共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 42 毫秒
1.
Hansen CJ Esposito L Stewart AI Colwell J Hendrix A Pryor W Shemansky D West R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5766):1422-1425
The Cassini spacecraft flew close to Saturn's small moon Enceladus three times in 2005. Cassini's UltraViolet Imaging Spectrograph observed stellar occultations on two flybys and confirmed the existence, composition, and regionally confined nature of a water vapor plume in the south polar region of Enceladus. This plume provides an adequate amount of water to resupply losses from Saturn's E ring and to be the dominant source of the neutral OH and atomic oxygen that fill the Saturnian system. 相似文献
2.
Kivelson MG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5766):1391-1392
Instruments on the Cassini spacecraft reveal that a heat source within Saturn's moon Enceladus powers a great plume of water ice particles and dust grains, a geyser that jets outward from the south polar regions and most likely serves as the dominant source of Saturn's E ring. The interaction of flowing magnetospheric plasma with the plume modifies the particle and field environment of Enceladus. The structure of Saturn's magnetosphere, the extended region of space threaded by magnetic-field lines linked to the planet, is shaped by the ion source at Enceladus, and magnetospheric dynamics may be affected by the rate at which fresh ions are created. 相似文献
3.
Spencer JR Pearl JC Segura M Flasar FM Mamoutkine A Romani P Buratti BJ Hendrix AR Spilker LJ Lopes RM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5766):1401-1405
The Cassini spacecraft completed three close flybys of Saturn's enigmatic moon Enceladus between February and July 2005. On the third and closest flyby, on 14 July 2005, multiple Cassini instruments detected evidence for ongoing endogenic activity in a region centered on Enceladus' south pole. The polar region is the source of a plume of gas and dust, which probably emanates from prominent warm troughs seen on the surface. Cassini's Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) detected 3 to 7 gigawatts of thermal emission from the south polar troughs at temperatures up to 145 kelvin or higher, making Enceladus only the third known solid planetary body-after Earth and Io-that is sufficiently geologically active for its internal heat to be detected by remote sensing. If the plume is generated by the sublimation of water ice and if the sublimation source is visible to CIRS, then sublimation temperatures of at least 180 kelvin are required. 相似文献
4.
Kieffer SW Lu X Bethke CM Spencer JR Marshak S Navrotsky A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5806):1764-1766
We hypothesize that active tectonic processes in the south polar terrain of Enceladus, the 500-kilometer-diameter moon of Saturn, are creating fractures that cause degassing of a clathrate reservoir to produce the plume documented by the instruments on the Cassini spacecraft. Advection of gas and ice transports energy, supplied at depth as latent heat of clathrate decomposition, to shallower levels, where it reappears as latent heat of condensation of ice. The plume itself, which has a discharge rate comparable to Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park, probably represents small leaks from this massive advective system. 相似文献
5.
Spahn F Schmidt J Albers N Hörning M Makuch M Seiss M Kempf S Srama R Dikarev V Helfert S Moragas-Klostermeyer G Krivov AV Sremcevic M Tuzzolino AJ Economou T Grün E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5766):1416-1418
During Cassini's close flyby of Enceladus on 14 July 2005, the High Rate Detector of the Cosmic Dust Analyzer registered micron-sized dust particles enveloping this satellite. The dust impact rate peaked about 1 minute before the closest approach of the spacecraft to the moon. This asymmetric signature is consistent with a locally enhanced dust production in the south polar region of Enceladus. Other Cassini experiments revealed evidence for geophysical activities near Enceladus' south pole: a high surface temperature and a release of water gas. Production or release of dust particles related to these processes may provide the dominant source of Saturn's E ring. 相似文献
6.
Kargel JS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5766):1389-1391
The exploration of Saturn by the Cassini/Huygens mission has yielded a rich collection of data about the planet and its rings and moons, in particular its small satellite Enceladus and giant satellite Titan. Once believed too small to be active, Enceladus has been found to be one of the most geologically dynamic objects in the solar system. Among the surprises are a watery, gaseous plume; a south polar hot spot; and a surface marked by deep canyons and thick flows. 相似文献
7.
