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1.
ABSTRACT Cool and wet soils at the time of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] planting in the northern Great Plains may reduce early crop growth and retard nitrogen (N) fixation. Application of N as starter fertilizer may increase initial growth of soybean, but may also negatively impact N fixation when environmental conditions improve. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of low rates of N applied at planting on soybean N fixation and crop growth in the northern Great Plains. A field experiment (2000–2002) was established within a two-year corn [Zea mays (L.)] soybean rotation using a split-plot design with four replications. Whole plots were no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) and the split plots were starter fertilizer (two sources × four rates) treatments. Nitrogen sources were either ammonium nitrate (AN) or urea (UR) each applied at 0, 8, 16, and 24 kg N ha?1. Biomass in both 2000 and 2001 growing seasons increased significantly with increasing N rate at both growth stages (R1 and R7) and at the R1 stage in 2002. Ureide concentration and relative ureide decreased with increasing N rate at the R1 stage in all years, indicating a decrease in N fixation up to that point in crop development. This decrease in N fixation was not present at the R7 stage, but the significant increase in plant growth including yield was still present, indicating possibly that starter fertilizer can positively impact soybean production in the cool environmental conditions of the northern Great Plains. However, the positive impact on plant growth and yield is dependent on in-season environmental conditions and time of planting. 相似文献
2.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(6):885-898
Current methods of determining nitrogen (N) fertilization rates in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are based on farmer projected yield goals and fixed N removal rates per unit of grain produced. This work reports on an alternative method of determining fertilizer N rates using estimates of early-season plant N uptake and potential yield determined from in-season spectral measurements collected between January and April. Reflectance measurements under daytime lighting in the red and near infrared regions of the spectra were used to compute the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Using a modified daytime lighting reflectance sensor, early-season plant N uptake between Feekes physiological growth stages 4 (leaf sheaths lengthen) through 6 (first node of stem visible) was found to be highly correlated with NDVI. Further analyses showed that dividing the NDVI sensor measurements between Feekes growth stages 4 and 6, by the days from planting to sensing date was highly correlated with final grain yield. This in-season estimate of yield (INSEY) was subsequently used to compute the potential N that could be removed in the grain. In-season N fertilization needs were then considered to be equal to the amount of predicted grain N uptake (potential yield times grain N) minus predicted early-season plant N uptake (at the time of sensing), divided by an efficiency factor of 0.70. This method of determining in-season fertilizer need has been shown to decrease large area N rates while also increasing wheat grain yields when each 1m2 area was sensed and treated independently. 相似文献
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Aung Zaw Htwe Seinn Moh Moh Kyi Moe Takeo Yamakawa 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2018,64(4):449-454
Co-inoculation of selected nitrogen-fixing bacteria with plant growth-promoting bacteria is the promising way for the improvement of soybean production through enhancing plant growth, nodulation, and N2 fixation. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to study the effects of co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium elkanii BLY3-8 with Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 on plant growth, nodulation, N2 fixation, N uptake, and seed yield of Rj4 soybean varieties. Two experiments with completely randomized design and three replicates were done in this study. N2-fixation ability of soybean was evaluated by acetylene reduction activity (ARA) and relative ureide method. In the first experiment, synergetic effect in N2 fixation and nodulation was occurred in co-inoculation treatment (BLY3-8 + P4) in Yezin-3 and Fukuyutaka. Based on these results, co-inoculation effect of BLY3-8 and P4 was assessed on Yezin-3 and Fukuyutaka varieties at three different growth stages, using Futsukaichi soil under natural environmental conditions. This study shows that co-inoculation of BLY3-8 and P4 significantly increased N2 fixation at V6 stage; plant growth, nodulation, N2 fixation, and N uptake at R3.5 stage; and shoot growth, N uptake, and seed yield at R8 stage, in Rj4 soybean varieties compared with the control. Significant difference in plant growth, nodulation, N2 fixation, N uptake, and yield between co-inoculation and control, not between single inoculation and control, suggests that there is a synergetic effect due to co-inoculation of BLY3-8 and P4. 相似文献
5.
