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1.
In modern agriculture, long‐term soil fertility and crop productivity are maintained by a combination of inorganic fertilizers and pesticide inputs which, in turn, create environmental and health concerns. Therefore, studies were initiated to evaluate two commonly used herbicides (atrazine and simazine) and two biological nitrification inhibitors (nitrapyrin and terrazole) applied with NO3‐N source fertilizer for their effects on denitrification and on corn (Zea mays L.) growth and yields. Each chemical applied at the rate of 10, 50, or 100 mg a.i. L‐1 suppressed denitrification of NO3 ‐ in a liquid medium inoculated with a Tifton loamy sand in a laboratory study. Nitrapyrin and terrazole selectively suppressed NO3 ‐ or NO2 ‐ or both reduction while atrazine and simazine suppressed NO2 ‐ or N2O or both reduction. In greenhouse pot culture studies, chemical application resulted in higher percent N recovery relative to the control. When atrazine or simazine was part of the chemical treatment, concentrations of NO3 ‐ and NO2 ‐ in corn (Zea mays L.) plants increased, and plant growth was restricted due to NO2 ‐ toxicity. During two consecutive years of field studies using split‐banded applications of N fertilization with nitrapyrin and terrazole, corn ear yields increased 78% and 25% in the first and second year, respectively. With atrazine and simazine, however, yields increased significantly in the first season only. Mixing either herbicide with nitrapyrin or terrazole had no effect on yields during both seasons.

Chemical Names: atrazine = [2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine]; simazine = [2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis(ethylamino)‐s‐triazine]; nitrapyrin = [2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl)pyridine]; terrazole = [ethoxy‐3‐trichloromethyl‐1,2,4‐thiadiazole].  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

Nitrapyrin, terrazole and simazine were evaluated as chemical inhibitors of biological nitrification and denitrification. Corn (Zea mays L. cv. Hybrid Pioneer 3343) was grown in 60‐liter pots filled with a 50/50 (V/V) sand/Cecil clay mixture. Chemical treatments consisted of weekly applications of 0.25 ppm nitrapyrin, terrazole and/or simazine concurrently with 20 ppm N as either (NH4)2SO4 or Ca(NO3)2 for 9 weeks. Thereafter, only N (20 ppm per pot) was applied to the media every three days for 4 weeks. Nitrapyrin, terrazole and simazine reduced nitrification resulting in both higher total plant N and residual soil NH4 content relative to the control plants and soil. Plant growth was reduced by the inhibitory effects of the chemicals on nitrification and subsequent NH4 accumulation in the medium. All chemicals reduced denitrification with terrazole being more effective than nitrapyrin as reflected by higher N contents of plants and residual soil NO3‐N. Nitrapyrin and/or terrazole applied with Ca(NO3)2 increased plant biomass, but simazine, by inducing higher N02 concentration in the plant tissues, sharply reduced plant growth relative to the other treatments. When simazine was part of the chemical treatment, its effects on plant growth and total N contents generally outweighed or masked those of nitrapyrin or terrazole.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rate of nitrapyrin and soil pH on nitrification of NH4 + fertilizer in soil, and growth and chemical composition of burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. ‘KY ‐14'). Such experiments were needed to develop information for increasing efficiency of N fertilizer use and to lessen the fertilizer‐induced soil acidity and salt effects on tobacco plants.

Results for laboratory and greenhouse incubations indicated that nitrification proceeeded slowly below pH 5.0 and the nitrapyrin necessary to delay nitrification increased with both increasing soil pH and length of incubation time. Generally, nitrification could be delayed 30 days by nitrapyrin rates of 0.25 or 0.5 μg g‐1 regardless of soil pH. but rates of 1 μg g‐1 nitrapyrin or higher were required for 60 days and longer incubation times, particularly at higher soil pH.