Tokar RL Johnson RE Hill TW Pontius DH Kurth WS Crary FJ Young DT Thomsen MF Reisenfeld DB Coates AJ Lewis GR Sittler EC Gurnett DA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5766):1409-1412
During the 14 July 2005 encounter of Cassini with Enceladus, the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer measured strong deflections in the corotating ion flow, commencing at least 27 Enceladus radii (27 x 252.1 kilometers) from Enceladus. The Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument inferred little plasma density increase near Enceladus. These data are consistent with ion formation via charge exchange and pickup by Saturn's magnetic field. The charge exchange occurs between neutrals in the Enceladus atmosphere and corotating ions in Saturn's inner magnetosphere. Pickup ions are observed near Enceladus, and a total mass loading rate of about 100 kilograms per second (3 x 10(27) H(2)O molecules per second) is inferred. 相似文献
8.
Porco CC Helfenstein P Thomas PC Ingersoll AP Wisdom J West R Neukum G Denk T Wagner R Roatsch T Kieffer S Turtle E McEwen A Johnson TV Rathbun J Veverka J Wilson D Perry J Spitale J Brahic A Burns JA Delgenio AD Dones L Murray CD Squyres S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5766):1393-1401
Cassini has identified a geologically active province at the south pole of Saturn's moon Enceladus. In images acquired by the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), this region is circumscribed by a chain of folded ridges and troughs at approximately 55 degrees S latitude. The terrain southward of this boundary is distinguished by its albedo and color contrasts, elevated temperatures, extreme geologic youth, and narrow tectonic rifts that exhibit coarse-grained ice and coincide with the hottest temperatures measured in the region. Jets of fine icy particles that supply Saturn's E ring emanate from this province, carried aloft by water vapor probably venting from subsurface reservoirs of liquid water. The shape of Enceladus suggests a possible intense heating epoch in the past by capture into a 1:4 secondary spin/orbit resonance. 相似文献
9.
Waite JH Combi MR Ip WH Cravens TE McNutt RL Kasprzak W Yelle R Luhmann J Niemann H Gell D Magee B Fletcher G Lunine J Tseng WL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5766):1419-1422
The Cassini spacecraft passed within 168.2 kilometers of the surface above the southern hemisphere at 19:55:22 universal time coordinated on 14 July 2005 during its closest approach to Enceladus. Before and after this time, a substantial atmospheric plume and coma were observed, detectable in the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) data set out to a distance of over 4000 kilometers from Enceladus. INMS data indicate that the atmospheric plume and coma are dominated by water, with significant amounts of carbon dioxide, an unidentified species with a mass-to-charge ratio of 28 daltons (either carbon monoxide or molecular nitrogen), and methane. Trace quantities (<1%) of acetylene and propane also appear to be present. Ammonia is present at a level that does not exceed 0.5%. The radial and angular distributions of the gas density near the closest approach, as well as other independent evidence, suggest a significant contribution to the plume from a source centered near the south polar cap, as distinct from a separately measured more uniform and possibly global source observed on the outbound leg of the flyby. 相似文献
10.
Porco CC Baker E Barbara J Beurle K Brahic A Burns JA Charnoz S Cooper N Dawson DD Del Genio AD Denk T Dones L Dyudina U Evans MW Giese B Grazier K Helfenstein P Ingersoll AP Jacobson RA Johnson TV McEwen A Murray CD Neukum G Owen WM Perry J Roatsch T Spitale J Squyres S Thomas PC Tiscareno M Turtle E Vasavada AR Veverka J Wagner R West R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5713):1237-1242
The Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem acquired high-resolution imaging data on the outer Saturnian moon, Phoebe, during Cassini's close flyby on 11 June 2004 and on Iapetus during a flyby on 31 December 2004. Phoebe has a heavily cratered and ancient surface, shows evidence of ice near the surface, has distinct layering of different materials, and has a mean density that is indicative of an ice-rock mixture. Iapetus's dark leading side (Cassini Regio) is ancient, heavily cratered terrain bisected by an equatorial ridge system that reaches 20 kilometers relief. Local albedo variations within and bordering Cassini Regio suggest mass wasting of ballistically deposited material, the origin of which remains unknown. 相似文献
11.
