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1.
Effects of inoculation with three different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomus etunicatum, Glomus constrictum, and Glomus mosseae) on arsenic (As) accumulation by maize were investigated by using soil spiked with As at rates of 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg?1. The root colonization rates by the three fungi were significantly different (G. mosseae > G. etunicatum > G. constrictum) and decreased markedly with increasing As concentration in the soil. Inoculation with G. etunicatum or G. mosseae increased maize biomass and phosphorus (P) accumulation (G. mosseae > G. etunicatum) and reduced As accumulation in shoots (G. mosseae ≈ G. etunicatum), whereas inoculation with G. constrictum had little effect on these parameters. Inoculation with G. mosseae produced greater biomass and P uptake and less shoot As accumulation, and therefore it may be a promising approach to reduce As translocation from contaminated soils to plants.  相似文献   

2.
The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of co-inoculation with different strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum (i.e. Helinitro, Rizoking, and Nitragin) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species (i.e. Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus versiforme, Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, and Glomus etunicatum) on soybean growth, fungal root colonization, and nutrient uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu). Co-inoculation with various AMF species and rhizobia significantly (p<0.01) increased the soybean biomass production as compared to the non-inoculated controls. Furthermore, AMF colonization of roots of soybean plants increased by 79, 70.1, 67, 63, 57.5, and 50.1% in the presence of G. fasciculatum (GF), G. versiforme (GV), G. intraradices (GI), G. mosseae (GM), and G. etunicatum (GE), and Gmix (a mixed culture of fungi), respectively. Higher nutrient contents were observed in plants co-inoculated with Helinitro and GF. More insight into these results will enable optimization of the effective use of AM fungi in combination with their bacterial partners as a tool for increasing soybean yields in Iran; however, its general analytical framework could be applied to other parts of the world.  相似文献   

3.
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of pre-inoculation of cucumber plants with each of the three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, and Glomus versiforme on reproduction of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. All three AM fungi tested significantly reduced the root galling index, which is the percentage of total roots forming galls. Numbers of galls per root system were significantly reduced only in the G. intraradices + M. incognita treatment. The number of eggs per root system was significantly decreased by AM fungus inoculation, no significant difference among the three AM fungal isolates. AM inoculation substantially decreased the number of females, the number of eggs g−1 root and of the number of eggs per egg mass. The number of egg masses g−1 root was greatly reduced by inoculation with G. mosseae or G. versiforme. By considering plant growth, nutrient uptake, and the suppression of M. incognita together, G. mosseae and G. versiforme were more effective than G. intraradices.  相似文献   

4.
Lonicera confusa, a traditional Chinese medicine herb for treating cold, flu, acute fever, and so forth, is often grown artificially in acidic soils and suffers from phosphorus (P) deficiency. A five-year field experiment was carried out to study the colonization rate, growth, nutrition, and chlorogenic acid content of Lonicera confusa seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus etunicatum and Glomus intraradices. Before transplanting into a field, both AM-inoculated and uninoculated control plants were cultured in nursery beds. In the plants inoculated with the AM fungi, the colonization rate decreased linearly with time and a greater decrease was observed in the plants inoculated with G. intraradices than with G. etunicatum, while the AM colonization increased from 0% to 12.1% in the uninoculated control plants 5 years after transplanting. Plant height, crown diameter, number of new branches, and flower yield increased significantly by AM inoculation as compared to the uninoculated control. Phosphorus concentrations in leaves and flowers increased, and plant uptake of nutrients, e.g., nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K), was also enhanced significantly by AM inoculation. The Lonicera confusa seedlings had a better response to inoculation of G. intraradices than G. etunicatum in both growth and chlorogenic acid content in flowers. In contrast, both plant P uptake and P concentrations in leaves and flowers were similar between two fungal inoculations. The positive responses of Lonicera confusa to AM inoculation in growth, nutrient uptake, flowering, and chlorogenic acid content in flowers suggested that AM inoculation in nursery beds could promote the plant growth and increase chlorogenic acid content in flowers of Lonicera confusa when grown on acidic and P-deficient soils.  相似文献   

