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1.
Abstract

Selenium (Se) has been recognized as an element of environmental concern because of its natural occurrence and potential toxicity to plants, animals, and humans. Range and coal mine (reclaimed and abandoned) soils were studied using various soil extracts, including saturated paste, hot water, ammonium bicarbonate‐DTPA (AB‐DTPA), and phosphate in order to compare the Se extraction efficiency of these reagents and to characterize the soil‐plant Se correlations in these environments. Soil extraction data indicated the order of Se extractability was phosphate > AB‐DTPA > hot water > saturated paste. The saturated paste‐extractable Se was found to be typically very low. Statistically significant correlations between phosphate‐, AB‐DTPA‐, and hot water‐extractable Se were observed irrespective of the type of environment. Selenium extracted by these reagents indicated certain relationships, such as phosphate ≈ 2 AB‐DTPA, phosphate ≈ 5 hot water, and AB‐DTPA ≈ 3 hot water. Selenium content of shrub vegetation was approximately half of that of grass and forb. Soil‐plant Se correlations were found to be dependent on land type as well as vegetation type; the regressional values for soil suitability limit (SSL) of Se corresponding to 5 mg/kg plant Se varied accordingly. For a particular type of vegetation, the SSL values followed the same order as the extraction efficiency of the different reagents. The AB‐DTPA‐extractable Se was found to be the best predictor of soil‐plant Se correlations under field conditions, though phosphate‐, hot water‐, and saturated paste‐extractable soil Se were also related to the Se concentrations in different types of vegetation. Selenate was found to be the potential aqueous specie for plant uptake. A comparison of different soil environments containing various vegetation types also suggested that, for a plant containing 5 mg/kg Se, the soil Se status would be highest in abandoned mine lands, followed by reclaimed mine and undisturbed range environments, respectively.  相似文献   

2.
Plants and microorganisms can change phosphorus (P) forms and its availability in soil significantly. Two soils with different calcium carbonate and P forms were sampled and the experiment used a completely randomized design considered as factorial. The factors were soil (Sulan and Bahar), sterilization (sterile and unsterile soils), and maize planting (unplanted and planted soil with Zea mays). Plants were grown in greenhouse condition and harvested at flowering. Shoot and root dry weights and the ratio of root/shoot biomass were greater in Bahar soil especially in unsterile conditions than in Sulan soil. After plant harvest the effect of soil sterilization on soluble P was significant and it was greater in sterile soil compared to that in unsterile soil. The effect of maize planting on available P, dicalcium phosphate P (DCP-P), and octcalcium phosphate P (OCP-P) was significant. They were greater in unplanted soil, especially in unsterile conditions. Although the greatest apatite P was measured in unplanted soil in sterile conditions, this form of soil P did not change significantly.  相似文献   

3.
为了解粉煤灰充填复垦下农作物的生长状况,阐明复垦方式对土壤和农作物中重金属含量的影响,以淮南田集电厂粉煤灰为例,采用不同的覆土方式,以全土为对照,在5块试验田种植大豆和玉米,定期观察其长势,并利用ICP-AES和HF-AFS测得种植农作物后土壤、粉煤灰、大豆和玉米的茎叶和果实中的重金属含量。结果表明,各种充填方式下,表层土壤大部分重金属含量降低,而Hg和Se含量增多,并表现出随覆土厚度增大而减少的趋势;复合充填下层土壤中Hg的污染指数为5.732,明显高于其他充填方式;在覆土30cm的充填方式下,农作物的株高大于其他覆土方式;并且在覆土30、50cm方式下,作物的茎叶和果实中所含的重金属的量比较接近全土种植下作物中重金属水平。所以,相对于50cm的覆土方式,覆土30cm充填方式是采煤塌陷地带生态修复和燃煤电厂粉煤灰处置较为经济的方式,也是对农作物中重金属元素影响较小的措施。  相似文献   

4.

