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1.
Adequate sulfur (S) nutrition is critical for sustaining yields in crop rotation systems. Because of slow oxidation of elemental S (S°), research on S° fertilizers has emphasized improving the short‐term availability, while the long‐term effects of S° have been overlooked. The effectiveness of a dispersible granule S° fertilizer (SF: Sulfer95), consisting of S° particles smaller than any S° fertilizer reported in literature (< 44 μm in diameter), was compared to gypsum (CS: CaSO4) and ammonium sulfate [AS: (NH4)2SO4] in a three‐year experiment (1997—1999) on a moderately S deficient Black Chernozem soil (Typic Cryoboroll). The three S fertilizers were applied to canola (Brassica rapa L.) at 20, 40, and 80 kg S ha‐1, supplemented with corresponding rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in the first year. The control treatment (CT) received N only. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) were grown in the second and third years to test the availability of residual S. Although the yield of canola in SF fertilized treatments was only slightly higher than in CT, available S provided by SF produced a higher physiological S efficiency (PSE). Superior yields with residual SF were obtained in the second and third years by barley and peas at the rate of 80 kg S ha‐1 applied in the first year, indicating that slow oxidation of SF was beneficial to the crops subsequently grown. Over three years, the total crop S uptake was 21, 4.0, and 15% higher with SF than with CT, CS, and AS, respectively.  相似文献   

2.
赵伟  梁斌  周建斌 《土壤学报》2015,52(3):587-596
采用盆栽试验和短期矿化培养相结合的方法,研究了施入15N标记氮肥(+N)及其与秸秆配施(+1/2N+1/2S)在3种长期(19年)不同培肥土壤(即:No-F,长期不施肥土壤;NPK,长期施用NPK化肥土壤;MNPK,长期有机无机肥配施土壤)中的残留及其矿化和作物吸收特性。结果表明,第一季小麦收获后,+1/2N+1/2S处理下三供试土壤和+N处理下的NPK和MNPK土壤残留肥料氮(残留15N)中有82.6%~95.1%以有机态存,而+N处理下No-F土壤残留15N有47.7%以矿质态存在。经过28 d矿化培养后,与NPK土壤相比,MNPK土壤氮素净矿化量显著增加,增幅为39%~49%;NPK和MNPK土壤残留肥料氮(残留15N)矿化量为1.23~1.90 mg kg-1,占总残留15N的2.78%~5.53%,均显著高于No-F土壤。与+N处理相比,+1/2N+1/2S处理显著提高了3供试土壤氮素净矿化量,但两施肥处理对NPK和MNPK土壤残留15N矿化量无显著影响。+N处理下No-F土壤残留15N的利用率为20%,显著高于NPK(9%)和MNPK(12%)土壤。两种施肥处理下,MNPK土壤残留15N的利用率均显著高于NPK土壤。短期培养期间土壤氮素矿化量和第二季小麦生育期作物吸氮量呈显著性正相关,而残留15N矿化量和第二季小麦吸收残留15N量间无显著性相关关系。长期有机无机配施可以提高土壤残留肥料氮的矿化量及有效性。  相似文献   

3.
The form of sulfur fertilizer can influence its behavior and crop response. A growth chamber study was conducted to evaluate five sulfur fertilizer forms (ammonium sulfate, ammonium thiosulfate, gypsum, potassium sulfate, and elemental sulfur) applied in seed row at 20 kg S ha?1 alone, and in combination with 20 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) ha?1, to three contrasting Saskatchewan soils. Wheat, canola, and pea were grown in each soil for 8 weeks and aboveground biomass yields determined. The fate of fertilizer was evaluated by measuring crop sulfur and phosphorus concentration and uptake, and supply rates and concentrations of available sulfate and phosphate in the seed row. Canola was most responsive in biomass yield to the sulfur fertilizers. Sulfate and thiosulfate forms were effective in enhancing soil-available sulfate supplies in the seed row, crop sulfur uptake, and yield compared to the elemental sulfur fertilizer. Combination of sulfur fertilizer with monoammonium phosphate may provide some enhancement of phosphate availability, but effects were often minor.  相似文献   