Summary A greenhouse study was conducted to examine the residual effects of sewage sludge on soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr., nodulation, and N fixation. Nodulating and nonnodulating isolines of Clark soybean were grown to the R2 stage in soils (Typic Paleudults) obtained from plots where heat-treated sludge had been applied in 1976 at rates equal to 0, 56,112, and 224 Mg ha–1 high (7.0) and low (6.2) soil pH regimes were established by CaCO3 additions. Sludge and soil pH treatments resulted in clearly defined differences in metal uptake by soybean shoots. Plant Zn, Cd, and Ni concentrations were greater on pH 6.2, sludge-amended soil than on the pH 7.0, amended soil. At low soil pH, soybean Zn and Cd concentrations, respectively, increased from 41 and 0.19 mg kg–1 (control) to 120 and 0.58 mg kg–1 at the 224 Mg hat sludge rate. At the high soil pH and 224 hg hat sludge rate, Zn and Cd concentrations were 45 and 0.15 mg kg–1, respectively.Symbiotic N fixation provided 90% of the total N accumulation. Total N accumulation, shoot N concentration, dry matter, and N fixation by nodulating soybeans exhibited a significant linear increase with sludge rate. Total N accumulation, dry matter, and N fixation were significantly greater at high soil pH. For high and low soil pH, respectively, N fixation increased from 422 and 382 mg N per plant (control) to 614 and 518 mg N per plant at the 224 Mg ha–1 sludge rate. While soybean nodulation also increased linearly on sludge-amended soil, a significant rate times pH interaction for nodule number indicated that nodulation was less strongly enhanced by sludge at low soil pH. 相似文献
6.
黑龙江省是我国大豆主要产区,在国营农牧场中大面积机械化生产条件下,大豆的种植面积约占耕地面积的三分之一左右。一般认为,大豆与根瘤菌的共生固氮作用所固定的氮,能提供大豆整个生育过程中对氮素需要量的二分之一到三分之二。然而,在大田生产实践中,由于土壤类型、肥力水平、气候条件、前作、品种、施肥等因素的综合影响,使大豆在田间的共生固氮效率产生了很大的差异。 相似文献
7.
Cecilia M. Onyango Jeremy Harbinson Jasper K. Imungi Solomon S. Shibairo Olaf van Kooten 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(3):342-365
The influence of manure and diammonium phosphate (DAP) mineral fertilizer on germination, leaf nitrogen content, nitrate accumulation and yield of vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) was investigated. Field trials were set up at the University of Nairobi Field Station at the Upper Kabete Campus during the long rains of March–May in 2007 and 2008. Trials were laid out as complete randomized block design with four fertilization treatments: 20, 40, and 60 kg nitrogen (N) ha?1 supplied by DAP (18:46:0), 40 kg N ha?1 supplied by cattle manure and an unfertilized control variant. The vegetables were harvested at three maturity stages at 6, 7, and 8 weeks after planting. Results indicated that there were significant differences between treatments in germination percentage, leaf nitrogen content, nitrate accumulation and vegetable yield. Plants that received manure had a higher germination percentage than those that received the same amount of N supplied by the chemical fertilizer DAP. The yields generally increased from week 6 to week 8. The highest yield was recorded in plots receiving 40 kg N ha?1 from DAP at eight weeks after planting. Plots that were supplied with manure recorded the lowest yield when compared to the fertilizer treated plots at all rates. Leaf nitrogen content increased with increasing rate of N but only when N was supplied by DAP fertilizer. The leaf nitrogen content decreased with increasing age of the plants. The leaf nitrate content increased with increase in DAP application rate. Results indicate that manure application produced quality vegetables in terms of low nitrate levels, but leaf nitrogen and vegetable yields were low. DAP application effected higher yields, but the vegetables had high though acceptable nitrate levels. 相似文献
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Acid, sandy soils selected for blueberry production are usually deficient in plant available phosphorus. Fertilizer addition at planting has not been a recommended practice. This research was designed to evaluate potted blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) plant growth response to P applied at establishment and interacted with N applied during the growing season. Four liter containerized ‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberry plants were transplanted into 4.4 kg of 1:1 v/v loamy sand:peat mixture in an 8‐liter container. Preplant P was incorporated into the mixture at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg/ha rates. Nitrogen was split‐applied post‐plant four times at 60‐day intervals beginning 30 days after blueberry bushes were transplanted. Total N rates were equivalent to 0, 112, 224, or 336 kg/ha. Plants were harvested 270 days after transplanting. Phosphorus at the 60 and 80 kg/ha rates increased plant growth 40 and 31%, respectively. Plant growth responded linearly to increasing N rate. Leaf and stem weight increases contributed to this linear response while root weight was not affected by fertilizer N. Total plant dry weight was increased by N rates at the 60 and 80 kg/ha P levels. Phosphorus applications increased leaf P levels, but did not increase soil test P. Leaf redness, caused by cool temperatures, was reduced by high N rates. The optimum P rate for fertilization of the soilrpeat mixture in the planting hole under conditions of this experiment was the equivalent of 60 kg/ha. 相似文献
9.