Growth and morphology of tobacco plants were either unaffected, or affected positively, by low rates of nitrapyrin (up to 2 μg g‐1). However, rates of 4 μg g‐1 and above reduced total plant dry weight, reducing sugars and contents of mineral elements. Concentrations and content of plant NO3 ‐ N and Mn were greatly decreased by application of nitrapyrin. Values for most parameters measured increased with increasing soil pH. The data show that low rates of nitrapyrin may be used to alter the ratio of NO3 ‐ to NH4 + N absorbed by tobacco and possibly improve growth and safety of tobacco.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

During the period 1977–1979, NaNO3, urea, and urea plus 2% (wt/wt) nitrapyrin (2‐chloro‐6‐(trimethyl)pyridine) were compared on a Matapeake silt loam (fine silty mixed mesic Typic Hapludult) . Nitrogen sources were injected as solutions into the water system at 224 kg N ha‐1yr‐1used for subsurface trickle irrigation of corn (Zea maysL.). Nitrogen was withheld in 1980 in order to assess residual N effects. Grain yields in 1980 for the NaNO3, urea, and urea plus Nitrapyrin treatments were 5.10, 4.56 and 6.52 Mg ha‐1, respectively. Corresponding ear leaf N concentrations were 17.7, 16.7 and 19.2 g kg‐1. Significantly higher grain yield and leaf N concentrations associated with the use of nitrapyrin as a nitrification inhibitor indicated greater soil N reserves for this treatment. Non‐exchangeable (fixed) NH4 +, in soil cores taken in November 1981 averaged 54, 59 and 74 ug N g‐1for the respective N regimes. The concentration of fixed NH4 +increased with sampling depth, averaging 54, 61 and 72 ug N g‐1for the 0–5, 30–35, and 60–65 cm profile depths, respectively. This trend is ascribed to increasing quantities of micaceous and vermiculitic clay (<2 um) with increasing profile depth.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

Herbicides have potential for economical and efficient site preparation following timber harvest. The effects of tebuthiu‐ron, one of the herbicides approved for this use, on soil nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification were determined in laboratory incubations. Tebuthiuron was added at rates from 0 to 1000 μg g‐1 to three soils. There was no effect of tebuthiuron additions of less than 1 μg g‐1 on soil N mineralization and nitrification. Tebuthiuron reduced nitrification in all soils at 1000 μg g‐1 and in two of the soils at 100 μg g‐1 . All soils had increased net mineralization with tebuthiuron added at 100 and 1000 μg g‐1. The addition of 50 μg NH+ 4‐N and 1000 μg tebuthiuron g‐1 resulted in increased net mineralization in the three soils. Nitrification was affected differently in each of the three soils by the addition of both NH+ 4‐N and tebuthiuron. The added NH+ 4‐N either removed the inhibition of nitrification by the herbicide or had no effect on the inhibition in two of the soils. In the third soil, nitrification was reduced by the addition of NH+ 4‐N.

The presence of NO‐ 3‐N in these acid soils and the effects of added NH+ 4‐N on NO‐ 3‐N production suggest that heterotrophic nitrification occurs in at least two of the soils. The findings of this study indicate that any effects of tebuthiuron on N mineralization and nitrification at the currently recommended application rates are likely to be transient and localized.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

The effectiveness of Stay‐N 2000 or reformulated nitrapyrin [2‐chloro‐6‐(tricholoromethyl) pyridine] was investigated in two Iowa soils representative of Clarion and Okoboji soils that differed in organic carbon, pH, and texture. A nonlinear regression was used to estimate kinetic parameters. The maximum nitrification rate (K max) and the duration of lag period (t′) were derived from the equation to characterize the nitrification process in both soils. Stay‐N 2000 appeared to be a better inhibitor than nitrapyrin to extend t′ and as effective as nitrapyrin in reducing K max. Stay‐N 2000 reduced K max an appreciable amount in the Okoboji soil at the rate of 12 µg a.i. g?1 soil or three times the recommended rate. Nitrification rates were affected by the rates of nitrogen (N) applied to both soils; the higher the N rates, the higher Kmax, and the more the nitrate (NO3 ?)‐N accumulation.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