4.
Balanced plant nutrition is essential to achieve high yields of canola (Brassica napus L.) and get the best economic return from applied fertilizers. A field study was conducted at nine site‐years across eastern Canada to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and boron (B) fertilization on canola nutrient uptake, nutrient balance, and their relationship to canola yields. The factorial experiment consisted of four N rates of 0 (N0), 50 (N50), 100 (N100), and 150 (N150) kg ha?1, two S rates of 0 (S0) and 20 (S20) kg ha?1, and three B treatments of 0 (B0), 2 kg ha?1 at preplant (B2.0P), and 0.5 kg B ha?1 foliar‐applied at early flowering stage (B0.5F). Each site‐year used the same experimental design and assigned treatments in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Fertilizer S application greatly improved seed yields at six out of nine site‐years, and the highest N use efficiency was in the N150+S20 treatment. Sulfur application generally increased seed S concentration, seed S removal, and plant total S uptake, while B fertilization mainly elevated straw B concentration and content, with minimal effect on seed yields. At the early flowering stage, plant tissue S ranged from 2.2 to 6.6 mg S g?1, but the N : S ratio was over or close to the critical value of 12 in the N150+S0 combination at five site‐years. On average across nine site‐years, canola reached a plateau yield of 3580 kg ha?1 when plants contained 197 kg N ha?1, 33 kg S ha?1 and 200 g B ha?1, with a seed B content of 60 g B ha?1. The critical N, S, and B values identified in this work and their potential for a posteriori nutrient diagnosis of canola should be useful to validate fertilizer requirements for canola production in eastern Canada.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

Throughout the Great Plains, wheat (Triticurn aestivum L.) is utilized for grain and forage production. Triticale (Triticum aestivum L. x Secale cereale L.) is known for its ability to produce large quantities of high quality forage. With recent improvement in winter hardiness, interest in and acreage of triticale is spreading north in the central Great Plains. The forage production potential of wheat and triticale is essential to many livestock producers. Very few data are available concerning the effects of sulfur (S) fertilization on production and quality of wheat or triticale forage. Greenhouse research was conducted to evaluate the addition of S as either ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) or ammonium sulfate (AS) on production and quality of wheat and triticale forage on four different soils. Sulfur fertilization increased forage yields and S concentrations of both crops on all soils, and in many cases, resulted in higher N concentrations in the forage. Sulfur fertilization also increased in vitro digestibility of wheat, but had little effect on triticale digestibility. Both S sources performed similarly. Application of S after the first clipping was effective in increasing second clipping forage production on three of the four soils, and forage S concentrations were dramatically increased for both crops on all soils. Although the magnitude of response varied, S fertilization was effective in increasing production and quality of wheat and triticale forage grown in the greenhouse.  相似文献   