Purpose

The impacts of mining contaminations and physico-chemical properties and geochemistry of mine tailings on the density, richness, biodiversity, evolution and succession of plant species and vegetation recovery in the mining area is very poorly reported in the literature. Therefore, the present study conducted an investigation on vegetation development and succession of plant communities at the abandoned São Domingos pyrite mining area.

Materials and methods

We conducted the field survey to estimate the vegetation development and succession of plant communities, collect vegetation (plant species, lichen and moss) and tailing (and soil) samples, and finally analyzed the physico-chemical and geochemical properties and metal levels in mine tailings, soil and vegetation samples.

Results and discussion

The results showed that the communities of low height and biomass like grass, legume, shrub, moss and lichen were dominating on the mine tailings and waste dumps at the inner sites and center of the mine, and the vegetation coverage was explicitly very poor. The reddish brown colluvia had poor soil quality, but high acidity and metal concentrations. However, at the outer edge of the mine the loamy soil and relatively lower acidity and metal contamination favored the higher vegetation cover and a gradual increase in the number of species and plant succession, where the taller, higher biomass and broad leaf trees were abundantly grown forming a dense forest and canopy. The succession of several plant communities dominating in the mining area, vegetation coverage and species richness were strongly related to the different levels of contamination, soil properties and adverse factors of mine tailings.

Conclusions

Although the high concentrations of toxic trace elements and low pH soil are important factors for limiting the plant growth, however, proper soil development with enriched nutrients and properties on mining wastes, by either natural or external soil aided process, can help to promote the high vegetation growth, mine rehabilitation and ecological restoration of the mining degraded lands.  相似文献   

5.
In the Indian desert, the economics of mining is second only to agriculture in importance. However, research on the rehabilitation of land disturbed by mining has only recently received serious attention. An attempt has been made to determine both the qualitative and quantitative success of rehabilitation plans used to revegetate limestone mine spoils in an area near Barna, northwest arid India. Rehabilitation success was achieved using a combination of rainwater harvesting techniques, soil amendment application approaches, plant establishment methods and the selection of appropriate germplasm material (trees, shrubs and grasses). It is expected that the resulting vegetative cover will be capable of self‐perpetuation under natural conditions while at the same time meeting the land‐use needs of the local people. The minespoils have adequate levels of the major nutrients (except P, Mo and Se) for proper plant and grazing animal health. Levels of organic matter are low whereas total B concentrations are exceptionally high. Also, the population of soil fungi, Azotobactor, and nitrifying bacteria is negligible. Enhanced plant growth was achieved in treated plots, compared to control plots, where spoil moisture storage was improved by 5 – 45 per cent. Due to the decomposition of farmyard manure and nitrogen fixation by planted leguminous plant species, the electrical conductance of treated mine spoils increased threefold, CaCO3 content decreased from 20·0 to 5·2 per cent, and organic carbon, P, K, and biological activity increased significantly. The rehabilitation protocol used at the site appears to have been successful because plant self‐regeneration is occurring. The increased diversity of woody perennials resulted in ‘dominance’ being better shared among species and ‘evenness’ being increased within the plant community elements. The early to mid‐successional trends are continuing for six years following initial rehabilitation. This study developed methods for the rehabilitation of lands mined for limestone and has also resulted in an understanding of rehabilitation processes in arid regions with an emphasis on the long‐term monitoring of rehabilitation success. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

Plant uptake of selenium (Se) on western United States mine lands is a concern in reclamation efforts due to the potential growth of vegetation that may be considered toxic to wildlife and domestic animals if consumed over time. A study was designed to determine if sewage sludge from Rock Springs and Kemmerer/Evanston, Wyoming, at rates of 25, 50, and 100 Mg/ha, would enhance or decrease Se uptake by yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) and thick spike wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum) grown on mine backfill material (i.e., overburden material that has been displaced). Results indicated that increased sludge amendments significantly decreased plant Se levels. Changes in backfill chemical and physical characteristics were believed to have caused a reduction in Se bioavailability (as determined by AB‐DTPA extraction), even though total Se concentrations of the sludge‐amended backfill treatments were greater with increasing sewage sludge additions. Land application of sewage sludge is therefore recommended as a viable method for mine land reclamation efforts.  相似文献   