Jones GH Roussos E Krupp N Paranicas C Woch J Lagg A Mitchell DG Krimigis SM Dougherty MK 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5766):1412-1415
The bombardment of Saturn's moon Enceladus by >20-kiloelectron volt magnetospheric particles causes particle flux depletions in regions magnetically connected to its orbit. Irrespective of magnetospheric activity, proton depletions are persistent, whereas electron depletions are quickly erased by magnetospheric processes. Observations of these signatures by Cassini's Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument allow remote monitoring of Enceladus' gas and dust environments. This reveals substantial outgassing variability at the moon and suggests increased dust concentrations at its Lagrange points. The characteristics of the particle depletions additionally provide key radial diffusion coefficients for energetic electrons and an independent measure of the inner magnetosphere's rotation velocity. 相似文献
12.
Ward WR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1975,189(4200):377-379
The orientation of the lunar spin axis is traced from the early history of the earth-moon system to the present day. Tides raised on the earth by the moon have caused an expansion of the lunar orbit. Tides raised on the moon by the earth have de-spun the moon to synchronous rotation and driven its spin axis to a Cassini state-that is, in a coprecessing configuration, coplanar with the lunar orbit normal and the normal to the Laplacian plane (which is at present coincident with the normal to the ecliptic). This combination of events has resulted in a complex history for the lunar spin axis. For much of the period during which its orbital semimajor axis expanded between 30 and 40 earth radii, the obliquity of the moon was of order 25 degrees to 50 degrees . In fact, for a brief period the obliquity periodically attained a value as high as 77 degrees ; that is, the spin axis of the moon was only 13 degrees from lying in its orbit plane. 相似文献
13.
As one of the most geologically active bodies in the solar system, Saturn's moon Enceladus not only coats itself with water ice particles, it accounts for the unusually high albedos of the other satellites orbiting within Saturn's vast, tenuous E ring. This effect is evident in Hubble Space Telescope observations obtained at true opposition on 13 and 14 January 2005 that reveal that the mean geometric albedos of satellites embedded within the E ring approximate or exceed unity. 相似文献
14.
Lorenz RD Stiles BW Kirk RL Allison MD Del Marmo PP Iess L Lunine JI Ostro SJ Hensley S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5870):1649-1651
Cassini radar observations of Saturn's moon Titan over several years show that its rotational period is changing and is different from its orbital period. The present-day rotation period difference from synchronous spin leads to a shift of approximately 0.36 degrees per year in apparent longitude and is consistent with seasonal exchange of angular momentum between the surface and Titan's dense superrotating atmosphere, but only if Titan's crust is decoupled from the core by an internal water ocean like that on Europa. 相似文献
15.
Mitchell DG Brandt PC Roelof EC Dandouras J Krimigis SM Mauk BH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5724):989-992
The Cassini Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) observed the interaction of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, with Saturn's magnetosphere during two close flybys of Titan on 26 October and 13 December 2004. The MIMI Ion and Neutral Camera (INCA) continuously imaged the energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) generated by charge exchange reactions between the energetic, singly ionized trapped magnetospheric ions and the outer atmosphere, or exosphere, of Titan. The images reveal a halo of variable ENA emission about Titan's nearly collisionless outer atmosphere that fades at larger distances as the exospheric density decays exponentially. The altitude of the emissions varies, and they are not symmetrical about the moon, reflecting the complexity of the interactions between Titan's upper atmosphere and Saturn's space environment. 相似文献
16.