The persistence of the effects of four nitrification inhibitors (2‐ethynylpyridine, nitrapyrin, etridiazole, 3‐methylpyrazole‐l‐carboxamide) on nitrification in soil was assessed by measuring the ability of two soils to nitrify NH4 + [added as (NH4)2SO4] after they had been treated with 5 μg inhibitor g‐1 soil and incubated at 10, 20, or 30°C for 0, 21, 42, 84, 126, or 168 days. The soils used differed markedly in organic‐matter content (1.2 and 4.2% organic C). The data obtained showed that the persistence of the effects of the inhibitors studied decreased markedly with increase in soil temperature from 10 to 30°C and that, whereas the initial inhibitory effects of the test compounds on nitrification were greatest with the soil having the lower organic‐matter content, the persistence of their effects at 20 or 30°C was greatest with the soil having the higher organic‐matter content. The inhibitory effects of 2‐ethynylpyridine and etridiazole on nitrification were considerably more persistent than those of nitrapyrin or 3‐methylpyrazole‐l‐carboxamide and were significant even after incubation of inhibitor‐treated soil at 20°C for 168 days.  相似文献   

8.
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plant growth and elemental composition were evaluated using three NH4‐N:NO3‐N form ratios with or without the fungicide benomyl, captan, lime‐sulfur, nitrapyrin, or terrazole in a greenhouse soil culture study. Nitrogen was applied weekly for 5 weeks providing a total of 115 mg N/kg. Each fungicide was applied at 0.25 mg/kg 3 days before transplanting, followed by 3 weekly applications with each N treatment. The largest shoot and root dry weights were obtained with 1:1 N form ratio. With 1:1 N ratio treatment, all chemicals significantly increased plant growth resulting in lower element concentrations relative to the untreated control. However, growth of plants receiving either 1:0 or 0:1 N ratio treatment was not affected by nitrapyrin and terrazole, but was restricted by benomyl, captan, or lime‐sulfur. Overall, elemental concentrations in the tissues of plants receiving either N form was related to the fungicide treatment.  相似文献   

9.
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined or individual effects of biochar and nitrapyrin (a nitrification inhibitor) on N2O and NO emissions from a sandy loam soil cropped to maize. The study included nine treatments: addition of urea alone or combined with nitrapyrin to soils that had been amended with biochar at 0, 3, 6, and 12 t ha?1 in the preceding year, and a control without the addition of N fertilizer. Peaks in N2O and NO flux occurred simultaneously following fertilizer application and intense rainfall events, and the peak of NO flux was much higher than that of N2O following application of basal fertilizer. Mean emission ratios of NO/N2O ranged from 1.11 to 1.72, suggesting that N2O was primarily derived from nitrification. Cumulative N2O and NO emissions were 1.00 kg N2O-N ha?1 and 1.39 kg NO-N ha?1 in the N treatment, respectively, decreasing to 0.81–0.85 kg N2O-N ha?1 and 1.31–1.35 kg NO-N ha?1 in the biochar amended soils, respectively, while there was no significant difference among the treatments. NO emissions were significantly lower in the nitrapyrin treatments than in the N fertilization-alone treatments (P?<?0.05), but there was no effect on N2O emissions. Neither biochar nor nitrapyrin amendment affected maize yield or N uptake. Overall, our results showed that biochar amendment in the preceding year had little effect on N2O and NO emissions in the following year, while the nitrapyrin decreased NO, but not N2O emissions, probably due to suppression of denitrification caused by the low soil moisture content.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

A field experiment was conducted on Maury silt loam soil (Typic Paleudalf) during 2 years to determine the effects of rate of nitrapyrin and source of N fertilizer on soil pH and response of burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.cv.xKy‐14'). All sources of N were applied at the rate of 280 kg N ha‐1. The information was needed to increase the efficiency of N fertilizer use and improve the growth and safety of tobacco.

Results indicated that application of a NO3 ‐source of N fertilizer or low rates of nitrapyrin (0.56 to 2.24 kg ha‐1) decreased surface soil acidification and the concentration of plant Mn, while plant dry weight early in the growing season was increased. The early growth benefits noted for .nitrapyrin did not lead to increased cured leaf yields or value. Cured leaf yield and value were highest in plots receiving Ca(NO3)2, followed by KH4NO3, then urea.

