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1.
Abstract

Growth and nutrient acquisition in sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) were studied under salt stress in vitro. Microshoots were transferred to Murashige and Skoog (MS) solid proliferation media containing 8.9 µM BA (6‐Benzyladenine) and 0.5 µM NAA (naphthaline acetic acid). Salinity was induced by incorporating different concentrations [0.0 (control), 50, 100, 150, 200, or 300 mM] of sodium chloride (NaCl) to the culture media. Microshoots were exposed to direct or gradual salinity shock. Slight reduction was obtained in growth (shoot length, shoot number, leaf number, and dry weight) when microshoots were directly exposed to NaCl stress from 0.0 to 150 mM. At 200 and 300 mM NaCl, growth parameters were adversly affected and microshoots died thereafter. Gradual NaCl shock was studied by transferring microshoots sequentialy every week to different NaCl concentraions (0.0, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 300 mM). Growth was monitored at each concentration until the end of the last week of incubation at 300 mM NaCl. Growth (shoot length, shoot number or leaf number, and dry weight) generally decreased with elevated salinity level, but was less impaired than the direct shock. The percentage of shoot content of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and iron (Fe) in the direct Nail shock experiment were reduced with elevated salinity level. This reduction was less in the gradual shock treatments. Sodium Chloride level strongly reduced Fe acquisition under both direct and gradual salinity stress. Tissue contents of sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) were increased with the imposed salinity treatments in both experiments.  相似文献   

2.
We investigated the effect of exogenously applied silicon (Si) on the growth and physiological attributes of wheat grown under sodium chloride salinity stress in two independent experiments. In the first experiment, two wheat genotypes SARC-3 (salt tolerant) and Auqab 2000 (salt sensitive) were grown in nutrient solution containing 0 and 100 mM sodium chloride supplemented with 2 mM Si or not. Salinity stress substantially reduced shoot and root dry matter in both genotypes; nonetheless, reduction in shoot dry weight was (2.6-fold) lower in SARC-3 than in Auqab 2000 (5-fold). Application of Si increased shoot and root dry weight and plant water contents in both normal and saline conditions. Shoot Na+ and Na+:K+ ratio also decreased with Si application under stress conditions. In the second experiment, both genotypes were grown in normal nutrient solution with and without 2 mM Si. After 12 days, seedlings were transferred to 1-l plastic pots and 150 mM sodium chloride salinity stress was imposed for 10 days to all pots. Shoot growth, chlorophyll content and membrane permeability were improved by Si application. Improved growth of salt-stressed wheat by Si application was mainly attributed to improved plant water contents in shoots, chlorophyll content, decreased Na+ and increased K+ concentrations in shoots as well as maintained membrane permeability.  相似文献   

3.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of foliar salicylic acid (SA) on salt tolerance of sweet basil seedlings by examining growth, photosynthetic activity, total osmoregulators, and mineral content under salinity. Salinity treatments were established by adding 0, 60, and 120 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) to a base nutrient solution. The addition of 60 and 120 mM NaCl inhibited the growth, photosynthetic activity, and nutrient uptake of sweet basil seedlings, and increased the electrolyte leakage and the plant contents of proline and Na. Sweet basil seedlings were treated with foliar SA application at different concentrations (0.0, 0.50, and 1.00 mM). Foliar applications of SA led to an increase in the growth, chlorophyll content, and gas exchange attributes. With regard to nutrient content, it can be inferred that foliar SA applications increased almost all nutrient content in leaves of sweet basil plants under salt stress. Generally, the greatest values were obtained from 1.00 mM SA application.  相似文献   