5.
The effectiveness of reforestation programs on degraded soils in the Mediterranean region is frequently limited by a low soil availability and a poor plant uptake and assimilation of nutrients. While organic amendments can improve the nutrient supply, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi can enhance plant nutrient uptake. A pot experiment was conducted in 2004 to study the influence of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith) or with a mixture of three AM fungi (G. intraradices, G. deserticola Trappe, Bloss. & Menge, and G. mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe) and of an addition of composted sewage sludge or Aspergillus niger–treated dry‐olive‐cake residue on plant growth, nutrient uptake, mycorrhizal colonization, and nitrate reductase (NR) activity in shoot and roots of Juniperus oxycedrus L. Six months after planting, the inoculation of the seedlings with G. intraradices or a mixture of three AM fungi was the most effective treatment for stimulating growth of J. oxycedrus. There were no differences between the two mycorrhizal treatments. All treatments increased plant growth and foliar N and P contents compared to the control plants. Mycorrhizal inoculation and organic amendments, particularly fermented dry olive cake, increased significantly the NR activity in roots.  相似文献   

6.
丛枝菌根真菌对西藏高原固沙植物吸磷效率的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
采用盆栽方法,就外源菌种、土著菌种(含混合菌种)对固沙植物白草(Pennisetum.flaccidum)生长和吸磷效率的影响进行了研究。结果表明,白草具有较高的菌根依赖性(平均达166.4%);不同AM真菌(或真菌组合)对白草根系均具显著的侵染效应。随菌根侵染率的提高,植株生物量、吸磷量均呈显著增加(相关系数分别为0.7465*、0.6000*);菌根菌丝对白草吸收土壤磷素的贡献十分明显,各接种处理菌根菌丝对植物吸收土壤磷素的贡献量、贡献率分别在3.2～11.6.mg/pot和61.5%～85.3%之间;接种菌根处理植株吸磷量呈Glomus.intraradicesG.mosseae+G.etunicatum+G.intraradices+Scutellospora.erythropaG.mosseae(外源菌种)G.mosseae+G.intraradices+Scutellospora.calosporaG.mosseae-I(土著菌种)G.etunicatum的趋势。此外,不同AM真菌对寄主植物地上部、根部生物量和吸磷量的影响程度明显不同,一般呈地上部根系的趋势,但寄主植物根系的生长速率相对较快;土著菌种中,多菌混合接种对寄主植物的侵染效应明显高于单一接种。  相似文献   

7.
Phosphorus (P) behavior and its efficiency in mycorrhizal plants are of great importance. The objective was to evaluate the behavior of soil labeled P absorbed by different mycorrhizal wheat genotypes subjected to saline water. Three wheat genotypes including cultivar Kavir, the local cultivar Roshan, and the mutated line Tabasi T-65-7-1 were inoculated with different species of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) including Glomus etunicatum, G. mosseae, and G. intraradices. Plants were irrigated using saline water (electrical conductivity of 13.87 dS m?1). The experiment was a factorial with 12 treatments and three replications under greenhouse conditions. Wheat genotypes and AM species significantly affected plant dry weight, specific activity, and total plant activity (P?=?0.01). A maximum of 1.49-fold increase in specific activity or P uptake per gram of plant dry matter and 3.53-fold increase in plant activity or plant total P uptake resulted by G. etunicatum as compared with control.  相似文献   

8.
A field experiment was carried out to compare the effectiveness of inoculation with three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, namely Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, Glomus deserticola (Trappe, Bloss. & Menge) and Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and the addition of Aspergillus niger‐treated dry olive cake (DOC) in the presence of rock phosphate, in increasing root nitrate reductase (NR) and acid phosphatase activities, mycorrhizal colonization, plant growth and nutrient uptake in Dorycnium pentaphyllum L. seedlings afforested in a semiarid degraded soil. Three months after planting, both the addition of fermented DOC and the mycorrhizal inoculation treatments had increased root NR activity significantly, particularly the inoculation with G. deserticola (by 75 per cent with respect to non‐inoculated plants), but they had no effect on root acid phosphatase. Mycorrhizal inoculation treatments with G. deserticola or G. mosseae on their own were even more effective than the addition of fermented DOC alone in improving the growth and (NPK) foliar nutrients of D. pentaphyllum plants. The combined treatment involving the application of microbially‐treated agrowastes and mycorrhizal inoculation with AM fungi, particularly with G. mosseae, can be proposed as a successful revegetation strategy for D. pentaphyllum in P‐deficient soils under semiarid Mediterranean conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

