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1.
Abstract

Studies on nutrient interactions in aromatic rice are needed for proper understanding of impact of imbalanced use of nutrients in the era of multi and micro-nutrient deficiencies. A pot experiment was conducted during the rainy/wet season (June–October) of 2013 at New Delhi, to study the interaction effects of two levels each of nitrogen (N) (0 and 120?kg?ha?1), phosphorus (P; 0 and 25.8?kg?ha?1), and zinc (Zn; 0 and 5?kg?ha?1) in two aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties, viz. Pusa Rice Hybrid 10 and Pusa Basmati 1121. Application of N, P, and Zn resulted in increase of dry matter (0.91, 0.32, and 0.24?g plant?1, respectively) 60?days after sowing (DAS) and grain yield of rice (3.68, 1.67, and 1.17?g plant?1). The increase in yield of rice owing to N application was relatively higher by 0.98, 0.22, and 1.05?g plant?1, respectively, when either P or Zn or both were applied with N than alone application of N, indicating synergetic effect of P and Zn application with N. The higher concentration and uptake of K in grain (0.25% vs 0.10%) and straw (1.32% vs 0.94%) were observed in the treatment received N than no N, though K was applied uniformly in all the treatments. It indicates positive interaction of N and K. The higher uptake of P in grain and straw was observed when P was applied with N and Zn (3.34 and 2.15?mg plant?1), or with N (3.26 and 2.11?mg plant?1) signifying positive effect of N on P uptake in rice.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

One of the problems in obtaining high wheat yield is the unavailability of micronutrients in balanced quantities. Zinc is an essential micronutrient due to its involvement in many metabolic processes in plant. In this experiment, seeds of two wheat cultivars (Faisalabad-2008 and Lasani-2008) were subjected to soak in aerated Zn solution of 0.1 and 0.01?M for 12?hr. For the seed coating, Zn was adhered to the wheat seeds by using Arabic gum by using zinc sulfate (ZnSO4·7H2O) as a source. Untreated dry seeds were considered as a control. Results indicated that field emergence was improved by Zn seed treatments, maximum numbers of seedlings were observed in seed priming with 0.01?M Zn solution. Seed osmoprimed with 0.01?M Zn solution improved the grain yield, biological yield, and other yield related traits. Grain and straw Zn enrichment were also enhanced in seed osmoprimed with 0.01?M Zn solution.  相似文献   

3.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Land Resources Research Institute, NARC, Islamabad to examine the impact of humic substances (HSs) coating on potassium fertilizers use efficiency. Tomato variety “Rio Grande” was used. The treatments applied were T1= Control (N, P at 250 and100?mg kg?1 respectively), T2?=?N, P?+?K at 200?mg kg?1 as SOP, T3?=?N, P?+?K at 200?mg kg?1 as NPK blend, T4?=?N, P?+?K at 200?mg kg?1 HSs coated SOP) and T5?=?N, P?+?K at 200?mg kg?1 HSs coated NPK blend. Results indicated a positive impact of sole and HSs coated products on agronomic traits, nutrient concentration, fruit quality traits, flower number, fruit umber, fruit weight, chlorophyll contents, fresh and dry biomass, tissue water contents, diameter and fruit mineral composition. The response of afore said traits to applied treatment varied.  相似文献   

4.
The concept of productive efficiency of nutrients has been discussed at length by Kimura and Chiba (1943)1). Considering that the effect of a nutrient for the production of grain and straw may be divided into several growing periods of plant.life, Kimura and Chiba (1943) conducted water culture experiments to study the effect of nitrogen absorbed at a definite period on the production of grain and straw. The total productive efficiency was divided into several partial efficiencies based upon the growing period of the rice plant. The following is a summary of their findings.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

The presence of 4-MeGln in the tulip plant was discovered by ZACHARIUS et al. (1954), and it was found that this amide generally occurred in the leaves of almost all the species of genus Tulipa (FOWDEN and STEWARD 1957a). The 4-MeGln compound has been detected in every part of the tulip plant, i.e., bulb scales, roots, basal plate, young shoots, leaves, stern, and flower (FOWDEN and STEWARD 1957a, b; OHYAMA 1986; OHYAMA et al. 1985, 1988a, b; ZACHARIUS et al. 1954, 1957). Especially 4-MeGln was found to be a major soluble N constituent in the leaves and stem of tulip of the flowering stage (OHYAMA et al. 1985; OHYAMA 1986).  相似文献   