Annual plants may partition carbon (C) preferentially to reproductive structures slowing root elongation and subsequent nutrient uptake. Although foliar applications of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S) supplement uptake by roots, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield increases have not been found in most studies. Experiments were designed to determine if foliar applications of boron (B), magnesium (Mg), or B+Mg would increase soybean yield and if soybean would respond to B applied to the soil several weeks prior to planting. Foliar B or Mg applied separately four times during reproductive growth did not affect soybean yield. However, four foliar applications of B+Mg increased soybean yield 12% at Mt. Vernon and 4% at Columbia over a three‐year period. Two foliar applications of B+Mg during the late reproductive stages increased soybean yield 8% over a two‐year period. The yield increase from foliar B+Mg treatment resulted from an increased number of pods on the main stem (18%) and branches (44%). A 2.8 kg/ha B application to soil eight weeks prior to planting increased soybean yield 11% during the first year and 13% the second year but had no effect on soybean yield by the third year after application. When results from the first two years were combined, 2.8 kg/ha B applied to soil increased the number of pods per branch by 17% and the number of branch pods per plant by 39%. Foliar applications of B+Mg increased soybean yield in four of six site‐years in the three‐year experiments at two locations. 相似文献
10.
Aung Zaw Htwe Seinn Moh Moh Kyi Moe Takeo Yamakawa 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2018,64(2):222-229
ABSTRACT Co-inoculation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria with plant growth-promoting bacteria has become more popular than single inoculation of rhizobia or plant-growth-promoting bacteria because of the synergy of these bacteria in increasing soybean yield and nitrogen fixation. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Bradyrhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 and Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 co-inoculation on plant growth, nodulation, nitrogen fixation, nutrient uptake, and seed yield of the ‘Yezin-6’ soybean cultivar. Nitrogen fixation was measured using the acetylene reduction assay and ureide methods. Uptake of major nutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)] was also measured. This study showed that single inoculation of SAY3-7 significantly increased shoot biomass; nodulation; Relative Ureide Index (RUI %), percent nitrogen derived from N fixation (% Ndfa); N, P, K, Ca, and Mg uptakes; during the later growth stages (R3.5 and R5.5), compared with control. These observations indicate that SAY3-7 is an effective N-fixing bacterium for the plant growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation with an ability to compete with native bradyrhizobia. Co-inoculation of SAY3-7 and P4 significantly improved nodule number; nodule dry weight; shoot and root biomass; N fixation; N, P, K, Ca, and Mg uptake; at various growth stages and seed yield in ‘Yezin-6’ soybean cultivar compared with the control, but not the single inoculation treatments. Significant differences in plant growth, nodulation, N fixation, nutrient uptake, and yield between co-inoculation and control, not between single inoculation and control, suggest that there is a synergetic effect due to co-inoculation of SAY3-7 and P4. Therefore, we conclude that Myanmar Bradyrhizobium strain SAY3-7 and P4 will be useful as effective inoculants in biofertilizer production in the future. 相似文献
11.
Robert M. Boddey Phillip M. Chalk Reynaldo L. Victoria 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1984,16(6):583-588
The contribution of biological N2 fixation to the N nutrition of nodulated soybean was estimated using the 15N isotope dilution technique and a non-nodulating soybean isoline as a non-fixing control plant. The plants were grown in the field in concrete cylinders (60 cm dia) and harvested at seven stages of plant growth. Labelled N was added to the soil either as labelled organic matter before planting or in seven small additions (2kg N ha?1) of (NH4)2SO4 during the growing period.There was good agreement between isotope dilution estimates of nitrogen fixation for the two labelling methods. Acetylene reduction assays on intact root systems greatly underestimated N2 fixing activity. The difference in total N between nodulated and non-nodulated plants generally gave higher estimates compared with the isotope technique. The data indicate that this was because nodulated plants recovered more N from the soil than the non-nodulated plants. After 92 days of growth, the soybean derived approximately 250kg N ha?1 from biological N2 fixation. 相似文献
12.