In two pot experiments, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinlu No. 3) seedlings were each inoculated with one of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, or Glomus versiforme, or uninoculated. Seedling growth and weight of single fruit were investigated. The results indicated that growth of seedlings was significantly enhanced by G. mosseae, inhibited by G. versiforme, and not significantly influenced by G. intraradices. The dry weight of seedlings inoculated with G. mosseae was 1.2 times its counterparts. The concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in roots and magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) concentration in shoots were increased by inoculating the three AMF, and potassium (K) and iron (Fe) concentrations in shoots decreased significantly. The weights of single fruit of plants preinoculated with G. mosseae and G. versiforme were about 1.4 and 1.3 times higher than those from the uninoculated treatment, respectively.  相似文献   

10.
The hypothesis was that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are able to alleviate salt stress on plant growth by enhancing and adjusting mineral uptake. The objectives were to determine (1) the effects of soil salinity on mineral uptake by different wheat genotypes and (2) the effectiveness of different mycorrhizal treatments on the mineral uptake of different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under salinity. Wheat seeds of Chamran and Line 9 genotypes were inoculated with different species of AM fungi including Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices, and G. etunicatum and their mixture at planting using 100 g inoculum. Pots were treated with the salinity levels of 4, 8, and 12 dS/m before stemming. Different arbuscular mycorrhizal treatments, especially the mixture treatment, increased wheat mineral uptake for both genotypes. Although Line 9 genotype resulted in greater nutrient uptake under salinity stress, Chamran was more effective on adjusting sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl?) uptake under salt stress.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Sorghum and leek plants were used as hosts in order to test the effectiveness and infectiveness of four mycorrhizal species on spore production, plant growth and phosphorus (P) uptake. When sorghum was used as a test plant, Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, and Glomus caledonium, respectively, gave the highest number of spores, while on leek, G. etunicatum, G. mosseae, and G. caledonium, respectively, resulted in higher spore production. Glomus intraradices produced the least amount of inoculum among the four species. Based on relative spore production and root infection, G. mosseae and G. etunicatum were determined to be the two best fungi as sources of inoculum for further use in the experiment. It is very important to know the minimum amount of inoculum in order to reach the maximum percentage of infection. Thus different amounts of inoculum were applied to determine optimum rates of inoculation. Sorghum and leek plants were infected with 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 g G. mosseae and G. etunicatum of mycorrhizal inoculum per pot in a low P content and natural soil. As the inoculum rate increased, plant parameters and the percent of infection gradually increased with increasing rate to 18 g. Higher inoculum rates did not stimulate growth on infection percentage.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.  相似文献   

13.
Three pot experiments were set up to determine how efficiently mycorrhizal fungi affect the uptake, translocation, and distribution of labeled phosphorus (32P), phosphorus (P), and heavy metals in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). In experiments 1 and 2, the efficiencies of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species including Glomus mosseae, G. etunicatum, G. intraradices and a mixed strain (G. mosseae, Gigaspora hartiga, and G. fasciculatum) on uptake, translocation, and distribution of 32P and P in alfalfa were investigated, respectively. In a third experiment, the efficiency of G. mosseae on uptake and distribution of heavy metals [cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), and combinations] was tested. Results of experiments 1 and 2 suggest that G. mosseae was the most effective at increasing the uptake of 32P and P. Experiment 3 result showed that in the triple-metal-contaminated soil, inoculated plants had greater Co (32.56 mg kg?1) and Pb (289.50 mg kg?1) concentration and G. mosseae enhanced the translocation of heavy metals to shoot. Hence, mycorrhizal alfalfa in symbiosis with G. mosseae can be used for remediation of heavy metals polluted soils with high efficiency.  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT

