiency and sometimes death. A survey of 13 pig veterinary practitioners in Australia was conducted to determine: (1) PE control strategies (antibiotics and vaccination), (2) how the efficacies of these strategies are evaluated and (3) how reliance on antibiotics could be reduced by increasing vaccine adoption. Antibiotics were routinely prescribed in the diets of weaner, grower and finisher pigs by 9/13, 10/13 and 8/13 veterinarians, respectively, if vaccination was not implemented. Water-soluble antibiotics were prescribed less frequently than in-feed antibiotics. Efficacy of control strategies was assessed most often through reduced clinical signs (diarrhoea, 'tail-ender' pigs, death) and reduced lesion incidence at abattoir postmortem inspection. Twelve practitioners had recommended PE vaccination to their clients in the previous 6 months. Barriers to continued vaccine implementation included perceived lack of efficacy for pigs housed in bedded systems, high cost relative to medication and difficulties in vaccinating pigs post-weaning. 相似文献
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Trevejo RT 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2000,217(11):1647-1650
OBJECTIVE: To measure rabies preexposure vaccination rate and identify factors potentially associated with lack of vaccination among veterinarians and at-risk staff. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. STUDY POPULATION: At-risk veterinary medical association (VMA) members, their staff members, and animal shelter and wildlife rehabilitation center personnel located in a California county. PROCEDURE: A questionnaire was mailed to VMA members and managers of animal shelters and wildlife rehabilitation centers. Respondents were requested to provide data on vaccination history and potential factors associated with vaccination status for themselves and their at-risk staff members. Vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals were compared by use of univariate and logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with vaccination status. RESULTS: Fifty-eight percent (79/137) of persons who received questionnaires responded; 74 were eligible for the study. Respondents provided data for 47.6% (219/460) of their staff members. The vaccination rate was greater among respondents (85.1 %) than among their staff members (17.5%). Among staff members, age and duration of employment were significantly associated with vaccination status. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A large proportion of at-risk staff members working in veterinary clinics, animal shelters, and wildlife rehabilitation centers in the study area did not receive rabies preexposure vaccination per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's published recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). The cost of the preexposure vaccine series may be a barrier, particularly for young employees who are commonly short-term, part-time, or volunteer workers. Efforts are needed to increase awareness of the ACIP recommendations and to increase access to vaccination through agencies such as public health clinics. 相似文献
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E K Meyer 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2001,31(3):493-514, vi
Although vaccination plays a vital role in maintaining animal health, there are risks associated with this medical procedure. Veterinarians are beginning to reexamine dogmatic vaccine protocols and consider both risks and benefits of vaccination, with special emphasis on adverse event information generated by practitioner experience. The current status of postmarketing surveillance for commercially available veterinary vaccines is presented, along with a discussion of the strengths and limitations of surveillance programs. An overview of adverse events commonly reported by veterinarians is included, along with practical information on how veterinarians can share their observations and learn about adverse events reported by their colleagues. 相似文献
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K J Kagawa B B Chomel L Lery 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》1992,15(2):79-87
Rabies pre-immunization has been recommended for high risk professions, including veterinarians. Cell-cultured rabies vaccines have considerably reduced the risk of post-vaccination neurological reactions found in earlier vaccines. However, some adverse reactions have been reported with Human Diploid Cell Vaccines. 329 French veterinary students were surveyed about their rabies and brucellosis vaccination status, the occurrence of adverse reactions to rabies vaccine, and their antibody titer monitoring practices. Questions also were asked to determine if mandatory rabies pre-exposure immunization upon entry to veterinary school motivated students to maintain their rabies pre-exposure vaccination. The overall vaccination rate was 98.5% for rabies and 17% for brucellosis. 19% of the rabies vaccinated students reported some form of adverse reaction, whatever the vaccine brand used, but not experienced systemic allergic reaction. Adverse reactions were twice more frequent in female than male students and were more frequent after primary series than revaccination series (Relative Risk = 1.76). Despite the mild reactions encountered, rabies pre-exposure vaccination has been well-accepted by French veterinary students. In contrast, vaccination against brucellosis was not as well-accepted for prophylaxis. 相似文献
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Schuler LA Khaitsa ML Dyer NW Stoltenow CL 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2004,225(7):1084-1089
OBJECTIVE: To characterize an outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in horses in North Dakota in 2002, evaluate vaccine effectiveness, and determine horse characteristics and clinical signs associated with infection. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 569 horses. PROCEDURE: Data were obtained from veterinary laboratory records, and a questionnaire was mailed to veterinarians of affected horses. RESULTS: Affected horses were defined as horses with typical clinical signs and seroconversion or positive results of virus isolation; affected horses were detected in 52 of the 53 counties and concentrated in the eastern and northeastern regions of the state. Among affected horses, 27% (n = 152) were vaccinated against WNV, 54% (309) were not, and 19% (108) had unknown vaccination status; 61 % (345) recovered, 22% (126) died, and 17% (98) had unknown outcome. The odds of death among nonvaccinated horses were 3 and 16 times the odds among horses that received only 1 or 2 doses of vaccine and horses that were vaccinated according to manufacturer's recommendations, respectively. Horses with recumbency, caudal paresis, and age > 5 years had higher odds of death, whereas horses with incoordination had lower odds of death, compared with affected horses without these characteristics. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Vaccination appears to have beneficial effects regarding infection and death caused by WNV. 相似文献