7.
We examined the interacting effects of drastic disturbance and re‐vegetation communities on the development of soil properties over time. We compared soil characteristics from an undisturbed reference site with reclaimed mine sites that differed by vegetation type and time since reclamation: Three sites were seeded solely with crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) (11, 16, and 29 years old), and two were seeded with native cool‐season grass mixes (14 and 26 years old). We sampled soil at two depths (0–5 and 5–15 cm) for soil macroaggregate and microaggregate weights, aggregate carbon to nitrogen (C : N) ratios, and microbial abundance. We employed a Bayesian bivariate model to account for potential correlations in soil properties across depths and compared soil properties across sites using posterior predictive distributions. We found that all reclaimed soils, regardless of vegetation type, had total aggregate weights that were similar to the undisturbed reference soil but had a larger proportion of macroaggregates than the reference soil. Aggregate C : N ratios were similar between the undisturbed reference and crested wheatgrass soils, while the reclaimed native cool‐season grass soils had lower C : N ratios in the top 5 cm. Total microbial abundance in soils seeded with crested wheatgrass was an order of magnitude lower than that in soils occupied by native species (both reclaimed and undisturbed). The presence of crested wheatgrass on the reclaimed sites alone did not differentiate all soil properties across our reclamation sites, but seeding this single, aggressive species may have contributed to maintaining different belowground characteristics on reclaimed soils. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

8.
A laboratory technique has been developed to rapidly assess the potential uptake of contaminants by plants growing into waste burial sites. A soil-less planting media was used to provide rapid plant growth and reproducible growing conditions. The uptake of contaminants by several plant species grown on uranium mill tailings materials has been examined. The bioavailability of Mo, Se, Cl, and other trace metals in tailings was greater than in a surface soil from a uranium mining area. Significant differences in nutrient and contaminant contents in aboveground biomass were found between species.  相似文献   

9.
Mining activities leave large areas of post‐mining lands to be reclaimed. Increases in soil C and N pools and N availability are important to successfully reestablish trees on post‐mining land. In this study, we determined C and N concentrations and natural stable isotope of 13C and 15N in soil and plant in Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litv.) plantations 8 years after establishment on non‐mined land (NM), post‐mining land without soil amendment (NAM), and post‐mining land with soil amendment (AM) in a placer gold mining region of Northeast China. We found that the growth of Mongolian pine was significantly slower on NAM as compared with NM (decreasing by 73% in tree height and 63% in basal diameter), but tree growth improved on AM. Soil C and N concentrations, plant N concentration, and soil δ15N value decreased in the order of NM > AM > NAM, implying that soil N availability decreased in post‐mining land, but soil amendment could increase soil N availability. However, the values of δ15N in plant tissues of Mongolian pine were higher on NAM than on NM and AM, suggesting that soil inorganic N form absorbed by trees might be changed when trees were directly planted on post‐mining land with lower soil N availability. In addition, the values of δ13C in 1‐ and 2‐year‐old leaves of Mongolian pine were lowest when planted on NAM, indicating a decrease in intrinsic water‐use efficiency of Mongolian pine. Our results suggest that soil amendment helps us establish forests successfully on post‐mining lands. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