A pot experiment was conducted out to investigate the yield and pungency of spring onion (Allium fistulosum L.) as affected by inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and addition of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilizers. Plants were inoculated with either Glomus mosseae or Glomus intraradices or grown as uninoculated controls. Two levels of N and S were applied to the soil in factorial combinations of 50 and 250 mg N kg?1 soil and 0 and 60 mg S kg?1 soil. Plants were grown in a greenhouse for 25 weeks and then harvested. Mycorrhizal colonization resulted in increased shoot dry weight, shoot-to-root ratio, shoot length, sheath diameter, and phosphorus (P) concentrations. Shoot dry-matter yield was significantly affected by added N, but not by S. Shoot dry weight increased with increasing N supply (except for non-mycorrhizal controls without additional S fertilizer). Shoot total S concentration (TSC), enzyme-produced pyruvate (EPY), and organic sulfur concentration (OSC) in plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae were significantly lower than those of non-mycorrhizal controls, while these parameters in plants inoculated with Glomus intraradices were comparable to or higher than in the controls. Neither N nor S supply affected shoot EPY or OSC, whereas shoot TSC (except in plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae) and SO4 2? concentrations were usually significantly increased by S supply. In soil of high S and low P availability, mycorrhizal colonization had a profound influence on both the yield and the pungency of spring onion.  相似文献   

15.
The effects of biocide use on nontarget organisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, are of interest to agriculture, since inhibition of beneficial organisms may counteract benefits derived from pest and disease control. Benomyl, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) and captan were tested for their effects on the germination and early hyphal growth of the AM fungiGlomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.),Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.). Gerd. and Trappe andGigaspora rosea (Nicol & Schenck) in a silty-clay loam soil placed in petri plates. Application of fungicides at 20 mg active ingredient (a.i) kg–1 soil inhibited spore germination by all three AM-fungal isolates incubated on unsterilized soil for 2 weeks. However, fungicides applied at 10 mg a.i. kg–1 soil had variable effects on AM-fungal isolates. Fungicide effects on germination and hyphal growth of G.etunicatum were modified by soil pasteurization and CO2 concentration in petri plates and also by placing spores below the soil surface followed by fungicide drenches. Effects of fungicides on mycorrhiza formation and sporulation of AM fungi, and the resulting host-plant response, were evaluated in the same soil in associated pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. Fungicides applied at 20 mg a.i. kg–1 soil did not affect the root length colonized byG. etunicatum, but both benomyl and PCNB reduced sporulation by this fungus. Benomyl and PCNB reduced the root length colonized byG. rosea at 48 and 82 days after transplanting. PCNB also reducedG. mosseae-colonized root length at 48 and 82 days, but benomyl only affected root length colonized byG. mosseae at the earlier time point. Only PCNB reduced sporulation byG. mosseae, consistent with its effect on root length colonized by this fungus. captan reduced the root length colonized by G. rosea at 48 days, but not at 82 days, and reduced colonization byG. mosseae at 82 days, but not at 48 days. Captan did not affect sporulation by any of the fungi.G. rosea spore production was highly variable, but benomyl appeared to reduce sporulation by this fungus. Overall,G. etunicatum was the most tolerant to fungicides in association with pea plants in this soil, andG. rosea the most sensitive. Benomyl and PCNB were overall more toxic to these fungi than captan. Interactions of AM fungi and fungicides were highly variable and biological responses depended on fungus-fungicide combinations and on environmental conditions.  相似文献   

16.
A greenhouse study was conducted to study the efficiency of 14 isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi isolated from a local agricultural soil on the productivity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). The different AM fungi enhanced the biomass and nutritional status of sweet potato seedlings to different extents. The genus Glomus was more effective than Acaulospora or Scutellospora. Efficiency also varied among isolates of Glomus irrespective of individual host plant or location of origin. Intraspecific differences were sometimes greater than interspecific differences. Benefits deriving from fungal isolates were positively correlated with the root-colonization rate and the abundance of extraradical propagules of the AM fungi. Taking plant yield parameters, nutritional status of the plants, and fungal attributes into consideration, GEGM (Glomus etunicatum together with Glomus mosseae) and GE6 (Glomus etunicatum) were the most effective AM symbionts for sweet potato under the experimental conditions.  相似文献   