4.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most sensitive crops to drought, salt and cold stresses, particularly at post germination stage. The effects of these stresses on some physiological responses of two (a salt tolerant and a sensitive) rice cultivars ‘FL478’ and ‘IR29’ were investigated in this study. Two-day seedlings were transferred to MS media complemented with iso-osmotic concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl; 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) or mannitol (0, 100, 180, and 275 mM) at 25°C or four and 15°C for 10 days. Experiments were carried out based on completely randomized design, with at least three replicates. All three stresses decreased shoot growth, chlorophylls, carotenoids and root starch while increased shoot soluble sugars. The effect of exerted cold stress on growth, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonyldialdehyde levels, electrolyte leakage, chlorophylls and carotenoids contents was more than or comparable with drought, but greater than salinity. The results also indicated higher tolerance of ‘‘FL478’’ not only to salinity but also to drought compared to ‘‘IR29’’. Therefore, a mechanism for osmotic stress adjustment is probable in ‘‘FL478’’ in addition to low sodium (Na+) to potassium (K+) ratio in shoot tissues under salinity.  相似文献   

5.
Poor quality of irrigation water (high salinity) has reduced the yields of pistachio over recent years, especially in Kerman. The effects of four salinity levels [0, 30, 60, and 90 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)] and three calcium (Ca) levels [0, 0.5, and 1 mM Ca as calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2.4H2O)] on growth and chemical composition of pistachio seedlings cv. ‘Badami’ were studied in sand culture under greenhouse conditions in completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. After 170 days, leaf area, leaf number, shoot and root dry weights were determined. Also shoot and root sodium (Na), potassium (K), Ca, and magnesium (Mg) concentrations were measured. Results showed salinity decreased all growth parameters. Ca application increased shoot and root Ca concentrations and root K concentration, while Ca application decreased shoot K concentration and shoot and root Mg concentrations. Salinity decreased shoot Ca, root K, and root Mg concentrations, while salinity increased shoot and root total sodium uptake, and shoot and root Cl concentrations.  相似文献   

6.
The present study was conducted to evaluate shoot and root mineral composition of salt-stressed Selva strawberry under application timing of salicylic acid (SA). Treatments included plants sprayed with 0.5 or 1 mM SA, plants exposed to 40 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), and plants sprayed with 0.5 or 1 mM SA 1 week before, simultaneously, or after initiation of 40 mM salinity. Results indicated that under saline conditions, sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) contents increased along with decrease in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in shoot and root of plants. In plants treated with SA at 1 mM concentration, 1 week before salinity application, root Mg and shoot Ca were greater in comparison to salt-stressed plants treated with the same SA concentration 1 week after their exposure to salt stress. Thus, earlier SA application appears to be a better strategy for optimized protection against deleterious influence of salinity.  相似文献   

7.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of foliar salicylic acid (SA) applications on growth, chlorophyll, and mineral content of cucumber grown under salt stress. The study was conducted in pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. Cucumber seedlings were treated with foliar SA applications at different concentrations (0.0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mM). Salinity treatments were established by adding 0, 60, and 120 mM of sodium chloride (NaCl) to a base complete nutrient solution. The SA was applied with spraying two times as before and after transplanting. Salt stress negatively affected the growth, chlorophyll content and mineral uptake of cucumber plants. However, foliar applications of SA resulted in greater shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and root dry weight as well as higher plants under salt stress. Shoot diameter and leaf number per plant increased with SA treatments under salt stress. The greatest chlorophyll content was obtained with 1.00 mM SA treatment in both saline and non-saline conditions. Leaf water relative content (LWRC) reduced in response to salt stress while SA raised LWRC of salt stressed cucumber plants. Salinity treatments induced significant increases in electrolyte leakage. Plants treated with foliar SA had lower values of electrolyte leakage than non-treated ones. In regard to nutrient content, it can be interfered that foliar SA applications increased almost all nutrient content in leaves and roots of cucumber plants under salt stress. Generally, the greatest values were obtained from 1.00 mM SA application. Based on these findings, the SA treatments may help alleviate the negative effect of salinity on the growth of cucumber.  相似文献   