Hanel R Conrath B Flasar FM Kunde V Maguire W Pearl J Pirraglia J Samuelson R Cruikshank D Gautier D Gierasch P Horn L Ponnamperuma C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1982,215(4532):544-548
During the passage of Voyager 2 through the Saturn system, infrared spectral and radiometric data were obtained for Saturn, Titan, Enceladus, Tethys, Iapetus, and the rings. Combined Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 observations of temperatures in the upper troposphere of Saturn indicate a seasonal asymmetry between the northern and southern hemispheres, with superposed small-scale meridional gradients. Comparison of high spatial resolution data from the two hemispheres poleward of 60 degrees latitude suggests an approximate symmetry in the small-scale structure, consistent with the extension of a symmetric system of zonal jets into the polar regions. Longitudinal variations of 1 to 2 K are observed. Disk- averaged infrared spectra of Titan show little change over the 9-month interval between Voyager encounters. By combining Voyager 2 temperature measurements with ground-based geometric albedo determinations, phase integrals of 0.91 +/- 0.13 and 0.89 +/- 0.09 were derived for Tethys and Enceladus, respectively. The subsolar point temperature of dark material on Iapetus must exceed 110 K. Temperatures (and infrared optical depths) for the A and C rings and for the Cassini division are 69 +/- 1 K (0.40 +/- 0.05), 85 +/- 1 K (0.10 +/- 0.03), and 85 +/- 2 K (0.07 +/- 0.04), respectively. 相似文献
17.
Mahaffy PR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5724):969-970
The Cassini Orbiter spacecraft first skimmed through the tenuous upper atmosphere of Titan on 26 October 2004. This moon of Saturn is unique in our solar system, with a dense nitrogen atmosphere that is cold enough in places to rain methane, the feedstock for the atmospheric chemistry that produces hydrocarbons, nitrile compounds, and Titan's orange haze. The data returned from this flyby supply new information on the magnetic field and plasma environment around Titan, expose new facets of the dynamics and chemistry of Titan's atmosphere, and provide the first glimpses of what appears to be a complex, fluid-processed, geologically young Titan surface. 相似文献
18.
Spencer JR Stern SA Cheng AF Weaver HA Reuter DC Retherford K Lunsford A Moore JM Abramov O Lopes RM Perry JE Kamp L Showalter M Jessup KL Marchis F Schenk PM Dumas C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5848):240-243
Jupiter's moon Io is known to host active volcanoes. In February and March 2007, the New Horizons spacecraft obtained a global snapshot of Io's volcanism. A 350-kilometer-high volcanic plume was seen to emanate from the Tvashtar volcano (62 degrees N, 122 degrees W), and its motion was observed. The plume's morphology and dynamics support nonballistic models of large Io plumes and also suggest that most visible plume particles condensed within the plume rather than being ejected from the source. In images taken in Jupiter eclipse, nonthermal visible-wavelength emission was seen from individual volcanoes near Io's sub-Jupiter and anti-Jupiter points. Near-infrared emission from the brightest volcanoes indicates minimum magma temperatures in the 1150- to 1335-kelvin range, consistent with basaltic composition. 相似文献
19.
The Apollo 12 magnetometer has measured a steady magnetic field of 36 +/- 5 gammas on the lunar surface. Surface gradient measurements and data from a lunar orbiting satellite indicate that this steady field is localized rather than global in its extent. These data suggest that the source is a large, magnetized body which acquired a field during an epoch in which the inducing field was much stronger than any that presently exists at the moon. 相似文献
20.
Magnetization of selected nonmare areas, principally on the moon's far side, is inferred from positive disturbances in the magnitude of the magnetic field exterior to the magnetic signature of the lunar cavity observed in magnetometer data from the lunar orbiter Explorer 35. A less favored model for the field perturbations involves variations in the thickness of the low-conductivity crustal layer of the moon. 相似文献