17.
Four different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae, were used alone and in combinations with Bacillus subtilis to evaluate their capability to increase the productivity of geranium. Mycorrhizal treatment increased the growth and total biomass invariably over non-mycorrhizal control plants. In AM alone treatment, the best result was obtained for G. mosseae treatment, where 380.9 and 335.3 g fresh herb yield per pot was recorded in 2005–2006 and 2006–2007, respectively, an increase of 75.3 and 85.9% over controls. Plants inoculated with B. subtilis alone yielded 287.8 and 252.3 g fresh herb, an increase of 32.4 and 39.9% over uninoculated controls. However, B. subtilis in combination with G. mosseae produced the highest herb yield, i.e. 410.8 and 347.8 g herbs pot?1, an increase of 89.4 and 92.9% over untreated controls. The field experimental data validated the results of the pot experiment. Treatment with G. mosseae alone increased herb yield by 49.4%, whereas in combination with B. subtilis, it increased herb yield by 59.5%. Treatment with AM fungi and B. subtilis did not affect the essential oil content of the plant, but total oil yield was significantly increased because of the increase in biomass production.  相似文献   

18.
The effect of different concentrations (0.5, 2 and 8 μM) of apigenin and its glycosidated form 5,7,4′-hydroxy flavone glycoside on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal spore germination, hyphal growth, hyphal branching, the formation of entry points and root colonization of Gigaspora. rosea, Gi. margarita, Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices was tested. The lowest apigenin concentration (0.5 μM) nearly doubled hyphal branching, the formation of entry points and root colonization of all four tested fungi, whereas higher concentrations (2 and 8 μM) nearly doubled the hyphal growth of Gi. margarita, G. mosseae and G. intraradices. In none of the treatments with the apigenin-glycoside any effect on AM fungi could be observed. Our data show that apigenin exhibits an AM fungal genus and even species activity and we provide strong evidence that glycosidation results in a loss of its activity towards AM fungi.  相似文献   

19.
Nutrient composition and yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] seeds are heritable traits affected by environmental factors. This study determined the effects of arbuscular‐mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on seed protein, lipid, and phosphorus (P) composition and yield in soybean grown under a high nitrogen (N) regime. Plants were grown in pot cultures without AM fungi in P‐fertilized (+P) or unfertilized (‐P) soil, or in ‐P soil inoculated with one of the AM fungi Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd, and Trappe (Gm), Glomus etunicatum Becker and Gerd.(Ge), or Gigaspora rosea Nicol. and Schenck (Gr). Seed yields of+AM plants, as a group, were halfway between those of the +P and ‐P plants. Seed size was highest in Gm plants. Differences in protein concentrations between Ge and Gr and the other treatments were highly significant. Seed P and protein concentrations were not significantly correlated (p=0.162), but a highly significant (r =‐0.949) negative correlation between seed P and lipid concentrations was observed. Phosphorus concentration was highest and that of lipids lowest in +AM plants. Seed yield and nutrient composition were independent of the intensity of root colonization. The seed protein/lipid ratio was highly correlated with seed P concentration and was significantly higher for +AM plants, as a group, than for both +P and ‐P ‐AM plants. Differences in seed dry weight, size, seed/ stem ratio, P content, and protein concentration among +AM plants showed mycorrhiza‐specific host responses. These responses suggest that AM fungi can modify soybean seed development and chemical composition.  相似文献   

20.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the responses of lentil (Lens culinariscv. ‘Ziba’) to co-inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and some indigenous rhizobial strains varying in phosphorus (P)-solubilizing ability in a calcareous soil with high pH and low amounts of available P and nitrogen (N). A factorial experiment with completely randomized block design was conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions. The treatments consisted of (1) three inoculants of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains and a mixed rhizobial inoculant with an effective P-solubilizer strain of Mesorhizobium ciceri, (2) two AM fungal species, Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, (3) two P sources, superphosphate and phosphate rock. Four replications were prepared for each treatment and a related control. After the growth period of three months, the dry matter of shoots plus seeds, their P and N contents, and percent of root colonized by AM fungus were measured. The results showed that the effects of AM fungi, rhizobial strains, and P fertilizers were highly significant (p < 0.01) for all the characteristics studied. The rhizobial strain with P-solubilizing ability showed a more beneficial effect on plant growth and nutrient uptake than the strain without this ability, although both strains had similar effectiveness for N2-fixation in symbiosis with lentil. Synergistic relationships were observed between AM fungi and some rhizobial strains that related to the compatible pairing of these two microsymbionts. The P-uptake efficiency was increased when P fertilizers were applied along with AM fungi and/or P-solubilizer rhizobial strains.  相似文献   

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