8.
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Zn application to salt stressed eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seedlings grown in vitro and whether it can alleviate the deleterious effects of salinity or not. Zinc (0, 5, 10 and 20?mg/L) and sodium chloride (NaCl) at different concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150?mM) were added to solidified half strength MS medium placed in 250?mL glass jars. The treatments were arranged in a 4?×?4 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. Application of Zn to growing seedlings at different concentrations (5, 10 or 20?mg/L) increased the length of shoot and root and their dry weights, as well as enhanced the photosynthetic pigment contents and leaf relative water content compared to control. However, the application of NaCl to growing seedlings at different concentrations (50, 100 and 150?mM) significantly reduced the above mentioned attributes compared to control and those of Zn treatments alone. Treatment of seedlings with either Zn (5, 0 or 20?mg/L) or NaCl (50, 100 or 150?mM) significantly increased the proline content and the antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in growing seedlings. However, the application of Zn to salt stressed seedlings mitigated the deleterious effects of salt stress in growing seedlings and increased the tolerance of seedlings to its deleterious effects.  相似文献   

9.
Banebaghi is considered a natural hybrid in Pistacia genus that can be used as rootstock for pistachio. In order to study the effects of salinity stress on growth indices, physiological parameters and element concentration in Banebaghi, an experiment was arranged as a factorial in completely randomized design (CRD). Factors were salinity of irrigation water (0, 60 and 120 mM of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, respectively), growth type (mutica growth type and pistachio growth type) and stem height (stem height lower half of the plant and stem height upper half of the plant) with four replications. Our results showed that salinity reduced vegetative parameters, SPAD index, leaf relative water content (RWC) and water use efficiency (WUE). Shoot dry weight of seedlings in both heights, decreased at the salinity level of 120 mM, at about 60% compared with control. At the highest level of salinity (120 mM), seedlings with a height lower half of the plant had lower reduction in the fresh and dry weight of the root and showed more resistance to the salinity stress because of maintaining RWC of leaves and high levels of potassium and calcium in the shoot. Salinity increased sodium (Na) concentration of shoot and root in both growth types: mutica and pistachio. Seedlings with pistachio growth type and a height upper half of the plant and seedlings with mutica growth type and a height lower half of the plant had more resistance to salinity stress.  相似文献   

10.
The effects of exogenous calcium (Ca2+) on root growth and lignification-related parameters – phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidases (POD) activities, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lignin contents – in roots of NaCl-stressed soybean seedlings were analyzed. Three-day-old seedlings were cultivated in half-strength Hoagland's solution (pH 6.0) with or without 5 mM calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] and 50 to 200 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) in a growth chamber (25°C, 12/12 h light/dark photoperiod, irradiance of 280 μmol m?2 s?1) for 24 h. In general, results showed that the absence of Ca2+ reduced root growth and increased lignification of soybean seedlings grown in NaCl-free nutrient solution. NaCl reduced the root growth and all lignification-related parameters. Root growth, PAL and POD activities and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents were more affected after NaCl treatments without Ca2+ in the nutrient solution. At 5 mM, Ca2+ did not alleviate the deleterious effects of NaCl on lignification-related parameters.  相似文献   

11.
Crop production in many parts of the world is increasingly affected by soil salinization, especially in the irrigated fields of arid and semi-arid regions. The effects of four magnesium levels [0, 0.5, 1, and 22 millliMolar (mM) magnesium as magnesium sulfate (MgSO4.5H2O)], and three salinity levels [0, 45 and 90 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)] on growth and the chemical composition of pistachio seedlings (Pistacia vera L.) cv. ‘Badami-e-Zarand’ was studied in sand culture under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was set up as a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. After 28 weeks the growth parameters of biomass, leaf number, leaf area and stem height were measured. The results demonstrated that salinity decreased biomass, leaf area and stem height; the application of 2 mM magnesium (Mg) significantly reduced biomass, leaf number, leaf area and stem height; salinity stress increased concentrations of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) in shoot as well as Na concentration in root; however, it decreased Mg and calcium (Ca) concentrations in shoot, as well as Mg, Ca, and K concentrations in root. The application of 2 mM Mg reduced K and Ca concentrations in shoot and Na and K concentrations in root.  相似文献   