硼对大豆结瘤和固氮作用的影响——Ⅰ.对生长、营养元素吸收与分布和固氮量影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在短期无氮营养液栽培(28天)条件下,研究缺硼和正常供硼处理对Bragg大豆品种及不结瘤突变体nod49和超结瘤突变体nts382生长、矿质元素吸收与分布及固氮量的影响。试验结果表明:1.在正常供硼的条件下,不结瘤突变体nod的植株生长量,株高、主根生长均高于超结瘤突变体及其亲本。缺硼处理时三种基因型大豆的生长均受到明显的抑制作用。无论是正常供硼还是缺硼处理,超结瘤突变体nts382根系的生长量均明显小于其它基因型。2.正常供硼处理时三种基因型大豆地上部、根及nts382的根瘤中硼的浓度和积累量均高于缺硼处理。缺硼处理,超结瘤突变体及其亲本地上部和根中大部分矿质元素浓度高于正常供硼处理,但积累总量低于正常供硼处理或变化不大。施硼处理的nts382和Bragg,根和根瘤中钙的浓度和积累量明显降低,而地上部变化不大,同时在nts382根瘤中,锌、锰、铁、铜浓度和含量也下降,而钼含量增加。3.施硼处理和Bragg和nts382地上部、根及根瘤中氮的浓度和含量均显著高于缺硼处理,其中超结瘤突变体中氮浓度和总量最高。在缺硼条件下,Bragg和超结瘤突变体能够结瘤,但是Bragg大豆根瘤的固氮作用完全受到抑制,而nts382根瘤还能保持较强的固氮能力。 相似文献
13.
Maize grain yield potential can be estimated mid-season using NDVI at the V8 growth stage, thus affording delayed sidedress nitrogen (N) application. Several combinations of preplant and sidedress N at various growth stages were evaluated. Maize grain yields were maximized with 90 kg N ha-1 preplant followed by 90 kg N ha-1 sidedress at V6 or V10 (8 of 9 site-years). Delaying N application until V10 growth stage when preplant N was applied did not result in lower yields. Mid-season N supplies fertilizer at the time when crop need and N uptake are at a maximum, and thus facilitates more efficient N use. Lowest nitrogen use efficiencies (NUE) were observed with higher N rates and when all N was applied preplant. Highest NUE's were achieved with 45 kg N ha-1 preplant followed by 45 kg N ha-1 sidedress applied at V6 growth stage (8 of 9 site-years) and at V10 (6 of 9 site-years). 相似文献
14.
施氮水平对大豆氮素积累与产量影响的研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
以绥农14为材料,利用砂培和15N标记的方法研究了施氮水平对大豆氮素积累及产量的影响。结果表明:随着施氮水平的提高,大豆全株氮素积累量及叶柄、荚皮、籽粒中氮素积累量呈现先增加后下降的趋势;高氮水平增加了叶片和茎中氮素积累量,N150较N0处理叶片的氮素积累量增加了3倍,而茎增加了5倍,但减少了根中氮素积累,降低了大豆全株和籽粒中根瘤固氮量及其所占比例,降低了肥料氮和根瘤氮的收获指数,其中根中氮素积累N150较N50处理降低了60.3%,全株根瘤氮和籽粒中根瘤氮N150较N0分别降低了74.9%、85.7%,肥料氮的收获指数N150较N50降低19.8%,根瘤氮的收获指数N150较N0降低25.5%。随着施氮水平的增加,大豆产量也呈现先增加后下降的趋势,施氮水平的增加促进了大豆植株株高、结荚高度和始荚节位的显著增加,但对节数没有明显影响,N150和N0比较株高增加了55.2%,结荚高度增加了199.7%,始荚节位增加了142.9%。 相似文献
15.
