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1.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(8):1605-1616
Abstract

Element deficiencies, such as molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), lead to disturbances of morphological and physiological processes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). On exposure to nutrient solution without Mo, leaf morphology was significantly affected, whereas photosynthetic processes conserved their normal activities. The decreased Mo, Fe, and Ca concentrations in tobacco were associated with loss of pigments and photosynthetic disturbances. In Ca‐deficient plants a reduction in the rate constant of energy trapping by PSII centers and a physical dissociation of LHC from PSII core, were observed. The poisonous action of Fe and Ca deficiencies focused mainly in the decreased proportion of active chlorophyll associated with the reaction center (RC) of PSII (decreased F v /F 0) and in the declined total number of electrons that have gone through the RCs (decreased Area/F m  ? F 0). In parallel, the non‐photochemical quenching coefficient was significantly enhanced in Fe and Ca‐deficient plants, but remained unchanged in Mo‐deficient plants. It is obvious that nutrient deficiency may trigger some protective mechanisms in order to PSII could maintain its activity under that type of stress.  相似文献   

2.
Effects of nitrogen (N) deficiency on photosynthetic carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation, photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry and photoinhibition were investigated in young trees of two olive cultivars ‘Meski’ and ‘Koroneiki’ grown in a greenhouse under controlled conditions. The trees were subjected to four different levels of N supply. N deficient trees had a significantly smaller CO2 assimilatory capacity, but showed little changes in maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry. However, modifications in PSII photochemistry induced by N deficiency were observed. This was reflected in decreases in quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII) and efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centres (Fv’/Fm’) and in an increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). These results suggest that modifications in PSII photochemistry might be a mechanism to down-regulate photosynthetic electron transport so that production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). would be in equilibrium with the decreased demand in the Calvin cycle in the N deficient trees. Therefore, both CO2 assimilation rate and total electron flow (Jt) with its compound electron flows devoted to either carboxylation (Jc) or oxygenation (Jo) can be considered as useful tools to assess the N nutrition status of the trees. Clear relationships were found between Amax and the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) on the one hand, and between Jt and NNI on the other hand. The results demonstrate that ‘Meski’ is more efficient than ‘Koroneiki’ when subjected to N deficiency.  相似文献   

3.
To assess the genetic variability of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in tolerance to iron (Fe) deficiency, spectral and photosynthetic parameters of 12 peanut cultivars were determined. The results showed that peanut exhibit significant variations in spectral and photosynthetic parameters within cultivars in response to Fe deficiency. The 12 peanut cultivars were separated into three groups, which include (i) a Fe-deficient tolerant cultivar (‘Zhenghong 3’), (ii) a Fe-deficient sensitive cultivar (‘Huayu 22’), and (iii) ten intermediate cultivars. Iron deficiency caused an increase in root biomass, root/shoot ratio, structure independent pigment index and intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, but resulted in a decrease in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), quantum yield of PS II photochemistry (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of PS II (ΦPS II), photochemical reflectance index, red edge point, and chlorophyll normalized difference index. Iron deficiency-induced decline in net photosynthetic rate may be resulted from the reduction of photosynthetic pigment contents and inhibition of PSII photochemistry.  相似文献   

4.
Limited data are available on the physiological responses of leaves from fruiting trees to magnesium (Mg) deficiency. Magnesium deficiency–induced effects on photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry in leaves of fruiting (Citrus reticulate cv. Ponkan) trees were assessed by the chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) transient. Magnesium deficiency decreased leaf CO2 assimilation and carbohydrates, but had no effect on intercellular CO2 concentration. Activity of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and concentrations of Chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids (Car) decreased to a lesser extent than CO2 assimilation. Chlorophyll a fluorescence transient from Mg‐deficient leaves had increased O step and decreased P step, accompanied by positive ΔL, ΔK, ΔJ, and ΔI bands. Magnesium deficiency decreased maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (Fv/Fm), quantum yield of electron transport from Q<$>_A^‐<$> to the photosystem I (PSI) end electron acceptors (φR0), maximum amplitude of IP phase and total performance index (PItot, abs), but increased deactiviation of oxygen‐evolving complex (OEC) and energy dissipation. Magnesium‐deficient leaves had higher or similar activities of antioxidant enzymes except for lower catalase (CAT) activity, higher or similar concentrations of antioxidant metabolites, and a higher ratio of Car : Chl. Magnesium‐deficiency did not affect concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and ratios of ascorbate (ASC) to ASC + dehydroascorbate (DHA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) to GSH + oxidized glutathione (GSSG). In conclusion, Mg deficiency–induced impairment of the whole photosynthetic electron transport chain may be the main factor contributing to decreased CO2 assimilation. Enhanced energy dissipation and antioxidant metabolism provide sufficient protection to Mg‐deficient leaves against photo‐oxidative damage.  相似文献   