6.
Growth chamber experiments of canola (Brassica napus L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were conducted using three soils testing low in extractable sulfate (9–12 mg/kg). Experiments were designed to determine how the three soils compared in plant available sulfur (S) and to test the effects of various rates of potassium sulfate (K2SO4) and gypsum on the elemental composition and dry matter yield of the two crops. Based upon plant response, the Queens sandy loam soil appeared to have the least amount of plant available S of the three soils. There was no yield increase associated with S applied to either crop. Canola plants in each soil responded to increased applications of S with greater S uptake and considerably lower nitrogen:sulfur (N:S) ratios. Of the three soils used, only the wheat plants grown in the Queens soil responded to S applications through increased S uptake and a lower N:S ratio. Both sources of S were equally effective in providing available S to the plants.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Little is known about the effects of long-term fertilization on pesticide persistence. A long-term field experiment was thus conducted to study the influence of fertilization on soil physicochemical properties, microbial biomass carbon, microbial quotient, enzyme activities, and cypermethrin dissipation. Five fertilization treatments were arranged: organic manure (OM), NPK fertilizer, PK fertilizer, NK fertilizer, and no fertilizer (control). Soil organic C, N, P contents and enzymatic activities were higher in soils with balanced fertilization as opposed to those with unbalanced fertilization, especially fertilization with organic manure. The longest half-life of cypermethrin was in the NK treatment (15.1 d), the least in the PK treatment (9.6 d). Pesticide dissipation in non-sterilized and sterilized soils showed that changes of cypermethrin persistence were caused by biodegradation. Soil N/P ratio (ratio of soil-available N to available P) and available N content positively correlated with half-life (p<0.05), and could limit cypermethrin dissipation greatly. These results indicate that in agricultural practice, oversupplying N should not be advocated. P application may be an efficient way to decrease N/P ratio and enhance cypermethrin dissipation in soil with high available N content. Based on a comprehensive consideration of soil fertility, crop yield, and environment, a mixed application of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers is recommended in the region, although balanced fertilization results in slower cypermethrin dissipation than does N-deficiency treatment.  相似文献   

8.
The present study was carried out on pot experiments with rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Wuyujing 7) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yangmai 6) rotation in a sandy and a clayey soil fertilized with 15N-labeled ammonium sulfate (AS) and 15N-labeled rabbit feces so as to study the mechanisms of reduction of fertilizer N loss by organic fertilizers. The treatments included: (1) control without any N fertilizer application; (2) fertilization with 15N-labeled AS (IF); (3) fertilization with labeled rabbit feces (OF); (4) fertilization with either 40% 15N-labeled rabbit feces and 60% unlabeled AS (IOF1) or (5) 40% unlabeled rabbit feces and 60% 15N-labeled AS (IOF2). In the rice season, the IOF treatments compared to the IF treatment decreased the percentage of lost fertilizer N from the sandy and clayey soils, whereas it increased the percentage of fertilizer N, present as mineral N and microbial biomass N (MBN). During the second season, when soils were cropped to winter wheat, the IOF treatments in comparison with the IF or OF treatment increased mineral N and MBN contents of soils sampled at tillering, jointing, and heading stages, and such increases were derived from the organic N fertilizer in the sandy soil and from the inorganic N fertilizer in the clayey soil. The increased MBN in the IOF treatments was derived from inorganic fertilizers applied both soils. Therefore, in the IOF treatment, during the rice season, the organic N increased the immobilization of inorganic N in MBN, while the inorganic N fertilizer applied to both soils stimulated the uptake of organic N and the organic N fertilizer increased the uptake of inorganic N by winter wheat; the inorganic N increased the recovery of organic N in the plant-soil system after harvesting the winter wheat.  相似文献   

9.
Background: Nitrogen deposition can cause an ecosystem‐level shift in available N (nitrogen) to P (phosphorus) availability. However, most plant N nutrition is from edaphic sources rather than deposition and in seasonally dry grassland systems, root litter is the predominant nutrient source. Aims: We were interested how litter turnover and altered nutrient recycling from dead biomass can compensate for these shifts in ecosystem stoichiometry. Methods: We studied a Mediterranean savanna amended with N or NP treatments three years prior. We measured root and plant‐available soil N:P stoichiometry in two micro‐habitats: open pasture and beneath oak canopies. 15N‐labelled root litter incubated in topsoils without litterbags was used to trace uptake of litter N by herbaceous strata roots. Results: Since fertilization, NP added sites have become relatively P enriched, resulting in lower N:P ratios in living roots than either when N was added alone or control sites. Total litter‐derived 15N uptake by roots was proportional to root ingrowth response but higher in the NP than N treatment, indicating a higher N demand when N and P were added together. We observed more 15N uptake by plants under tree canopies, indicating a tighter nutrient recycling loop in these micro‐habitats in contrast to treatment level ‘fertility' trends. Conclusions: Root stoichiometry responded to manipulated soil nutrient availability and N uptake was altered as plants attempted to compensate for nutrient availability imbalances, indicating that these ecosystem perturbations have long term effects on nutrient cycling which can propagate to whole system function. This was also related to functional community‐level adaptions between micro‐habitats with under canopy communities more able to take advantage of the litter nutrient source.  相似文献   