12.
Seedlings of two strawberry cultivars ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Chandler’ were grown using perlite in a greenhouse for 20 days, and then plants were watered with nutrient solution containing 0, 8.5, 17.0, and 34.0 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for 6 months. Sodium chloride treatments generally reduced the leaf and root dry weight. Relative water content (RWC) of leaves was maintained despite the increased salt concentrations while loss of turgidity was increased by sodium chloride (NaCl) treatments in both cultivars. As the most variable amino acids, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, proline, serine, and alanine were determined under salt stress in plants. Sodium chloride treatments generally increased sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) contents in all plant parts. The plants were able to maintain high potassium (K) levels in the aerial parts with the 8.5 mM NaCl treatment. It can be concluded that ‘Camarosa’ has the ability to osmotic regulation. ‘Chandler’ also tolerates the salt injury at low salt concentrations.  相似文献   

13.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(8):1441-1452
Abstract

Saltgrass [Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene var. stricta (Gray) Beetle], accession WA-12, collected from a salt playa in Wilcox, AZ, was studied in a greenhouse to evaluate its growth responses in terms of shoot and root lengths, shoot dry-matter yield, and nitrogen (N) (regular and 15N) absorption rates under control and salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) stress conditions. Plants were grown under a control (no salt) and three levels of salt stress (100, 200, and 400 mM NaCl, equivalent to 5850, 11700, and 23400 mg L? 1 sodium chloride, respectively), using Hoagland solution in a hydroponics system. Ammonium sulfate [(15NH4)2SO4], 53% 15N (atom percent 15N) was used to enrich the plants. Plant shoots were harvested weekly, oven-dried at 60°C, and the dry weights measured. At each harvest, both shoot and root lengths were also measured. During the last harvest, plant roots were also harvested and oven-dried, and dry weights were determined and recorded. All harvested plant materials were analyzed for total N and 15N. The results showed that shoot and root lengths decreased under increasing salinity levels. However, both shoot fresh and dry weights significantly increased at 200 mM NaCl salinity relative to the control or to the 400 mM NaCl level. Shoot succulence (fresh weight/dry weight) also increased from the control (no salt) to 200 mM NaCl, then declined. The root dry weights at both 200 mM and 400 mM NaCl salinity levels were significantly higher than under the control. Concentrations of both total-N and 15N in the shoots were higher in NaCl-treated plants relative to those under the control. Shoot total-N and 15N contents were highest in 200 mM NaCl-treated plants relative to those under the control and 400 mM salinity.  相似文献   

14.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Lvyuan4) seedlings were either noninoculated or inoculated with four bacteria to study the interactions of salinity in saline soil, cucumber, and bacteria. The seedlings were grown under controlled conditions in pots; the solutions of 100, 200, 400, and 600 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) and bacterial broth were added to the soils. Deionized water was used as control. There were nine treatments in the experiment. Each treatment contained three replications and each replication represented six plants. After 14 days of treatment, morphological characteristics, fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll, soluble sugar, malonaldehyde, proline, nutrient elements, and sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl?) contents in plants and soils were calculated. Soil salinity inhibited seedlings growth, but low concentration of NaCl promoted plant growth. Soil microbial biomass decreased in saline soils and increased in inoculated treatments. Bacteria had the role of promoting growth and protecting plants against salinity. Bacteria accelerated Na+ and Cl? uptake markedly.  相似文献   