6.
Most reports of the studies on solubilisatioh of phosphate in liquid culture and soil suggested that organic acids produced by microorganisms are responsible for promoting the dissolution of phosphate. Sperber (11, 12), Louw and Webley (7) and Duff, Webley and Scott (2) studied the production of acids by cultures of some phosphate dissolving fungi. actinomycetes and bacteria and observed that among the acids produced in liquid medium, hydroxy carboxylic acids such as lactic and 2-ketogluconic acids were responsible for solubilisation of phosphates. In the present studies, apart from the culture of Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum isolated from phosphobacterin which had been obtained from USSR. Indian strains of Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus circulans and Escherichia freundii isolated and identified by Sundara Rao and Sinha (13) were used. These studies were undertaken to find out different types of nonvolatile acids produced in Pikovskaya's (9) liquid medium.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Microbial metabolism in reduction process of waterlogged paddy soils has been studied by Takai, Koyama, and Kamura (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), Koyama (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12), and others. The results indicated that microbial metabolism in waterlogged soils takes place according to the following steps: (1) In the early stage of the incubation period, dissolved O2, is consumed and the redox potential drops rapidly. (2) NO2? and NO2? are reduced to N2. (3) Mn4+ is reduced to Mn2+. (4) Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+. (5) SO4 2? is reduced to S2?. (6) H2 and CH4 are produced. Takai and Chiang (13) reported that NH4+ and PO4 3+ in waterlogged paddy soils increase with the incubation period. Chiang and Takai (14) indicated that carbohydrates in the soil solutions almost remain constant throughout the incubation period, however, organic acids change similarly to those reported previously (5, 6).  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

New studies are needed to optimize the nitrogen (N) amount that can be applied to utilize the Azospirillum brasilense benefits. In addition, information regarding the interaction between the urease inhibitor and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and how they affect the macronutrients accumulation are also needed. We evaluate the effect of N sources and doses associated with A. brasilense regarding the macronutrients accumulation in straw and grains and wheat grain yield in tropical conditions. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications in a 2?×?5?×?2 factorial arrangement as follows: two N sources (urea and urea with urease enzyme inhibitor NBPT; five N doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200?kg ha?1) applied in topdressing; with and without A. brasilense inoculation. We found that an increase in N doses positively influenced the accumulation of macronutrients in straw and grains and the wheat grain yield. N sources have similar effects. Inoculation with A. brasilense increased accumulation of Mg and S in straw and P, Ca, and Mg in grains, regardless of the N dose. The inoculation with A. brasilense associated with 140?kg ha?1 of N increased wheat grain yield. The inoculation can contribute in a more sustainable way to wheat nutrition and optimizing N fertilization.  相似文献   

9.
There have been several papers dealing with the difference in chemical composition between callus tissue and normal parent tissue. WEINSTEIN, TULECKE, NICKELL, and LAURENCOT (1–3) revealed, in a series of papers, that the contents of amino acids, sugars, and nucleic acids often differed strikingly between callus and normal tissue of Agave toumeyana Trel. (1), Ginkgo biloba, L. (2), and PAUL's scarlet rose (3). STEWARD, THOMPSON, and POLLARD (4) also reported that the content of some amino acids of rapidly growing and randomly proliferating tissue is outstandingly different from that of normal tissue.  相似文献   

10.
Kursanov et al. conducted a series of studies on the CO2 uptake by roots and translocation and uilization in plant, using carbon-l4 labelled CO2. Kursanov, Kuzin and Mamul1) first studied the uptake of CO2 by the roots of intact bean seedlings and found that after 18-hours exposure in the light, most of the radioactive carbon was translocated upwards. Later on, in a more detailed paper2) these Russian workers estimated that under their experimental conditions, the amount of CO2 absorbed by roots is as much as 25 per cent of that taken up from the atmosphere by leaves. They also reported that soluble carbonates supplied as a fertilizer increased the yield of bean, barley, potato and sugar beet by 15 to 18 per cene). In addition Grinfeld 4) stated that 30–50 kg of CO2 per hectare, dressed as ammonium carbonate, increased the yield of sugar beet by 7 to 16 per cent.  相似文献   

11.
Soil humus plays a significant role in the cation exchange of a soil. YOSHIDA (1) showed that, as a general rule, divalent ions such as calcium and magnesium were adsorbed more strongly onto humus than monovalent ions such as ammonium and potassium in an ion-exchange reaction. He did not, however, describe the behavior of heavy metal ions. BREMNER et al. (2) first suggested that soil organic matter forms complexes with polyvalent cations. HIMES and BARBER (3) found that soil organic matter reacts with divalent metal ions in a manner similar to the chelation reaction. Reviews of the soil organic matter-metal complex have been written by BREMNER et al. (2) and KAWAGUCHI, MATSUO and KYUMA (4).  相似文献   