10.
Canola (Brassica napus L.) is a very important agricultural and industrial crop. Hence, the effects of chemical and biological treatments on canola oil production and nutrient uptake, under calcareous conditions, were evaluated in a field experiment. Phosphorus (P) fertilizer and sulfur (S)-oxidizing bacteria (Thiobacillus sp.) increased canola oil production by a maximum of 548 and 335 kg ha?1, respectively. P-solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus sp.) and Thiobacillus sp. enhanced the uptake of different nutrients including nitrogen (N), P, potassium (K), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn). Monthly measurements of soil P indicated that soil P fluctuations can be managed using the applied treatments for proper P fertilization in canola production. The results indicated the important role of chemical and biological (Bacillus sp.) P sources and S-oxidizing bacteria for canola growth and oil production as they resulted in significant increase in canola oil production and nutrient uptake. This can be very beneficial for the farmers and industry.  相似文献   

11.
选择宁夏引黄灌区中等肥力灌淤土,设置施肥与不施肥处理,在相距约5km的3个试验点进行了肥料田间试验,研究春小麦不同生育期氮、磷、钾养分的吸收特点。结果表明,在供试土壤条件下,施肥可明显提高小麦产量、干物质累积量、体内氮、磷、钾含量及其累积量。施肥或不施肥,小麦地上部干物质的累积量随生育期呈典型S型曲线增长,其中拔节期和灌浆期出现两个高峰期,各占总累积量的30%左右。植株氮、磷、钾含量随生育期呈曲线下降趋势,特别是从拔节到灌浆中期下降幅度较大;而在分蘖期以前和灌浆中期以后变化幅度较小。植株氮、磷、钾累积吸收量随生育期的延长和施肥水平的提高而增加,但各生育期相对累积吸收比例,施肥与否差异不大。苗期氮、磷、钾的吸收量约占总吸收量的4%～5%,分蘖期占20%～23%,拔节期分别占30%、41%、34%,抽穗期分别占14%、12%、10%,灌浆期分别占29%、20%、26%,成熟期占1%～3%,其中拔节期是养分吸收的高峰时期。不论施肥与否,地上部氮、磷、钾累积吸收量与其干物质累积量之间均呈极显著正相关,而与植株氮、磷、钾含量之间呈极显著负相关。  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT

The effects of nitrogen (N at 0, 100 and 180 kg N ha-1) and sulfur (S at 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg S ha-1) on crop yield, nutrient uptake, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and amino acid composition of two bread wheat cultivars, ‘Shehan’ and ‘Enkoy,’ grown in Andisols and Cambisols in randomized blocks with three replications were evaluated. Both cultivars responded significantly (P < 0.05) to N and S applications and S application with N improved the NUE by 28%. The yield increase for the two cultivars by N and S application ranged between 0.8 to 2.4 Mg ha?1. The N concentration increased significantly from N0 to N2 in both cultivars. Sulfur fertilization increased the concentration of cysteine and methionine by 27% and 14%, respectively, as compared to N alone. The grain yield, NUE, N, and S uptake, and the S-amino acid concentration of ‘Enkoy’ were significantly higher than ‘Shehan’ cultivar.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