10.
Ecosystems protected from heavy grazing impacts, such as national parks and refuges, are generally considered to sustain higher plant species diversity and better ecosystem composition and structure compared to heavily grazed areas. To evaluate the impact of livestock grazing, we sampled vegetation characteristics from two areas having different grazing intensity levels. The first site has high protection from grazing and is located inside the Bou Hedma National Park in Southern Tunisia. The second site has a low protection from grazing and is situated within an open area located immediately outside the park boundary where human populations and their livestock have unrestricted access to ecosystem resources. Total plant cover, density, perennial species cover and their contribution were compared between the two grazing level sites. Results show that considerable positive effects occur in the areas protected from grazing. As compared to the overgrazed (open) sites. Several species known for their high palatability, such as Cenchrus ciliaris L., Salvia aegyptiaca L., Echiochilon fruticosum Desf. and Helianthemum sessiliflorum Desf., are more abundant inside the park than outside. These results are very important for managers to apply this technique as a tool for increasing the resilience of arid ecosystems, qualified very vulnerable to climate change. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

11.
Groundwater contaminated with sulfate (SO4 2‐) at concentrations higher than allowable for drinking water might still be usable for irrigation. Objectives were to determine the growth response and mineral uptake of two forage crops irrigated with waters containing SO4 2‐ at concentrations ranging from 175 to 1743 mg/L, and with electrical conductivities (EC) ranging from 1.2 to 3.6 dS/m. Plants were grown for 12 weeks in 8‐L pots containing a calcareous sandy loam and were harvested at 4, 8, or 12 weeks for plant growth measurements and tissue analysis. Digested leaves, stems, and reproductive tissues were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy at each harvest, as were saturated soil paste extracts. Shoot growth of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was not affected by irrigation water treatment, whereas shoot growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was increased by a moderate level of soil solution SO4 2‐ Sulfur (S), boron (B), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and zinc (Zn) concentrations in shoot tissues of both species showed a tendency to increase with increasing SO4 2‐ content of irrigation water. Shoot tissue concentration of molybdenum (Mo) increased with maturation in both species, while the concentrations of B, potassium (K), manganese (Mn), Na, and Zn decreased. Soil saturated paste extract concentrations of Mg and Na increased with irrigation water Mg and Na concentrations, while Ca and S concentrations in the soil solution became saturated at the higher irrigation water concentrations of these elements.  相似文献   

12.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(8):1441-1452
Abstract

Saltgrass [Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene var. stricta (Gray) Beetle], accession WA-12, collected from a salt playa in Wilcox, AZ, was studied in a greenhouse to evaluate its growth responses in terms of shoot and root lengths, shoot dry-matter yield, and nitrogen (N) (regular and 15N) absorption rates under control and salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) stress conditions. Plants were grown under a control (no salt) and three levels of salt stress (100, 200, and 400 mM NaCl, equivalent to 5850, 11700, and 23400 mg L? 1 sodium chloride, respectively), using Hoagland solution in a hydroponics system. Ammonium sulfate [(15NH4)2SO4], 53% 15N (atom percent 15N) was used to enrich the plants. Plant shoots were harvested weekly, oven-dried at 60°C, and the dry weights measured. At each harvest, both shoot and root lengths were also measured. During the last harvest, plant roots were also harvested and oven-dried, and dry weights were determined and recorded. All harvested plant materials were analyzed for total N and 15N. The results showed that shoot and root lengths decreased under increasing salinity levels. However, both shoot fresh and dry weights significantly increased at 200 mM NaCl salinity relative to the control or to the 400 mM NaCl level. Shoot succulence (fresh weight/dry weight) also increased from the control (no salt) to 200 mM NaCl, then declined. The root dry weights at both 200 mM and 400 mM NaCl salinity levels were significantly higher than under the control. Concentrations of both total-N and 15N in the shoots were higher in NaCl-treated plants relative to those under the control. Shoot total-N and 15N contents were highest in 200 mM NaCl-treated plants relative to those under the control and 400 mM salinity.  相似文献   