5.
Jatropha curcas L. has recently attracted the attention of the international research community due to its potential as a biodiesel crop. In addition, its high resistance to drought and salinity is well known. Under arid and semiarid conditions, boron (B) concentrations in irrigation water can be higher than desired when water from industry, urban areas, or desalination is used. However, the growth and physiological responses of J. curcas plants to B excess in the irrigation water are unknown. Therefore, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of B excess in the nutrient solution (0.25, 2, 4.5, and 7 mg L–1 B, applied as H3BO3) on plant growth, mineral concentration in the different plant tissues, photosynthesis, water relations, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration (as SPAD values), and composition of carbohydrates. Plant growth decreased with increasing B concentration in the nutrient solution; growth reduction was higher for roots than for leaves or stems. The B concentration increased in all plant tissues, in the following order: leaf > root > stem. These data indicate that the roots of J. curcas are more sensitive to B toxicity than the leaves and that B has restricted mobility inside these plants, accumulating mainly in the basal and middle leaves via the transpiration stream. Increasing B concentration in leaves decreased the ACO2 and the stomatal conductance, but the leaf water parameters were not affected. The data for chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that nonstomatal factors were involved in the ACO2 decline, whereas decreases in the parameters of PSII photochemistry due to B toxicity suggest that there was structural damage in chloroplasts. There was also a general tendency for a decrease in nonstructural carbohydrates in all plant tissues, possibly due to the decline in ACO2. With excess B, the concentrations of K and Mg increased in leaves due to a decrease in the growth, while a typical antagonistic effect between B and P was evident from the P concentration decrease in leaves. In summary, J. curcas should be considered a B‐sensitive plant, as a leaf B concentration of 1.2 mg (g dw)–1 caused a growth decline of approximately 30%.  相似文献   

6.
This study was undertaken to investigate how different cultivars of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) responded to boron (B) excess. Two purple‐leafed and eight green‐leafed cultivars were hydroponically grown for 20 d with 0.2 or 20 mg L–1 B in the nutrient solution. Leaf B concentration, gas exchanges, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and oxidative stress were determined at the end of the treatment along with the severity of leaf necrosis. A range of tolerance to B toxicity was found: the green cultivars were more susceptible than the purple‐leafed ones characterized by a higher constitutive anthocyanin concentration. In all the genotypes B excess resulted in oxidative stress as determined by accumulation of malondialdehyde by‐products (MDA), reduced photosynthesis, and the occurrence of leaf burn. A close correlation was found between leaf B accumulation and oxidative stress, as well as between oxidative stress and the severity of leaf burn. Net photosynthesis (Pn) was reduced due to both stomatal and nonstomatal limitations in the green cultivars whereas the reduction of Pn in the purple leaves was only attributable to stomatal factors. Chlorophyll a fluorescence revealed a decrease in the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) and in the electron transport rate (ETR) in plants grown with B excess although less reduction was observed in the purple genotypes. The quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) decreased as a result of B toxicity only in the green cultivars. It is concluded that anthocyanins are involved in attenuation of the negative effects of B toxicity.  相似文献   

7.
【目的】探讨不同磷效率紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)叶片光合性能对低磷胁迫的响应,从光能转化和利用的差异来揭示品种适应磷胁迫的机理。【方法】试验采用砂培法,供试材料为2个磷高效紫花苜蓿品种甘农6号(G6)、极光(JG)和2个磷低效品种Bara 310SC (B310)、甘农4号(G4)。以1/4霍格兰营养液为基础,设置磷浓度为0.5 mmol/L (正常对照)和0.05 mmol/L (低磷)两个处理水平,紫花苜蓿幼苗处理30天后,测定苜蓿幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数,将样品烘干后,测定生物量和磷含量。【结果】与对照相比,低磷胁迫下4个苜蓿品种的生物量和磷利用效率均降低,相对可变荧光诱导曲线J点和I点的荧光强度上升,初级醌受体(QA)被还原的最大速率(Mo)显著增加,受体库容量(Sm)等参数下降,PSⅡ受体侧受损;活性反应中心数目(RC/CSo)降低,光能的吸收(ABS/RC、ABS/CSo)、捕获(TRo/RC、TRo/CSo)、传递(ETo...  相似文献   