Surface‐applied urea fertilizers are susceptible to hydrolysis and loss of nitrogen (N) through ammonium (NH3) volatilization when conditions favorable for these processes exist. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) may inhibit urease activity and reduce NH3 volatilization when mixed with urea fertilizers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of CaCl2 and ATS as urea‐N loss inhibitors for contrasting soil types and varying environmental conditions. The proposed inhibitors were evaluated in the laboratory using a closed, dynamic air flow system to directly measure NH3 volatilization. The initial effects of CaCl2 on ammonia volatilization were more accentuated on an acid Lufkin fine sandy loam than a calcareous Ships clay, but during volatilization periods of ≥ 192 h, cumulative N loss was reduced more on the Ships soil than the Lufkin soil. Calcium chloride delayed the commencement of NH3 volatilization following fertilizer application and reduced the maximum N loss rate. Ammonium thiosulfate was more effective on the Lufkin soil than the Ships soil. For the Lufkin soil, ATS reduced cumulative urea‐N loss by 11% after a volatilization period of 192 h. A 20% (v/v) addition of ATS to urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) was most effective on the coarse textured Lufkin soil whereas a 5% addition was more effective on the fine textured, Ships soil. Rapid soil drying following fertilizer application substantially reduced NH3 volatilization from both soils and also increased the effectiveness of CaCl2 but not ATS. Calcium chloride and ATS may function as limited NH3 volatilization inhibitors, but their effectiveness is dependent on soil properties and environmental conditions.  相似文献   

14.
氮磷钾配比对甘蓝产量及养分吸收利用的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
[目的]对兰州市甘蓝生产中的氮磷钾三要素与产量、养分吸收的关系进行研究,为该地区甘蓝科学栽培提供科学依据。[方法]以该区域主栽春茬品种"中甘21"为供试材料,设CK,NP,NK,PK,NPK 5个施肥处理。在甘蓝各生育阶段测量其生物量、养分含量,分析不同肥料配比对甘蓝各时期养分吸收速率、养分累积量以及最终产量的影响。[结果]"中甘21"的生物累积动态呈现S形曲线,生物量在苗期增加较小,结球后生长加快,至成熟期后生长速度减缓。氮肥对生物量的形成影响最大,其对甘蓝生物量的限制在整个生育期都存在,其次是钾肥和磷肥。不同肥料配比显著影响了甘蓝植株养分吸收速率和累积量。甘蓝对养分的吸收速率变化趋势一致,均表现为:结球—成熟莲座—结球苗期—莲座移栽—苗期。同时氮、磷、钾的吸收累积量随着甘蓝生长不断提高,其中氮、磷素的累积在结球期后提高明显,钾素的累积在莲座期后开始提高。甘蓝氮、磷、钾含量随着植株的生长逐渐增加,同时累积量不断提高。[结论]不同氮磷钾肥料配比显著影响甘蓝的生物质量和产量以及养分利用率,其中氮肥的影响最大,其次是磷肥和钾肥。  相似文献   

15.
With the reduction of sulfur levels in high‐analysis nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers and in atmospheric deposition, sulfur (S) fertilization may become more important, especially with intensive cropping systems. When high clay content is likely to limit root development into the subsoil, low extractable sulfate‐sulfur (SO4‐S) levels in the topsoil may suggest possible plant response to S fertilization. Even though ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] is widely used and readily available for plant uptake, field data are limited on the use of (NH4)2SO4 as an S source for soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. A study was initiated to determine the effect of S fertilization as (NH4)2SO4 on: (i) the yield, seed weight, grain quality, and leaf and whole‐plant nutrient concentrations of four soybean cultivars grown on soils with high clay content subsoils; and (ii) selected soil chemical characteristics. Sulfur rates were 0, 28, 56, and 84 kg/ha, and soybean cultivars were two Maturity Group IV beans, DeSoto and Douglas, and two Maturity Group V beans, Bay and Essex.