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In 2010 the German Bundestier?rztekammer (Federal Chamber of Veterinarians) and the AGTAM (Working Group "Veterinary Pharmaceuticals") published the Guidelines for the prudent use of antibacterial veterinary pharmaceuticals in an updated version. Within the limits of therapeutic freedom, veterinarians are committed to take into account the latest scientific findings in veterinary medicine. These findings may, however, include conflicting interpretations if such an approach is expressed by an accredited university or anywhere else in the field of science. Hence, the state of science in veterinary medicine is not only defined by the Guidelines for Antibiotics, rather, the complete recognized scientific literature has to be considered. The Guidelines for Antibiotics are not legally-binding rules. They define the best approach and not the minimum standard for the use of antibiotics. The clinical examination provides the basis for medical treatment in each specific case. Further laboratory diagnostics represent an additional supportive instrument that is used by the veterinarian at his discretion depending on the necessity. Laboratory tests of bacterial sensitivity (identification of pathogens and antibiogram) may become necessary within the framework of diagnostics. As examples demonstrate, laboratory tests of bacterial sensitivity cannot be performed in every clinical case. It appears to be desirable to further discuss the use of antibacterial veterinary pharmaceuticals in the species-specific attachments in more concrete and specific terms, taking into consideration the standards of evidence-based medicine. 相似文献
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Ashley Genetti BVM&S Efa A. Llewellyn BVetMed DACVECC DECVECC FHEA 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2023,33(6):639-647
Objective
To assess compression rate accuracy among veterinarians and registered veterinary nurses (RVNs) without and with an audible aid.Design
Prospective study with use of a canine CPR manikin.Setting
Small animal teaching hospital.Subjects
Thirty-six participants (20 veterinarians and 16 RVNs).Interventions
Each participant completed the first 2-minute cycle of chest compressions without an auditory aid on a canine CPR manikin. Each participant was then randomized to 1 of 3 auditory aid groups (Group B: Bee Gees “Stayin’ Alive”; Group Q: Queen “Another One Bites the Dust”; or Group M: traditional metronome) and then completed a second 2-minute cycle of chest compressions with the instruction to synchronize their compression rate with the beat of the auditory aid. An accurate chest compression rate was defined as obtaining a rate between 100 and 120 compressions per minute (cpm).Measurements and Main Results
Median number of compressions administered by participants during Cycle 1 for the first minute was 111 (range 88–140) and for the second minute was 107 (range 80–151), with 25 of 36 (69%) participants obtaining an accurate chest compression rate. Median number of compressions administered during Cycle 2 for the first minute was 110 (range 76–125) and for the second minute was 110 (range 72–125), with 34 of 36 participants (94%) obtaining an accurate chest compression rate. Participants were more likely to obtain an accurate chest compression rate when an auditory aid was present compared to without (McNemar's test; P = 0.013). Subgroup analysis suggested the auditory aid was beneficial in Groups Q and M but not Group B (Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn's post hoc testing; P = 0.014, P = 0.0455, and P = 0.5637, respectively).Conclusions
An auditory aid was associated with improved chest compression rate accuracy. However, as the auditory aid was not beneficial for Group B participants, our findings suggest that some auditory aids are more helpful than others. 相似文献19.
Michael Muleme Robert Barigye Margaret L. Khaitsa Eugene Berry Anthony W. Wamono Chrisostom Ayebazibwe 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,45(1):35-43
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. In Uganda, FMD outbreaks are mainly controlled by ring vaccination and restriction of animal movements. Vaccination stimulates immunity and prevents animals from developing clinical signs which include lameness, inappetence, and decreased production. Ring vaccination and restriction of animal movements have, however, not successfully controlled FMD in Uganda and outbreaks reoccur annually. The objective of this study was to review the use of FMD virus (FMDV) vaccines and assess the effectiveness of vaccination programs for controlling FMD in Uganda (2001–2010), using retrospective data. FMD vaccine distribution patterns in Uganda (2001–2010) matched occurrence of outbreaks with districts reporting the highest number of outbreaks also receiving the largest quantity of vaccines. This was possibly due to “fire brigade” response of vaccinating animals after outbreaks have been reported. On average, only 10.3 % of cattle within districts that reported outbreaks during the study period were vaccinated. The average minimum time between onset of outbreaks and vaccination was 7.5 weeks, while the annual cost of FMDV vaccines used ranged from US $58,000 to 1,088,820. Between 2001 and 2010, serotyping of FMD virus was done in only 9/121 FMD outbreaks, and there is no evidence that vaccine matching or vaccine potency tests have been done in Uganda. The probability of FMDV vaccine and outbreak mismatch, the delayed response to outbreaks through vaccination, and the high costs associated with importation of FMDV vaccines could be reduced if virus serotyping and subtyping as well as vaccine matching were regularly done, and the results were considered for vaccine manufacture. 相似文献