8.
The lower and upper critical boron levels in cotton (Gossypium herbaceum-Etawa), which are not estimated, were determined to provide guideline values for estimating the boron status from deficiency to toxicity. Cotton plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in complete nutrient solution containing boron at levels ranging from 0 to 50 ppm. Plants were harvested after 40 days and analysed for B, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. The lower critical levels for boron in roots, young leaves and old leaves were 103, 61 and 78 ppm, while critical nutrient toxicity levels were 129, 80 and 91 ppm, respectively. For the Gossypium herbaceum-Etawa cultivar, the maximum growth was obtained when 1 ppm boron was applied as H3BO3 in the nutrient solution. High boron concentrations in the nutrient solution were associated with low content of Zn, Fe and Mn in the plants, while boron and Cu concentrations increased with boron supply. Significant correlations were found between B treatments and most response parameters measured.  相似文献   

9.
To determine the effect of boron (B) deficiency on biomass, reproductive yield, metabolism, and alterations in seed reserves of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv. ‘13.G‐256,’ plants were grown in refined sand until maturity at deficient (0.033 mg L?1) and adequate (0.33 mg L?1) B, supplied as boric acid (H3BO3). Boron‐deficient plants exhibited visible deficiency symptoms in addition to reduced number of pods and seeds, resulting in lowered biomass and economic yield. Boron deficiency lowered the concentration of B in leaves and seeds, photosynthetic pigments (leaves), Hill reaction activity, starch (in leaves and seeds), and proteins and protein N (in seeds), whereas phenols, sugars (in leaves and seeds), and nonprotein N (in seeds) were elevated. Specific activity of peroxidase (POX) increased in leaves and pod wall and decreased in seeds, while activity of acid phosphate and ribonuclease were stimulated in leaves, seeds, and pod wall in B‐deficient chickpea.  相似文献   

10.
采用溶液培养试验,研究了缺硼对两种不同砧木纽荷尔脐橙硼、锌、钙、镁和钾元素含量变化。结果表明,缺硼显著降低了枳壳砧木纽荷尔脐橙体内硼含量而对锌含量影响不大; 相反,缺硼对枳橙砧木脐橙体内硼含量的影响不是很大,而显著降低了其叶片中锌的含量。这可能是缺硼条件下枳壳砧木脐橙容易出现缺硼症状,而枳橙砧木脐橙容易出现缺锌症状的原因之一。与对照相比,缺硼处理的枳壳砧木脐橙叶的钙含量明显增加; 而根的钾含量明显高于枳橙砧木橙根。这些结果与枳壳砧木脐橙对硼更敏感有一定的关系。缺硼对镁含量的影响两种砧木间基本没有差异。  相似文献   

11.
Shoot and root dry matter yields of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) grown on the solutions containing 0.025 and 5.0 μg boron (B)/mL (referred to as B1 and B3, respectively) were less than those grown on the solutions containing 0.5 μg B/mL (referred to as B2). Silicon (Si) added increased shoot and root dry matter yields of B1‐treated plants, while decreased those of B3‐treated plants. Shoot and root dry matter yields of B2‐treated plants were slightly affected by Si added. The effect of B and Si on leaf area was similar to that on shoot and root dry matter yields. Excessive B supply (B3) and B deficiency (B1) resulted in a decrease in net photosynthetic rate. Silicon added increased the net photosynthetic rate under B deficiency, but had little effect at normal and excessive B levels. Silicon seems to enhance B uptake and accumulation by plants under B deficiency, but depresses B uptake at normal and excessive B levels. The Si/B ratios of B1‐ and B2‐treated plants were much lower than those of the culture solutions, whereas at the B3 level were slightly higher than those of the culture solutions. Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) contents in plants decreased with increasing Si added at the B3 level, but remained relatively constant at B1 and B2 levels.  相似文献   