The study was conducted on a Parsons silt loam soil (fine, mixed, thermic, Mollic Albaqualf) in 1986 and 1987, and on a Cherokee silt loam (fine, mixed, thermic, Typic Albaqualf) in 1987. Sulfur application did not significantly affect soybean yield or seed protein or oil concentrations. For whole plants, S concentration increased and N:S ratios decreased with increasing S fertilization. Similar trends were found in soybean leaves. Although N:S ratios of both whole plant and leaf tissue were lowered with S fertilization, the values generally were not below 20:1 which is above cited critical levels. Fertilization with (NH4)2SO4 increased the levels of extractable SO4‐S in the soil, especially in the 15–30 cm depth. The first‐year accumulation of soil SO4‐S with increasing S fertilization appeared to be more at a site that was lower in organic matter.  相似文献   

16.
缓释肥对紫色土油菜生长和养分吸收利用的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
麻井彪  高洁  张建菲 《土壤学报》2020,57(4):1040-1050
分析缓释专用配方肥与当地常用肥对油菜生物量、氮磷钾养分吸收利用及其在土壤中累积的影响,为油菜节肥高效生产提供依据。通过大田试验,以油菜品种三峡油5号为试验材料,设置6种施肥处理：以不施肥（F0）和常规施肥(Fc)为对照处理,缓释专用配方肥设置4种施肥水平(F375: 375 kg·hm-2,F525: 525 kg·hm-2,F675: 675 kg·hm-2,F825: 825 kg·hm-2)。结果表明,不同施用量的缓释专用肥料对油菜产量、单株有效角果数以F675处理最大,F825处理次之,F375处理最小,其分别较Fc 处理增产43.54%、36.82%、13.88%;施用缓释专用配方肥油菜氮养分损失率从Fc处理的78.30%降低至53.97% ~ 73.66%;磷养分损失率从Fc处理的56.65%降低至20.53% ~ 46.13%;施用缓释专用肥料油菜收获期根区土壤全氮、全磷与全钾含量从Fc处理的0.651 0 g·kg-1、0.404 4 g·kg-1与20.74 g·kg-1上升至0.661 7 ~0.691 4 g·kg-1、0.407 2~0.496 0 g·kg-1与28.96~29.50 g·kg-1。施肥大幅增加油菜生物量,缓释专用配方肥的施用不仅利于提升肥料利用率,同时使得根区土壤养分含量变化较小,结合农业可持续发展,实际生产应该施用缓释专用肥。  相似文献   

17.
苏北地区水稻集约化种植体系中存在氮肥施用过量、施肥时期与肥料配比不合理、肥料利用率低等现象,是农民收益增加和农业可持续发展的限制因子。为科学、系统地指导苏北地区稻田施肥,提高水稻养分利用效率并降低环境风险,本研究基于地块土壤性状、产量目标及养分管理措施等信息,运行水稻养分专家系统(Nutrient Expert System, NE)进行施肥推荐,并通过田间试验比较了NE推荐施肥对苏北地区水稻产量、经济效益、养分吸收、肥料利用率的影响。试验共设置5个处理,分别为水稻养分专家系统推荐施肥(NE),基于NE处理的减氮(NE-N)、减磷(NE-P)和减钾(NE-K)处理,以及农民习惯施肥(FP)。结果表明:与FP处理相比, NE处理的氮、磷肥偏生产力分别提高44.77%和6.32%,其中氮肥偏生产力达到显著水平(P0.05);钾肥偏生产力显著降低33.55%(P0.05);氮肥、钾肥回收利用率显著提高4.91%、19.35%,磷肥回收利用率与FP处理基本相同。相比于FP处理,NE处理在减少氮肥投入,保证氮、磷、钾肥平衡施用的条件下,水稻增产2.23%,增收6.24%,但差异不显著;水稻植株籽粒中磷和钾积累量分别增加10.32%和51.63%,其中后者达显著水平(P0.05)。综上所述,水稻养分专家系统在苏北地区依据地块信息和智能化施肥系统,指导优化了氮、磷、钾肥的施用量和施用方法,促进了水稻对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收和利用,提高了肥料利用率,具有较好的增产增收效果,可以在苏北地区推广应用。  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves is a pivotal component of nutrient conservation strategy in a plant. Thus understanding the response of nutrient resorption to fertilization is of great help to minimize fertilizer use and further optimize fertilization management. However, little is known about how nutrient resorption responds to fertilization in N2-fixing species. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers were applied at different rates to alfalfa stands in the Loess Plateau. N fertilization hardly affected leaf N and K resorptions, but tended to increase P resorption. P fertilization increased N and K resorptions but affected P resorption in various ways. However, effect of N or P fertilization was significantly interplayed by P or N rate. At N100P60, alfalfa had the maximum biomass accumulation and less leaf resorption. Therefore, alfalfa could be performed well with 100?kg N ha?1 and 60?kg P2O5 ha?1 in this region.  相似文献   