13.
以复垦农用地为研究对象,以原地貌未受损农用地和排土场未复垦地作为对照,共选择18个样地,对比研究复垦农用地、未复垦地及原地貌未受损农用地的土壤容重、田间持水量、pH值、有机质、全氮、全钾、有效磷、速效钾的差异,揭示复垦农用地土壤重构的过程及变异的规律。结果表明：（1）复垦农用地土壤容重、田间持水量、pH值、全钾、有效磷、速效钾的均值都略高于未受损农用地;而复垦农用地有机质、全氮的均值都略低于未受损农用地。（2）复垦农用地和未受损农用地在0-10cm的土壤容重及pH值均略低于10～20cm土层;0～10cm的土壤肥力指标均值略高于10～20em土层。（3）在0～10cm土层,复垦耕地和复垦林地的相关土壤理化性质要优于未受损耕地;在10—20cm,复垦林地土壤理化性质基本上优于未受损耕地。（4）复垦13年的耕地土壤容重、速效钾与未受损耕地差异不显著;复垦22年林地的单个土壤理化指标基本上优于复垦19年林地,复垦19年林地的单个土壤理化指标基本上优于未受损林地。  相似文献   

14.
Thirty‐day‐old seedlings of Cassia siamea were transplanted into pots containing a subsurface Oxisol uninoculated or inoculated with Glomus agaregatum at two target soil solution phosphorus (P) concentrations. While no evidence of Vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (VAMF) colonization was noted in the uninoculated soil, C. siamea roots were colonized to the extent of 63 and 61% at soil P concentrations of 0.02 and 0.2 mg/L, respectively. VAMF colonization led to significant increases in tissue P concentrations measured at harvest at both soil P concentrations. However, shoot dry matter yield was significantly increased only at the first soil P concentration. Shoot dry matter yield of mycorrhizal C. siamea at soil P concentration of 0.02 mg/L was comparable to mycorrhizal growth of C. siamea at soil P concentration of 0.2 mg/L but inferior to the nonmycorrhizal growth of the legume. Based on these response patterns, C. siamea was classified as a highly mycorrhizal dependent species.  相似文献   

15.
Selenium (Se) release from four plant species (Indian mustard, fodder radish, Italian ryegrass and hairy vetch) was measured under controlled leaching conditions and in a pot incubation experiment as part of a study of the potential for using these plant species as Se catch crops. Catch crops may reduce Se leaching and, by subsequent release of Se from the plant material, increase the available Se for succeeding crops. Plants grown both without and with Se addition (250 g Se/ha) were tested. In the leaching experiment, frozen plant material was incorporated into soil columns and incubated at room temperature for up to 19 weeks. The results showed that Se concentrations in the leachate were higher when Se‐enriched plant material was incorporated in the soil, indicating Se mineralization. When non‐enriched plant material was added to the soil, Se concentrations in the leachate were generally lower than that in the control, indicating Se immobilization. In the pot incubation experiment, the results were consistent with those from the leaching experiment. The addition of enriched plant material increased Se concentration in Indian mustard plants compared with unamended soil. However, the addition of plant materials grown without Se significantly decreased Se concentrations in plant dry matter, again indicating Se immobilization. Fertilizer application with inorganic Se as selenate did not affect Se concentrations either in the leachates or in the plants grown in the pot incubation. Thus, the results show the potential of catch crops to increase Se mineralization and uptake in succeeding crops.  相似文献   

16.
With increasing water shortages in China, rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation is gradually shifting away from continuously flooded conditions to partly or even completely aerobic conditions. The effects of this shift on the growth and iron (Fe) nutrition of different aerobic and lowland rice genotypes are poorly understood. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of cultivation system (aerobic vs. flooded), genotype (five aerobic rice varieties and one lowland rice variety), and Fe fertilization [no Fe and 30 kg ha?1 ferrous sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O] on rice grain yield and Fe nutrition. Plants were sampled at tillering and physiological maturity. In both aerobic and flooded plots, Fe application significantly increased shoot dry weight, shoot Fe concentration, and shoot Fe content at tillering but not physiological maturity. At physiological maturity, grain yield and Fe and grain harvest indices were significantly lower in aerobic than in flooded plots. Shoot dry weight and shoot Fe content differed among genotypes at tillering and at physiological maturity. The grain harvest index of aerobic rice genotype 89B-271-17(hun) was significantly greater than that of the other five genotypes when no Fe was applied. Because soil Fe fertilization did not improve the Fe nutrition of rice in aerobic plots, the results indicate that the shift from flooded to aerobic cultivation will increase Fe deficiency in rice and will increase the problem of Fe deficiency in humans who depend on rice for nutrition.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