12.
The central districts of Japan are mountainous areas rising to 3,000 metres which are predominantly covered with forest vegetation. A comprehensive and systematic classification of the soils in this region has not yet been made, but the following soil types have been reported to occur: - 1. 1. Brown forest soils, podzolic soils, black soils and red soils. [Described by OHMASA (14)]

2. 2. Alpine grassland soils and alpine meadow soils. [Described by KUMADA et al. (9)]

3. 3. A series of randzina-like soils with a very restricted distribution. These are derived mainly from limestone and show various degrees of maturity. [Described by KUMADA et al. (8)]

4. 4. Red-yellow soils. These sometimes show a close resemblance to OHMASA's red soils and are found on diluvial plateaux and hills. [Described by KANNO (1)]

5. 5. Paddy soils.

  相似文献   

13.
Investigations on the extraction and determination of organic acids in flooded soil have been reported by TAKAI (1) and TAKIJIMA (2). TAKAI applied water to extract acids from soil and determined them by BULLEN's method (3). However, TAKIJIMA reported that organic acid could not be completely extracted by TAKAI's procedure, especially in soil with a high organic matter content such as muck and peaty soils, and proposed an extraction procedure with 0.5 N sulfuric acid. He also discussed the absorption of acids by soil.  相似文献   

14.
Barley plants were grown hydroponically at two levels of K (3.0 and 30 mm) and Fe (1.0 and 10 μm) in the presence of excess Mn (25 μm) for 14 d in a phytotron. Plants grown under adequate K level (3.0 mm) were characterized by brown spots on old leaves, desiccation of old leaves, interveinal chlorosis on young leaves, browning of roots, and release of phytosiderophores (PS) from roots. These symptoms were more pronounced in the plants grown under suboptimal Fe level (1.0 p,M) than in the plants grown under adequate Fe level (10 μm). Plants grown in 10 μm Fe with additional K (30 mm) produced a larger amount of dry matter and released less PS than the plants grown under adequate K level (3.0 mm), and did not show leaf injury symptoms and root browning. On the other hand, the additional K supply in the presence of 1.0 μM Fe decreased the severity of brown spots, prevented leaf desiccation, and increased the leaf chlorophyll content, which was not sufficient for the regreening of chlorotic leaves. These results suggested that the additional K alleviated the symptoms of Mn toxicity depending on the Fe concentration in the nutrient solution. The concentration (per g dry matter) and accumulation (per plant) of Mn in shoots and roots of plants grown in 10 μm Fe and 30 mm K were much lower than those of the plants grown in 10 μm Fe and 3.0 mm K, indicating that additional K repressed the absorption of Mn. The concentration and accumulation of Fe in the shoots and roots of the plants grown in 10 μm Fe and 30 mm K were higher than those of the plants grown in 10 μm Fe and 3.0 mm K, indicating that the additional K increased the absorption of Fe under excess Mn level in the nutrient solution. The release of PS, chlorophyll content, and shoot Fe concentration were closely correlated.  相似文献   

15.
In a previous communication from this laboratory it has been indicated that mint plants respond typically to different environmental conditions (day length and temperature) by marked alterations in growth, and synthesis of essential oil (SINGH and SINGH, 1968a (1)). Similar work on M. piperita L. carried out by several workers clearly shows that the mineral nutrition and metabolism of this plant are equally affected by environmental changes (CRANE and STEWARD, 1962 (2) ; RABSON, 1965 (3) ; STEWARD et al. 1959 (4)), and the metabolic consequences which flow from deficiencies of nutrient elements are greatly influenced by these factors, e. g., lack of phosphorus under short days is accompanied by greater accumulation of amides than under long days and, therefore, causes decrease in other soluble constituents, viz. amino acids (CRANE and STEWARD, 1962).  相似文献   

16.
Blast disease is one of the biggest diseases of rice plant in Japan. For example, in 1953, the total area of damage by blast disease was about 160 × 104 hectare and the decreased yield of rice Was about 67.5 × 104 ton in Japan. There have been many studies on blast disease for a long time. Tanaka and Katsuki (7)studied the relation between environmental conditions and blast disease. They always used adult healthy rice plants as plant materials and have not analysed the plants damaged by blast fungus directly. They suggested the presence of growth-promoting factors of blast funngus especially in susceptible rice varieties. Tamari and Kaji (5, 6) suggested that the blast fungus produced some effective toxic substances which might cause the disease. Suzuki, Doi and Toyoda (4) continued to study the mechanism of rice blast resistance and they have proposed 3 phases of resistance. They are (a) resistance and environtmental factors, (b) resistance and host camponents and (c) relation of host variety to fungus race.  相似文献   