15.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oilseed crop with clear sensibility to salt stress. In this study, we evaluated silicon (Si) effect on the nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activity in sunflower plants subjected to salinity. A 4 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design with four replicates was used, consisting of four concentrations of Si (0.0; 1.0; 1.5; and 2.0 mM) and four concentrations of NaCl (0; 50; 100; and 150 mM) in the nutrient solution. The salinity reduced the nitrate content, but the increasing Si concentration in the medium improved the nitrate uptake, leading this ion to accumulate in salt-stressed plants, particularly in the roots. The nitrate reductase activity and the proline and soluble N-amino contents were also significantly increased by Si in salt conditions. The salinity increased electrolyte leakage and reduced the activity of enzymes superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase in sunflower plants, but these decreases were reversed by Si at 2 mM, thus alleviating the effects of salinity on these variables. We conclude that Si is able to positively modulate nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activities in sunflower plants in order to alleviate the harmful effects of salinity.  相似文献   

16.
The resistance of most plants to salt can be impaired by concurrent waterlogging. However, few studies have examined this interaction during germination and early seedling growth and its implications for nutrient uptake. The aim of the study was to examine the response of germination, early growth, and nutrient uptake to salt (NaCl) and hypoxia applied to barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Stirling), in solution culture. Hypoxia, induced by covering seeds with water, lowered the germination from 94% to 28% but salinity and hypoxia together lowered it further to 13% at 120 mM NaCl. While the germination was 75% at 250 mM NaCl in aerated solution, it was completely inhibited at this NaCl concentration under hypoxia. Sodium ion (Na+) concentrations in germinated seedlings increased with increasing salinity under both aerated and hypoxic conditions during germination, while K+ and Mg+ concentrations were decreased with increasing salinity in 6 d old seedlings. After 20 d, control seedlings had the same dry weights of the roots and shoots with and without hypoxia but at 10 mM NaCl and higher, shoot and root dry weight was depressed with hypoxia. Sodium ion increased in roots and shoots with increased NaCl under both aerated and hypoxic conditions while K+ was depressed when salinity and hypoxia were applied together and Ca2+ was mostly decreased by NaCl. In general, hypoxia had greater effects on nutrient concentrations than NaCl by decreasing N, P, S, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Fe in shoots and by increasing B concentrations. The threshold salinity levels decreased markedly for germination, uptake of a range of nutrients, and for seedling growth of barley under hypoxic compared to well‐aerated conditions.  相似文献   

17.
Solanum scabrum Mill. (huckleberry) is widespread in West, East and Central Africa, where it constitutes one of the most important leafy vegetables. However, the salinity tolerance of this crop has not yet been assessed. The objective of this study was to assess the response of huckleberry to salinity stress in comparison with eggplant (S. melongena L.). Four-week-old seedlings of both species were subjected to two levels of salinity stress, 50 mM and 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), for 14 d. Leaf water potential of both species decreased with increasing salinity stress. This decrease was lower in huckleberry than in eggplant. Total dry weight and total leaf area were also decreased by salinity, and the reductions of total dry weight and total leaf area under the 50 mM treatment compared with the control were 25 and 18% in huckleberry, while they were 47 and 55% in eggplant, respectively. The increases in leaf sodium (Na) accumulation in the 50 and 150 mM treatments compared with the control were 65 and 66% for eggplant and 18 and 36% for huckleberry, respectively. Na accumulation in stem and root in huckleberry was higher than that of leaf, whereas it was the reverse in eggplant under both salinity treatments. Huckleberry accumulated less Na in the leaves than eggplant, suggesting that huckleberry might reduce the transport of Na to its leaves more effectively than eggplant. The decrease of potassium (K) accumulation and the increase of Na in leaves by salinity resulted in a higher Na/K ratio in leaves, but this trend was greater in eggplant than in huckleberry. The calcium (Ca) concentration in leaves of huckleberry was also increased by salinity, whereas that of eggplant was decreased. These results indicate that huckleberry is more tolerant to salinity than eggplant, and less decrease in leaf area associated with lower leaf Na and increased Ca concentrations may be important in enhancing quality and sustaining productivity of the crop under this stress.  相似文献   