This study was carried out to determine if ammonium bicarbonate‐DTPA soil test (AB‐DTPA) of Soltanpour and Schwab for simultaneous extraction of P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn can be used to determine the availability index for Se. Five Mollisols from North Dakota were treated with sodium selenate and were subjected to several wetting and drying cycles. These soils were extracted with hot water and with ammonium bicarbonate‐DTPA (AB‐DTPA) solution for Se analysis. Alfalfa plants were grown in these soils in a growth chamber to determine plant uptake of Se. In addition to the above experiment, coal mine soil and overburden materials from Western Colorado were extracted and analyzed as mentioned above.

It was found that hot water and AB‐DTPA extracted approximately equal amounts of Se from Mollisols. A high degree of correlation (r =0.96) was found between Se uptake by plants and AB‐DTPA extractable Se. Extractable level of Se in treated soils was decreased with time due to change of selenate to less soluble Se forms and plant uptake of Se. An AB‐DTPA extractable Se level of over 100 ppb produced alfalfa plants containing 5 ppm or higher levels of Se that can be considered toxic to animals. Soils with about 2000 ppb of extractable Se were highly toxic to alfalfa plants and resulted in plant concentrations of over 1000 ppm of Se. The high rate of selenate (4ppm Se) was less toxic to alfalfa plants in soils of high organic matter content. This lower toxicity was accompanied with lower extractable levels of Se.

The AB‐DTPA solution extracted on the average about 31% more Se than hot water from the mine and overburden samples and was highly correlated with the latter (r =0.92). The results indicated the presence of bicarbonate‐exchangeable Se in these materials.  相似文献   

18.
Samples of six common plant species collected in the old mining areas near Prince George, British Columbia (Canada) and Mount Amiata, Tuscany (Italy) show remarkable similarities in the variation of plant/soil Hg concentration ratio with soil Hg content irrespective of species or other biological differences. In contrast, plants sampled in the geothermally active areas of New Zealand, Hawaii and around Mount St. Helens exhibit more individuality in the concentration ratio to soil Hg relationship, but the relationships are distinctly different from the mine site specimens. This distinction is particularly evident when the same species of Equisetum and Plantago taken from these two different areas are compared. These and other data support the hypothesis that specific local environmental factors strongly influence the accumulation of Hg in plants even when the immediate soil concentrations are the same. Our findings show that some plants contain concentrations of total Hg as high as 5500 to 14000 μg kg?1 (dw).  相似文献   

19.
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20.
Field experiments were conducted to assess the ability of rhizobacterial inoculants to enhance growth and yield of maize. Performances of two phosphorus (P)-solubilizing bacteria in combination with a fertilizer mixture containing rock phosphate and triple super phosphate (PFM), and five diazotrophs combining either with 150 kg or 100 kg nitrogen (N) ha?1 supplied as urea were compared with non-inoculated-fertilized controls. Shoot P and N and soil available P and N contents were assessed and shoot biomass and ear weights were recorded at harvest. Pseudomonas cepacia resulted in significantly higher available P (51 mg P kg?1 soil), P accumulation (3.6 g kg?1 dry matter) and 13% increase in shoot biomass over control. Azospirillum sp. and dual inoculant comprising Enterobacter agglomerans + Agrobacterium radiobacter led to significantly higher available N (74–94 mg kg?1 soil) and 19 to 26% increase in shoot biomass over the control. However, inoculants did not increase the yield significantly.  相似文献   

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