应用15N示踪方法,研究了种植大豆对土壤氮素盈亏的影响,并对土壤氮素盈亏进行了估算。结果表明:大豆成熟期70.4%~88.6%的氮素转移到籽粒中,大豆氮素收获率很高,导致土壤氮素亏损;秸秆还田时土壤氮素亏损量平均为39.2kg/hm2,秸秆不还田时土壤氮素亏损量平均为49.2kg/hm2;大豆根瘤固氮率与土壤氮素盈亏量呈直线相关,根瘤固氮率越高,土壤氮素亏损量越少;秸秆还田条件下,根瘤固氮率71.5%是土壤氮素盈亏平衡点,秸秆不还田时根瘤固氮率要达到80.9%才能保障土壤氮素盈亏平衡。 相似文献
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Xinkai Zhu Wenshan Guo Jinfeng Ding Chunyan Li Chaonian Feng Yongxin Peng 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):1747-1761
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important impact factors on development and growth of wheat. In this study the effects of nitrogen use efficiency on quantity and quality of grains were studied by agronomic management of N fertilizers on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under field conditions for two years. The experiments were performed at 16 combinations of N application amount and time, including four levels of N at 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha?1 that were used as pre-plant fertilizers, sub-treated with four levels of the same N amount used as top-dress fertilizers. As a result, with an increase in total N fertilizers, grain yield increased in a cubic equitation, but partial factor productivity (PFPN, kg grain yield per kg N applied) decreased exponentially. With total fertilizers, N content and accumulation in vegetative tissues and grains increased linearly, but N uptake efficiency (UtEN, kg nutrient taken up per kg N applied) decreased exponentially. When N was over-applied (>360 kg N ha?1 in this study), grain yield clearly declined, due to decrease in productivity from per unit N. The high N level (240～300 kg N ha?1), the reasonable distribution between pre-plant and top dress from the same amount N fertilizer not only increased grain yield but also enhanced N use efficiency. 相似文献
18.
旱作水稻与花生间作系统中的氮素固定与转移及其对土壤肥力的影响 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
以花生和旱作水稻为材料 ,采用分隔方法和15N同位素示踪法 ,在不同氮素水平下研究了水稻与花生间作复合体的氮素营养优势、间作花生的生物固氮效率、花生体内氮素向水稻的转移。并在田间条件下研究了花生单作、水稻单作、水稻 /花生间作 3种栽培方式下对土壤氮素肥力的影响。结果表明 :( 1 )水稻和花生间作有产量优势和氮素营养优势 ,在N 0kghm- 2 、N 2 2 5kghm- 2 和N 3 0 0kghm- 2 三个氮素水平下 ,根系不分隔的水稻生物量分别比分隔处理的高 3 0 0 3 %、1 0 1 %和 2 2 % ;水稻氮素吸收量分别比分隔处理的高 74 0 3 %、1 6 93 %和 2 3 2 % ;( 2 )花生在N 2 2 5kghm- 2 和N 3 0 0kghm- 2 氮素水平下 ,分隔处理和不分隔花生固氮量分别为 3 8 1 1 %、40 97%和 1 4 81 %、2 0 49% ,间作能提高花生固氮效率 ;( 3 )花生体内氮素在共生期内可以转移到水稻体内 ,花生固氮量和氮素转移没有相关 ;( 4 )与水稻单作比较 ,花生 /水稻间作可以改善土壤的氮素营养。 相似文献
19.
不同时期不同施氮量对糙米蛋白质积累影响的初探 总被引：27，自引：0，他引：27
采用土培试验和＾１５Ｎ示踪技术研究了高产施肥条件下４个时期不同施氮量与水稻糙米蛋白质含量的关系。结果表明,孕穗期施氮最有利于糙米蛋白质的积累,糙米＾１５Ｎ蛋白氮占施用＾１５Ｎ的比例达３６．１５％,插植前施氮次之,分蘖期和乳熟期施氮效果较差。当其它３个时期施氮量一定时,某个时期的＾１５Ｎ施量与糙米＾１５Ｎ蛋白含量呈极显著的直线相关,但４个时期的施氮总量与糙米蛋白氮总量却呈一元二次抛物线关系,其原因是过量施氮使糙米产量和糙米中蛋白质含量下降。 相似文献
20.
The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of phosphorus (P) starvation on the internal P status expressed as P fractions (acid soluble P, sugarP, inorganic P, nucleotide P, and insolubleP) in different plant organs (leaves, roots and nodules), at different plant growth rates and dinitrogen(N2) fixation rate of soybean plants. The symptoms of P starvation differed during early 10 days and late 28 days of starvation. There were close relationships between nodulation and N2 fixation rate, and parameters of growth rate and internal P status. Although growth rate and N2 fixation of P starved plants were reduced their nodules showed ability to accumulate more soluble P in comparison with the leaves. The decreased sugar-P and inorganic P accounted for accumulation of more soluble sugars and starch in the stressed leaves. In contrast, stressed nodules accumulated higher quantities of sugar P, inorganic P, and nucleotide P and had reduced quantities of starch and sucrose. The increased accumulation of phosphorylated sugars in the nodules was regarded as a manifestation of the mechanism of stress tolerance of soybean nodules to P limited nutrition. 相似文献