Concentration of protein N, total alkaloids, and total volatile nitrogenous bases of cured leaves increased and NO3 ‐‐N decreased as rate of nitrapyrin increased. Total N concentration of cured leaf, however, was not significantly affected by nitrapyrin application, indicating that the proportion of absorbed N as NH4 +increased as nitrapyrin rate increased.  相似文献   

11.
As a result of repeated applications, some fungicides may accumulate in the soil to levels high enough to have adverse effects on the activity of soil microorganisms and plant growth. Comparison of the effects of 10 mg kg‐1 soil of the benlate, captan, and lime‐sulfur fungicides with the nitrification inhibitors (NI) nitrapyrin and terrazole on oxidation of NH4 + in Tifton loamy sand (siliceous, thermic plinthic Typic Kandiudults) incubated at 30° C showed that benlate had no significant effects whereas captan inhibited nitrification 21% more than lime‐sulfur, but about 20% less than NI. Application of benlate enhanced NO3 ‐ reduction to N2O and N2 in liquid medium inoculated with soil whereas 50 and 100 mg L"1 medium of captan and lime‐sulfur compared favorably with the NI in suppressing NO3 ‐ and NO2 ‐ reductions, but were less effective than the inhibitors when applied at the low rate of 10 mg L‐1 medium. In a greenhouse study with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. ‘Better Boy'), weekly drench applications of 0.25 mg kg‐1 soil of the test biocides for four weeks with three NH4 +‐N: NO3 ‐‐N ratios showed that benlate applied with 1: 0 N ratio and lime‐sulfur applied with 0: 1 N ratio restricted significantly the plant growth and N uptake. The largest root: shoot ratios, total plant dry weight, and N uptake were obtained with plants fertilized with 1: 1 N ratio in combination with the biocides.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

Degradation of dicyandiamide (DCD) was assayed in laboratory studies at 8, 15, and 22 C in a Decatur silt loam and in a Norfolk loamy sand. Dicyandiamide was very short lived at 22 C, with half‐lives of 7.4 and 14.7 days in the Decatur and Norfolk soils, respectively. In the Norfolk soil at 8 C, half‐life increased to 52.2 days. In a nitrificaton study of both soils at 22 C, 80 mg (NH4)2SO4‐N kg‐1 of soil was applied with 20 mg DCD‐N kg‐1 of soil and 100 mg kg‐1 (NH4)2S04‐N was added with 5% nitrapyrin. Distinct lag phases preceded zero order nitrification with the inhibitor treatments. Lag periods were 2 and 2.6 times the half life of DCD in the degradation study for Decatur and Norfolk soils, respectively. Like most nitrification inhibitors, the effectiveness of DCD decreases with increasing temperature. In the Norfolk loamy sand, nitrification inhibition by DCD was equal to nitrapyrin for up to 42 days, but in Decatur silt loam, DCD was less potent to nitrapyrin as a nitrification inhibitor.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

Experiments were conducted to assess the potential influence of a commercial product, EXTEND, on nitrogen transformations and movement in a sandy soil. Neither nitrapyrin (a commercially‐available nitrification inhibitor) nor EXTEND significantly affected the rate of NH4 +‐N or NO3 ‐‐N movement through a column of soil treated with urea‐ammonium nitrate liquid fertilizer. Nitrapyrin effectively inhibited nitrification, but the nitrification rate in the EXTEND treated systems were the same as control.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

Laboratory studies to evaluate dicyandiamide (DCD) as a soil nitrification inhibitor showed that it is considerably more effective than several compounds that have been patented or proposed as fertilizer amendments for retarding nitrification of fertilizer nitrogen (N) in soil, but is considerably less effective than 2‐ethynylpyridine, nitrapyrin (N‐Serve), etridiazole (Dwell), 3‐methylpyrazole‐l‐carboxamide (MPC), or 4‐amino‐l,2,4‐triazole (ATC). Other findings in studies reported were as follows: a) DCD is more effective for inhibiting nitrification of ammonium‐N than of urea‐N; b) the effectiveness of DCD as a nitrification inhibitor is markedly affected by soil temperature and soil type and is limited by the susceptibility of DCD to leaching; c) DCD has very little, if any, effect on urea hydrolysis, denitrification, or seed germination in soil; d) products of DCD decomposition in soil (guanylurea and guanidine) have little, if any, effect on nitrification compared with DCD; e) in the absence of leaching, the persistence of the inhibitory effect of DCD on nitrification decreases with increase in soil temperature from 10 to 30°C, but the inhibitory effect of 50 μg DCD g‐1 soil is substantial even after incubation of DCD‐treated soils at 20 or 30°C for 24 weeks.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