17.
Recent studies have shown that the incorporation of ammonium nitrogen into amino acids in the leaves is strictly dependent on light (1-4). It is speculated that the effect of light on ammonium assimilation may be through the synthesis of the precursors of amino acids, or by the supply of the energy required for amination and amidation with organic acids. In the Vicia faba chloroplasts Givan et al. (1) exhibited that the synthesis of glutamic acid from a-ketoglutarate was linked with the generation of reduced pyridin nucleotide by photosynthetic electron transport. Mitchell and Stocking (2) suggested the direct coupling of glutamine formation with photophosphorylation in the pea chloroplasts. On the other hand. the processes of nitrate assimilation are more indebted to light than those of ammonium assimilation, because the former ones involve the reduction of nitrate to ammonium which is believed to be light-dependent (5). Canvin and Atkins (6). and Atkins and Canvin (7) reported that the incorporation of 15N-labeled ammonium and nitrate into amino acid fractiom was depressed by the dark treatment and by photosystem inhibitors; 3-(3′,4′-dichlrophenyl)-1-1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and carbonyl-cyanide-m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone(CCCP).  相似文献   

18.
It is well known that methyl mercaptan is porduced by the microbiological decomposition of methionine1),2),3). According to Kondo 4) and Onitake 1)not only hydrogen sulfide, but also methyl mercaptan were produced from cystine by E. coli and Proteus vulgaris in the medium containing one of glucose, lactose, sucrose, glycerin or histidine. Moreover, Onitake 1) found that methyl mercaptan was produced by the action of E. coli in the medium containing hydrogen sulfide and a trace of ethyl alcohol, and that evolution of methyl mercaptan began only 5 minutes after the start of experiment in the medium containing methionine, but it began after 12hrs in the medium containing 1-cystine and glucose. According to Birkinshaw, Findlay and Webb5) methyl mercaptan was found in the medium containing glucose, sulfate and other mineral salts, inoculated by Schizophyllum commune. In the same cultural condition as given above, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide were detected by Challenger and Chartons 5) from the data presented above, in addition to microbiological formation of methyl mercaptan from methionine, the possibility cannot be excluded of methyl mercaptan formation by microbes from cystine, sulfate or hydrogen sulfide in the medium containing one of organic compounds such as sugars, glycerin, histidine and ethyl alcohol, etc.  相似文献   

19.
The root uptake of germanium, as well as its phytotoxicity, was demonstrated in 1935 by Geilman and BrÜnger (1) in a study with barley, oat and several other crop plants. They were studied on an artificially prepared soil mediums consisting of sand and peat. Recently, a research work on the germanium uptake by lowland rice was reported by Chino and Tanaka (2) with special reference to the pollution problem. The problem was originated from irrigation water contaminated with industrial waste. Meanwhile, the analogous property of germanium to silicon in chemical behavior can be assumed because of their close positions in the periodic table.  相似文献   

20.
Effects of NaCl on the seed germination and growth of Casuarina equisetifolia seedlings and multiplication of the Frankia Ceq1 strain isolated from the root nodules of C. equisetifolia were examined. The germination rate of the seeds markedly decreased as the NaCl concentration increased and germination did not occur at 300 mM NaCl. The fresh weight of both shoots and roots of the seedlings treated with NaCl for 6 weeks apparently decreased as the NaCl concentration increased. However, root nodules were formed by inoculation with the Frankia Ceq1 strain in some seedlings treated with 300 mM NaCl and the viability of the seedlings at 500 mM NaCl was almost the same as that of the seedlings not subjected to the NaCl treatment. The Na+ concentration in the shoots sharply increased with the elevation of the NaCl concentration in the ambient solution, but the level was approximately 300 mM even in the seedlings treated with 500 mM NaCl for 6 weeks. On the other hand, the increase of the Na+ concentration in the roots by the NaCl treatment was much smaller than that in the shoots and the level was less than 150 mM. The growth of the free-living Frankia Ceq1 strain was approximately linearly suppressed as the NaCl concentration in the medium increased and the hyphae became somewhat thicker and shorter or disintegrated in the medium containing NaCl at a concentration above 150 mM. The Na+ concentration in the cells increased as the NaCl concentration in the medium increased, but the level was maintained at less than 30 mM even in the medium containing 500 mM NaCl. The cells whose growth was suppressed by the NaCI treatment grew actively again at almost the same rate as the control cells (not subjected to the NaCl treatment) when they were transferred to NaCl-free medium. These results strongly suggested that both C. equisetifolia seedlings and Frankia Ceq1 strain are highly tolerant to salt and this symbiotic system is useful for the recovery of the vegetation in areas with severe salt accumulation.  相似文献   

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