12.
用营养液培养的方法 ,研究了不同光强和磷水平对温州蜜柑叶片光合作用光抑制的影响。结果表明 ,在缺磷强光条件下 ,叶片的初始荧光Fo、最大荧光Fm、PSⅡ光化学效率 (Fv/Fm)及表观电子传递速率 (ETR)下降 ,叶片非光化学猝灭的慢相 (qNs)和叶温升高。用叶黄素循环的抑制剂DTT处理叶片后 ,Fo升高。这些结果说明 ,缺磷胁迫加重了温州蜜柑叶片光合作用的光抑制 ,叶黄素循环的非辐射能量耗散在保护光合机构免受强光破坏方面起着重要作用。  相似文献   

13.
The effect of excess copper (Cu) on young spinach (Spinacia oleraced) as well as the role of iron (Fe) for amelioration of toxicity on growth and photosynthesis in Cu‐treated plants was evaluated. Plants treated with 160 μM Cu showed symptoms of heavy metal toxicity, while addition of Fe (40 μM) ameliorates to a certain extent toxic effects of Cu, due to antagonistic action between Cu and Fe. Root length and biomass revealed a lower decrease under Cu+Fe than under Cu treatment. Copper accumulation in plant tissues increased, while Fe, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) declined under Cu treatment. The significant increase in chlorophyll fluorescence (Fo) under 160 μM Cu, possibly reflects the more severe damages suffered at the membrane level with respect to Cu+Fe treatment. Copper decreased the efficiency of excitation energy capture by PSH reaction centers and negatively affected the effective antenna size of PSH. Changes in the rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation were associated with changes in both stomatal conductance (gs) and mesophyll capacity for photochemistry as well as with lower pigment content. Net CO2 assimilation, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance were reduced. These changes at PSII are characteristic of a saturation of photosynthetic metabolic activity. The results suggest a tight linkage between PSII activity and CO2 fixation under Cu treatment. Amelioration of Cu toxicity was obvious under Fe application.  相似文献   

14.
以茄子幼苗为试材,研究了其在低温胁迫下叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明,随着低温胁迫加剧,最大荧光（Fm）、PSII最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSII潜在活性（Fv/Fo）、PSII实际光化学效率（ФPSII）和电子传递速率（ETR）、光化学荧光猝灭系数（qP）都表现出降低的趋势,初始荧光（Fo）、非光化学荧光猝灭系数（qN）上升;光化学反应的能量（P）在叶片所吸收的光能中所占的比例也逐渐减少,天线色素耗散的能量（D）和非光化学反应耗散的能量（E）表现出和P相反的趋势。茄子叶片ФPSII及ETR对光强（PFD）的响应曲线表明,ФPSII随PFD的升高而下降,低温下生长的叶片ФPSII下降幅度较正常温度下的大;低温下生长叶片的电子传递速率的光饱和点低于正常生长的叶片,相应的饱和电子传递速率也较低。表明低温胁迫下,茄子幼苗PSII反应中心受到损伤,光合电子传递过程受到抑制。  相似文献   

15.
The present study explored the effect of rain shelter and drought on photosynthetic activity and changes in leaf water status. Tomatoes were grown in the trial plot located at Hohai University, China, in 2011 and 2012, and allotted to five treatments [80% field capacity under open field (T1, control) and rain shelter (T2), 70%, 60%, and 50% of T2 (T3, T4, and T5)]. The lowest sap flow rate and relative water content and the highest values for specific leaf area were obtained from plants in T5. T2 decreased the average net photosynthetic rate (PN) by 5.35% compared to the control, although there was no reduction in intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance. The average reduction of transpiration rate registered under rain shelters was only around 10.2% in both the years. The PN, maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and activity of the water-splitting complex on the donor side of the PSII (Fv/Fo) decreased with irrigation volume. Quenching analyses showed the development of a lower photochemical quenching (qP) in plants under rain shelters, accompanied by the development of a higher nonphotochemical quenching (qN). Drought-stressed tomato exhibited a decrease in qP parallel to an increase in qN.  相似文献   