Inhibition of nitrification in soil results in a decreased ratio of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) to ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4‐N). If the conditions for NO3‐N loss by leaching or denitrification exist, nitrification inhibitors should increase concentrations of total inorganic soil nitrogen (N) (TISN) (NH4‐N + NO3‐N). This can then result in plants taking up more N and developing more crop yield or biomass. This study examined whether inhibition of nitrification by dicyandiamide (DCD) would result in increased concentrations of TISN under field conditions. The effects of DCD on soil N were evaluated in hyperthermic sandy soils planted to potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Atlantic). Treatments were factorial combinations of N as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) at 67, 134, and 202 kg N ha‐1 and DCD at 0, 5.6, and 11.2 kg DCD ha‐1. Soil NH4‐N, NO3‐N, and TISN concentrations were determined for up to five potato growth stages at two locations for two years for a total of 16 determinations (cases), i.e., four were not determined. The N form ratio [NO3‐N/(NH4‐N + NO3‐N] x 100 was decreased in 10 of 16 cases, indicating that nitrification was inhibited by DCD. With two of these 10 cases, TISN concentration increased, but with four others, TISN concentration decreased with at least one N rate. With four of these 10 cases, inhibition of nitrification had no effect on TISN concentration. Under the conditions of these field studies, DCD inhibited nitrification more often than not. Inhibition of nitrification was, however, more likely to reduce TISN concentration than to increase it. This may have been due to DCD effects on immobization of applied NH4‐N.  相似文献   

16.
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin on the fate and recovery of fertilizer nitrogen (N) and on N mineralization from soil organic sources. Intact soil cores were collected from a grassland field. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea were applied as N sources. Cores were equilibrated at –5 kPa matric potential and incubated at 20 °C for 42 to 56 days. Changes in NH4+‐N, accumulation of NO3–‐N, apparent recovery of applied N, and emission of N2O (acetylene was used to block N2O reductase) were examined during the study. A significant increase in NH4+‐N released through mineralization was recorded when nitrapyrin was added to the control soil without N fertilizer application. In the soils to which N was added either as urea or DAP, 50–90 % of the applied N disappeared from the NH4+‐N pool. Some of this N (8–16 %) accumulated as NO3–‐N, while a small proportion of N (1 %) escaped as N2O. Addition of nitrapyrin resulted in a decrease and delay of NH4+‐N disappearance, accumulation of much lower soil NO3–‐N contents, a substantial reduction in N2O emissions, and a 30–40 % increase in the apparent recovery of added N. The study indicates that N recovery can be increased by using the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin in grassland soils at moisture condition close to field capacity.  相似文献   

17.
Nitrification inhibitors are widely used in agriculture to mitigate nitrous oxide(N2O)emission and increase crop yield.However,no concrete information on their mitigation of N2O emission is available under soil and environmental conditions as in Pakistan.A field experiment was established using a silt clay loam soil from Peshawar,Pakistan,to study the effect of urea applied in combination with a nitrification inhibitor,nitrapyrin(2-chloro-6-tri-chloromethyl pyridine),and/or a plant growth regulator,gibberellic acid(GA_3),on N2O emission and the nitrogen(N)uptake efficiency of maize.The experimental design was a randomized complete block with five treatments in four replicates:control with no N(CK),urea(200 kg N ha-1)alone,urea in combination with nitrapyrin(700 g ha-1),urea in combination with GA_3(60 g ha-1),and urea in combination with nitrapyrin and GA_3.The N2O emission,yield,N response efficiency,and total N uptake were measured during the experimental period.The treatment with urea and nitrapyrin reduced total N2O emission by 39%–43%and decreased yield-scaled N2O emission by 47%–52%,relative to the treatment with urea alone.The maize plant biomass,grain yield,and total N uptake increased significantly by 23%,17%,and 15%,respectively,in the treatment with urea and nitrapyrin,relative to the treatment with urea alone,which was possibly due to N saving,lower N loss,and increased N uptake in the form of ammonium;they were further enhanced in the treatment with urea,nitrapyrin,and GA_3 by 27%,36%,and 25%,respectively,probably because of the stimulating effect of GA_3 on plant growth and development and the reduction in biotic and abiotic stresses.These results suggest that applying urea in combination with nitrapyrin and GA_3 has the potential to mitigate N2O emission,improve N response efficiency,and increase maize yield.  相似文献   