18.
To study the effect of nitrogen and salinity on growth and chemical composition of pistachio seedlings (cv. ‘Badami’), a greenhouse experiment was conducted. Treatments consisted of four salinity levels [0, 800, 1600, and 2400 mg sodium chloride (NaCl) kg?1 soil], and four nitrogen (N) levels (0, 60, 120, and 180 mg kg?1 soil as urea). Treatments were arranged in a factorial manner in a completely randomized design with three replications. The highest level of nitrogen and salinity decreased leaf and root dry weights. Nitrogen application significantly increased the concentration of shoot N and salinity suppressed shoot N concentration. Salinity and nitrogen fertilization increased shoot and root sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations. Nitrogen application increased proline concentration and reducing sugar content. Although salinity levels increased proline concentration a specific trend on reducing sugars content was not observed.  相似文献   

19.
Salt toxicity comprises of osmotic and ionic components both of which can severely affect root and shoot growth. In many crop species, supplemental calcium (Ca) reduces the inhibition of growth typical of exposure to salt stress. The objective of this study was to compare whole plant growth and physiological responses to interactive effect of salinity and Ca level on three forage species [African millet (AM), tall wheat grass (TW), and perennial ryegrass (PR)] differing in tolerance to sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity. Plants were grown under glasshouse condition and supplied with nutrient solution containing 0, 100, and 250 mM NaCl supplemented with 0.5, 5, or 10 mM calcium chloride (CaCl2). Plant growth, ionic concentration, water relations, and solute (proline and glycinebetaine) concentrations of the plants were determined two weeks after the salinity treatments. At 100 mM NaCl, there was a moderate reduction in dry matter (DM) production of all three species. A drastic decrease in DM occurred at 250 mM NaCl. Supplemental Ca reduced the adverse effects of salinity on all three species. The TW showed higher shoot and root growth in 100 and 250 mM NaCl than AM and PR. It also showed the highest DM at 5 and 10 mM Ca supplement. The shoot and root DM of TW increased by about 45 and 15%, respectively compared to the control. Chemical analysis indicated that in TW, Ca restricted both uptake and transport of sodium (Na) from root to shoot. It also increased Ca and potassium (K) concentrations in both organs. The transport of K and Ca from root to shoot of AM and PR were decreased by NaCl, but were restored with increasing Ca in the medium. The opposite occurred for Na. In PR, more K uptake was observed in shoot at 250 mM NaCl with 10 mM Ca supplement. The sap osmotic potential (ΨS) was the highest in TW at 10 mM Ca in the presence of 250 mM NaCl. Contribution of various solutes to the difference in ΨS among the species from the control and 250 mM salt treatment differed greatly. Supplemental Ca induced decline in the leaf ΨS of TW which was predominately due to K, glycinebetaine, Na and proline accumulation. Addition of 10 mM Ca to the growth medium maintained a low Na and a high K level. Accumulation of glycinebetaine and proline in leaf contributed the NaCl tolerance of TW. The presented results suggest that supplement Ca, not only improved ionic relations but also induced plant ability in production of compatible solutes (glycinebetaine and proline) and osmotic adjustment. Accordingly, genotype dependent capacity could be found using supplemental Ca.  相似文献   

20.
The impact of salinity (0–400 mM NaCl) on the germination of four Tunisian accessions (Tabarka, Mahdia, Sfax, and Jerba) of the halophyte Cakile maritima was assessed. Moderate salinity (50–150 mM NaCl) slightly inhibited the germination of Sfax, Mahdia, and Jerba seeds, since more than 75% of the sown seeds germinated. Salt adverse impact was more pronounced in Tabarka seeds, which showed significantly less germination capacity, even under salt‐free conditions (40%). Although increasing salinity drastically inhibited the germination in Tabarka, Sfax was the most tolerant accession, especially at 200–300 mM sodium chloride (NaCl). Assessing germination kinetics using a mathematical model indicated that high salinity impaired and delayed the germination process. Such an effect resulted from the combination of osmotic and toxic components, especially at the greatest concentrations (300–400 mM NaCl). These findings point out that the successful establishment of this halophyte at the earliest ontogeny stages is both accession‐ and salt‐dependent.  相似文献   

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