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黄土高原长期施肥对小麦产量及肥料利用率的影响 总被引：19，自引：3，他引：19
为给旱地小麦合理施肥提供依据，在20年长期定位试验的基础上，研究了不同施肥处理对小麦产量及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明，化肥能显著提高小麦产量，单施磷肥产量增加85．8kg／ha，增幅6．8％；单施氮肥增产352．8kg／ha，增幅28．0％；氮磷配施增产2262．2kg／ha，增幅179．7％。有机肥处理增产显著，单施有机肥增产1954．2kg／ha；在施有机肥的基础上，施氮肥增产9．8％，施磷肥增产17．1％，施氮磷肥增产15．5％。长期化肥单施肥料利用率较低，单施氮肥的氮肥利用率为16．0％，单施磷肥的磷肥利用为7．0％。氮磷配合施用，小麦吸氮、磷、钾量显著增加，氮、磷肥利用率分别增加21．2和6．9个百分点。氮、磷和有机肥处理的小麦吸氮量比氮磷处理增加18.2kg/ha,吸磷量增加4.1kg/ha,吸钾量增加8.3kg/ha。 相似文献
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1984—1985年作者在中等肥力的荒漠灰钙土上,进行了甜菜氮磷营养规律的研究,即每生产1吨甜菜需要吸收氮5.4公斤,磷0.617公斤,土壤中速效氮的消耗量为4.96公斤,速效磷的消耗量为1.1公斤.氮磷化肥的适量试验,每亩单施氮肥2.5—2C公斤处理的,分别比对照增产7.5—24.3％.增糖率4.7—32.5％,氮磷配施的处理,即每亩NP各2.5—20公斤,分别比对照增产16.2—34.8％,增糖率3.7—27.6％,单施氮的,每亩不得超过10公斤.氮磷配比,以1:0.25,1:0.5,1:1,其产量和产糖量差异不大.不同施期的试验以磷肥为种肥,氮肥为追肥,追肥期以5月中旬和6月中旬一次追为最好.经济效益.以每亩单施氮肥10公斤,亩收益85元,每亩施氮磷各2.5公斤和氮磷各5公斤,每亩增益40元. 相似文献
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不同年龄毛竹碳氮磷化学计量特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以毛竹分布中心区的不同年龄毛竹为研究对象,比较不同年龄毛竹林碳、氮、磷含量及其比值,探讨毛竹不同生长阶段主要养分及计量比值的变化特征,揭示毛竹生长规律,同时为"生长速率理论"提供证据。结果表明:毛竹同一器官碳、氮、磷含量和碳氮比、碳磷比、氮磷比随着毛竹年龄的增大差异达到显著水平(P0.01),1~3年生竹叶、竹枝和竹根碳磷比和氮磷比呈降低的趋势,其后氮磷比升高,5年生氮磷比最高;1~3年生竹秆碳氮比、碳磷比和氮磷比与竹叶变化趋势相反,4~6 a竹秆碳磷比和氮磷比与竹叶变化趋势相同,反映了毛竹在不同的生长阶段碳、氮和磷含量和计量比值发生了变化,1~3年生毛竹具有较快的生长速度,竹根和竹叶氮磷比降低,随着毛竹生长速率的降低,氮磷比升高,符合"生长速率理论"。1~6 a竹叶N∶P分别为13.03、9.81、7.47、15.17、21.01、15.52,平均值为13.67,N∶P14反映了研究区毛竹生长主要受到N元素的限制。其中,2、3年生N∶P低于10,对2、3年生竹施用N肥可以促进竹子的更好生长;5年生毛竹根和叶的氮磷比值最高,5 a时采伐可以降低土壤P素缺失风险。 相似文献
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在系统分析香草兰生物学特性的基础上，选取了与其关系密切的年均温、极端低温、最冷月均温、年降水量、年雨日数、年相对湿度和年日照时数等７个因子作为指标，以我国引种试种成功地指标之较低水平为生产性种植范围的下限值，以盛产地（参考原产地）之平均水平为上限值，采用灰色理论中的定权聚类方法对海南岛香草兰生态适宜性进行了研究。结果表明，香草兰最适宜种植区和适宜种植区分别约占全岛总面积的１１％（分别含３县市和２县 相似文献
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以豫麦13、郑太育1号、临汾7203、郑州941、豫麦47、郑州8998、郑麦9023等7个小麦品种为试验材料，通过15年9个不同施肥方式的长期定位试验，研究了小麦对氮磷钾肥的当季和累积利用率。结果表明．在施氮量相同（165kgN／hm^2）情况下，化肥处理中NPK和NP处理小麦的氮、磷利用率最高，分别为70．3％和68．4％及48．3％和46％，是最佳施肥配合;非氮磷配合的其他化肥处理（N、NK、PK）的小麦对肥料的利用率均最低，其中氮、磷的利用率为负值。玉米秸秆还田（SNPK）条件下小麦对氮、磷的利用率高于有机无机肥配施处理；小麦-大豆轮作中小麦的肥料利用率略高于小麦-玉米轮作;肥料用量愈大，肥料利用率愈低，MNPK处理的N、P、K平均当季利用率分别是1．5MNPK处理的1．2、1．4和1．1倍.NP、NPK、MNPK、SNPK处理的肥料利用率有累加效应，其中氮肥第1～5年累积较快，6年后稳定在48．9％～70％；磷肥15年一直累积，1～8年累积速度快，9年后较慢;钾肥1～5年累积较快，5～7年波动，8年后稳定在35％～39％。 相似文献
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对海南岛６种类型土壤不同施磷量的室内干湿培养和应用土壤无机磷分极方法，研究水溶性磷肥在热带土壤中的转化和有效性。结果表明；施磷处理经室内干湿培养８ａ，磷在土壤中的转化速率低于盆栽作物条件，特别是土壤Ｏ－ｐ在培养前后变化很微。其中土壤有效Ｐ以年均４．５％的幅度下降，Ａｌ－ｐ和Ｆｅ－ｐ分别年均２．１％和１．７％的幅度下降，而Ｃａ－ｐ则分别以年均１．２％和０．２％的幅度增长。土壤有效磷的变化趋势与Ａｌ－ 相似文献