18.
The occurrence of nitrification in some acidic forest soils is still a subject of debate. Identification of main nitrification pathways in acidic forest soils is still largely unknown. Acidic yellow soil (Oxisol) samples were selected to test whether nitrification can occur or not in acidic subtropical pine forest ecosystems. Relative contributions of autotrophs and heterotrophs to nitrification were studied by adding selective nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin. Soil NH4+-N concentrations decreased, but NO3--N concentrations increased significantly for the no-nitrapyrin control during the first week of incubation, indicating that nitrification did occur in the acidic subtropical soil. The calculated net nitrification rate was 0.49 mg N kg-1 d-1 for the no-nitrapyrin control during the first week of incubation. Nitrapyrin amendment resulted in a significant reduction of NO3--N concentration. Autotrophic nitrification rate averaged 0.28 mg N kg-1 d-1 and the heterotrophic nitrification rate was 0.21 mg N kg-1 d-1 in the first week. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) abundance increased slightly during incubation, but nitrapyrin amendment significantly decreased AOB amoA gene copy numbers by about 80%. However, the ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) abundance showed significant increases only in the last 2 weeks of incubation and it was also decreased by nitrapyrin amendment. Our results indicated that nitrification did occur in the present acidic subtropical pine forest soil, and autotrophic nitrification was the main nitrification pathway. Both AOA and AOB were the active biotic agents responsible for autotrophic nitrification in the acidic subtropical pine forest soil.  相似文献   

19.
The effects of 20 herbicides on denitrification of nitrate in three soils were studied by determining the effects of 10 and 50μgg?1 soil of each herbicide on the amounts of nitrate lost and the amounts of nitrite, N2O and N2 produced when soil samples were incubated anaerobically after treatment with nitrate. The herbicides used were butylate, EPTC, chlorpropham, propham, diuron, linuron, monuron, siduron, alachlor, trifluralin, 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D ester, atrazine, cyanazine, metribuzin, simazine, dalapon, chloramben, dicamba and dinoseb.None of the herbicides studied significantly affected denitrification of nitrate when applied at the rate of 10 μg g?1 soil, but dinoseb increased the ratio of N2 to N2O in the gaseous products of denitrification when applied at this rate. Butylate, EPTC, diuron, simazine and dalapon had no significant effect on denitrification when applied at the rate of 50μgg?1 soil, whereas metribuzin and dinoseb enhanced denitrification when applied at this rate. The influence of the other herbicides on denitrification when applied at the rate of 50μgg?1soil depended on the soil, but all enhanced or inhibited denitrification in at least one soil.  相似文献   

20.
The effects of phenmedipham, propham, carbetamide, lenacil and benzthiazuron on soil nitrification was studied in the laboratory using a perfusion technique. The nitrification process was markedly retarded at a phenmedipham concentration of 50–500μg g?1 soil, so that 55–150 days were required for complete oxidation of supplied NH+4-N as compared with 33 days for the untreated control. Phenmedipham caused a reduction in both the maximum population and the proliferation rate of nitrifying organisms, as evaluated from kinetic parameters. These inhibitory effects showed a low persistance probably due to herbicide breakdown. The effects of 100 μg g?1 soil of propham, carbetamide, lenacil or benzthiazuron on the nitrification process was very weak, although the kinetics of the nitrification process was affected by all these herbicides.  相似文献   

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