16.
缺硼对绿豆叶片光合特性和碳水化合物含量的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
本试验以绿豆为指示植物,采用溶液培养法研究了缺硼对叶片光合功能和碳水化合物含量的影响,以明确缺硼是否影响光合作用进而影响作物生长。在绿豆第二片真叶出现后的第二天,一半植株供给 50 mol/L 硼（高硼）,另一半植株供给0.2 mol/L 硼（低硼）,在叶片生长过程中动态监测叶绿素含量、 气体交换和碳水化合物含量。结果表明,缺硼对叶片叶绿素含量没有影响,缺硼降低了光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（Gs）,但对胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）没有影响; 缺硼提高了气孔限制率（Ls）。虽缺硼降低了Pn,但提高了叶片中可溶性糖,特别是葡萄糖和淀粉的含量。本研究结果表明缺硼对植物生长的影响并非是由于碳水化合物缺乏的缘故,而是因降低库活力导致了Pn的降低。  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

In a greenhouse study, a significant increase in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., cv. Hysun 33) dry matter yield was observed with boron (B) application to a B-deficient (hot water-extractable, 0.23 mg B kg?1) calcareous soil of Missa series (Typic Ustochrept). Six rates of B, ranging from 0 to 8 mg B kg?1 soil, were applied as H3BO3 along with adequate basal fertilization of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn). Four plants of sunflower were grown in each pot; two were harvested after 4 weeks of germination and the other two after 8 weeks. Maximum crop biomass was produced with 1.0 mg B kg ?1, and application of ≥2.0 mg B kg?1 proved toxic, resulting in drastic yield suppressions. Critical B concentration range for deficiency diagnosis in 4‐week‐old sunflower whole shoots appears to be 46–63 mg B kg?1. However, critical concentration in 8‐week‐old plants was much less (i.e., 36 mg B kg?l), presumably due to a dilution effect. As plant's internal B requirement can vary, in fact manifold, depending on the species, plant part, and plant age, only a relevant criterion can help in diagnosing the deficiency effectively.  相似文献   

18.
Micronutrient and amino acid (AA) foliar fertilization has generally been sprayed onto plants to increase the crop yield. The experiment had the aim of evaluating the foliar boron (B) and AA application on grain yield (GY), physiological characteristics, nutritional status, and yield components in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] intercropping in a non-tillage system (NTS). The experiment was set up as a randomized block design with eight treatments and four replicates. The treatments had the following boron (B) rates: [0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kg ha?1, source: boric acid (H3BO3)] + AAs (2 L ha?1) applied by foliar spraying and the additional treatments [(Control - without B and AAs), 2 kg ha?1 B, 2 L ha?1 AAs and 2 kg ha?1 B + 1 L ha?1 AAs] applied at the end of the elongation and spike beginning of wheat plants and development growth stage (V5) of soybean for two growing seasons. Boron and AAs had no influence on the physiological and yield components and had no increases in the foliar and grain B content in wheat and soybean. No matter the dose, the foliar B + AAs (2 L ha?1) application did not increase the GY in wheat-soybean under a rotational NTS in loamy soil with suitable available B.  相似文献   

19.
The isotopic technique was employed to study boron (B) mobility in tomato and beetroot plants under protected cultivation conditions. An experiment was conducted in which both species grew in 10-dm3 vases filled with coconut fiber, under hydroponic conditions. The plants were subjected to four different treatments: (1) no B in the substratum and no foliar fertilization; (2) no B in the substratum, with foliar 10B fertilization; (3) B in the substratum, with foliar 10B fertilization; and (4) 10B in the substratum and no foliar fertilization. The biological growth variables and total B and 10B contents in the plant parts grown after the application of the nutrient were evaluated. For increasing B content in young tissues, the foliar application of this element was not as efficient as application via root system, indicating low mobility of B in the tissues of both beetroot and tomato plants.  相似文献   

20.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted for 130 days to assess the effect of application of uncoated urea (UA) and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate–coated urea (UDMPP) on mineral nitrogen (N) content [ammonium (NH4 +)-N and nitrate (NO3 ?)-N] in leachates and growing media. Charlotte rose plants grafted on Natal Briar were cultivated in four different media [soil, 100% burnt rice husks (100BRH), a mixture of 65% burnt rice husks and 35% coconut fiber (65BRH), and 100% coconut fiber (100CF)] and fertigated with UA or UDMPP at rate of 170 mg N·L?1. Results showed that fertilizer induced slight acidity in the leachate collected in all growing media. The use of DMPP diminished cumulative nitrate losses by ?65 and ?60%, in soil and coconut fiber leachates, respectively, as compared to the plots with UA. The UDMPP did not have any effect on nitrate losses in BRH media.  相似文献   

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