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高砷煤矿污染土壤的小麦砷累积研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了解砷污染土壤对小麦品质的影响及食用砷污染土壤种植的小麦对人群健康的影响,以贵州省兴仁县交乐高砷煤矿区砷污染农田的土壤-小麦系统为研究对象,采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光度法测定土壤和小麦砷含量,并对砷污染土壤及小麦中砷分布特征进行研究。结果表明,受污染农田土壤(区域Ⅰ、区域Ⅱ)的砷含量显著高于周边未受污染农田(区域Ⅲ),区域Ⅰ土壤pH值最低(4.57),土壤砷含量分别是区域Ⅱ、区域Ⅲ的1.94和2.13倍,土壤砷含量与土壤pH值呈显著负相关关系;区域Ⅰ小麦样品不同器官的砷含量为1.37mg·kg~(-1)(根)、0.74mg·kg~(-1)(茎叶)、0.85mg·kg~(-1)(籽粒);受试样品中,67%的小麦籽粒砷含量高于GB2762-2012中规定的小麦砷含量限值(0.5mg·kg~(-1))。采用USEPA推荐健康风险评价模型对当地居民以小麦为砷摄入途径的健康风险评价结果显示,区域Ⅰ、区域Ⅱ小麦的HQ值分别为2.82和1.19,区域Ⅲ为0.97。受试土壤砷污染已对小麦品质产生影响,食用矿区附近砷污染农田种植的小麦可能对居民健康有影响。 相似文献
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本文应用土壤无机磷形态的分级方法,研究了海南岛热作土壤(即热带旱作土壤,以下同)无机磷的形态和磷肥在土壤中的转化及肥效。初步结果表明海南岛热作土壤无机磷以闭蓄态磷酸盐(Occluded phosphate 即O—P)为主体,其含量占土壤无机磷总量50％以上。非闭蓄态磷酸盐(Non-occluded phosphate即非O—P)则以磷酸铁(Fe—P)为主,其次是磷酸钙(Ca—P)和磷酸铝(Al—P)。土壤有效磷(Bray No.1法提取,以下同)大都在3～15ppm,仅占非O—P的3～10％。因此海南岛热作土壤普遍缺磷,施磷肥的效果显著。自然土壤有效磷与土壤Al—P相关极显著。与Fe—P相关不显著,而与Ca—P和O—P呈负相关。水溶性磷肥(过磷酸钙)在热作土壤中主要向非O—P转化,肥料与土壤充分混合盆栽两个月后,土壤O—P没有明显增减,而非O—P特别是Fe—P、Al—P则显著增加。施肥后土壤Fe—P、Al—P与土壤有效磷和作物吸收磷量相关显著,说明磷肥在土壤中转化形成的非O—P在一个相当长的时间内(至少当造)对作物是有效的,而不是很快“固定”失效。因此,对热作土壤中磷酸铁、铝的性质和磷肥的施肥方法值得进一步探讨。 相似文献
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海南岛典型农业土壤产流与面源污染特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用径流场结合人工模拟降雨方式,研究各种降雨条件下海南岛不同土地类型产流产沙的规律与面源污染特征。结果表明：土壤（泥沙）产流系数与平均流失速率表现为暴雨＞大雨＞中雨,且暴雨时的泥沙平均流失速率为中雨时的416％、大雨时的261％,在中雨、大雨和暴雨强度下,平均径流系数分别为24.49％、33.97％和53.40％;雨强对土壤营养物质流失速率的影响达到显著水平,COD、有机质和氮素以径流流失为主,磷素以泥沙流失为主;土壤径流和泥沙中的COD、有机质、氮素和磷素流失速率随雨强的增大而增大,坡度也可明显影响面源污染物的流失;海南岛农业土壤平均流失量为3.79 t/（hm2·a）,中雨强度条件时为1.92 t/（hm2·a）,大雨强度条件时为2.57 t/（hm2·a）,暴雨强度条件时为6.87 t/（hm2·a）。海南岛农业土壤的水土流失强度较高,海南农业土壤的水土流失与农田污染物输出状况不容乐观。 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.
The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).
The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors. 相似文献
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Yanhua Lu Chongwei Zhang Peter Bucheli Dongzhi Wei 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(2):55-63
Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China. 相似文献
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Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive.
Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated
seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk.
Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than
in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):379-400
Summary Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems. 相似文献
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Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Youna Hemery Marc Chaurand Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Vieno Piironen Abdelkrim Sadoudi Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding. 相似文献
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Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant. 相似文献
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Summary
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato
plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani. 相似文献