19.
Imbalanced application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers can result in reduced crop yield, low nutrient use efficiency, and high loss of nutrients and soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) accumulation decreases when N is applied with P and/or manure; however, the effect of applications of N with P and/or manure on root growth and distribution in the soil profile is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of different N and P fertilizer application rates with or without manure on maize (Zea mays L.) yield, N uptake, root growth, apparent N surplus, Olsen-P concentration, and mineral N (Nmin) accumulation in a fluvo-aquic calcareous soil from a long-term (28-year) experiment. The experiment comprised twelve combinations of chemical N and P fertilizers, either with or without chicken manure, as treatments in four replicates. The yield of maize grain was 82% higher, the N uptake 100% higher, and the Nmin accumulation 39% lower in the treatments with combined N and P in comparison to N fertilizer only. The maize root length density in the 30--60 cm layer was three times greater in the treatments with N and P fertilizers than with N fertilizer only. Manure addition increased maize yield by 50% and N uptake by 43%, and reduced Nmin (mostly NO3--N) accumulation in the soil by 46%. The long-term application of manure and P fertilizer resulted in significant increases in soil Olsen-P concentration when no N fertilizer was applied. Manure application reduced the apparent N surplus for all treatments. These results suggest that combined N and P fertilizer applications could enhance maize grain yield and nutrient uptake via stimulating root growth, leading to reduced accumulation of potentially leachable NO3--N in soil, and manure application was a practical way to improve degraded soils in China and the rest of the world.  相似文献   

20.
 This study examines the effect of soil P status and N addition on the decomposition of 14C-labelled glucose to assess the consequences of reduced fertilizer inputs on the functioning of pastoral systems. A contrast in soil P fertility was obtained by selecting two hill pasture soils with different fertilizer history. At the two selected sites, representing low (LF) and high (HF) fertility status, total P concentrations were 640 and 820 mg kg–1 and annual pasture production was 4,868 and 14,120 kg DM ha–1 respectively. Soils were amended with 14C-labelled glucose (2,076 mg C kg–1 soil), with and without the addition of N (207 mg kg–1 soil), and incubated for 168 days. During incubation, the amounts of 14CO2 respired, microbial biomass C and 14C, microbial biomass P, extractable inorganic P (Pi) and net N mineralization were determined periodically. Carbon turnover was greatly influenced by nutrient P availability. The amount of glucose-derived 14CO2 production was high (72%) in the HF and low (67%) in the LF soil, as were microbial biomass C and P concentrations. The 14C that remained in the microbial biomass at the end of the 6-month incubation was higher in the LF soil (15%) than in the HF soil (11%). Fluctuations in Pi in the LF soil during incubation were small compared with those in HF soil, suggesting that P was cycling through microbial biomass. The concentrations of Pi were significantly greater in the HF samples throughout the incubation than in the LF samples. Net N mineralization and nitrification rates were also low in the LF soils, indicating a slow turnover of microorganisms under limited nutrient supply. Addition of N had little effect on biomass 14C and glucose utilization. This suggests that, at limiting P fertility, C turnover is retarded because microbial biomass becomes less efficient in the utilization of substrates. Received: 18 October 1999  相似文献   

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