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1.
This paper analyses the efficiency with which water is used in small-scale irrigation schemes in North-West Province in South Africa and studies its determinants. In the study area, small-scale irrigation schemes play an important role in rural development, but the increasing pressure on water resources and the approaching introduction of water charges raise the concern for more efficient water use. With the data envelopment analysis (DEA) techniques used to compute farm-level technical efficiency measures and sub-vector efficiencies for water use, it was shown that under constant returns to scale (CRS) and variable returns to scale (VRS) specification, substantial technical inefficiencies, of 49% and 16%, respectively, exist among farmers. The sub-vector efficiencies for water proved to be even lower, indicating that if farmers became more efficient using the technology currently available, it would be possible to reallocate a fraction of the irrigation water to other water demands without threatening the role of small-scale irrigation. In a second step, Tobit regression techniques were used to examine the relationship between sub-vector efficiency for water and various farm or farmer characteristics. Farm size, landownership, fragmentation, the type of irrigation scheme, crop choice and the irrigation methods applied showed a significant impact on the sub-vector efficiency for water. Such information is valuable for extension services and policy makers since it can help to guide policies towards increased efficiency. 相似文献
2.
《Agricultural Systems》2005,84(2):155-169
Analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of resources and technological inputs on farm production in northwestern China, including five provincial districts of Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Xinjiang. The gross value of farm production using 1978 constant prices was chosen to be the dependent variable in data analysis. Input variables included the irrigation ratio, farm labour, fertilizer application, and farm machinery. Multivariate statistical analysis (correlation and regression) was used to characterize the relationships between the gross value of farm production and various input variables. The gross value of farm production in the region increased fivefold during the study period, and was strongly associated with resource use and technological inputs. The gross value of farm production was significantly correlated with the irrigation ratio in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia, where the irrigation ratio was relatively low compared with the national averages. The increase in irrigation ratio in these provincial districts explained 9–19% of the growth in farm output from 1978 to 1998. Technological inputs of chemical fertilizer and farm machinery were significantly associated with farming output in all provincial districts. During the study period, the application of technological inputs increased two to eightfold, and contributed about 45% in the growth of farming output in the region. Farm production was also found to be significantly correlated with labour input. Results of this study indicated that water use efficiency and irrigation management need to be improved for future agricultural development, and further advances in farm mechanization and technology application are key for increasing farm production with limited water resources in this semi-arid area. 相似文献
3.
Building a climate resilient farm: A risk based approach for understanding water, energy and emissions in irrigated agriculture 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The links between water application, energy consumption and emissions are complex in irrigated agriculture. There is a need to ensure that water and energy use is closely considered in future industry planning and development to provide practical options for adaptation and to build resilience at the farm level. There is currently limited data available regarding the uncertainty and sensitivity associated with water application and energy consumption in irrigated crop production in Australia. This paper examines water application and energy consumption relationships for different irrigation systems, and the ways in which the uncertainty of different parameters impacts on these relationships and associated emissions for actual farms. This analysis was undertaken by examining the current water and energy patterns of crop production at actual farms in two irrigated areas of Australia (one using surface water and the other groundwater), and then modelling the risk/uncertainty and sensitivity associated with the link between water and energy consumption at the farm scale. Results showed that conversions from gravity to pressurised irrigation methods reduced water application, but there was a simultaneous increase in energy consumption in surface irrigation areas. In groundwater irrigated areas, the opposite is true; the use of pressurised irrigation methods can reduce water application and energy consumption by enhancing water use efficiency. Risk and uncertainty analysis quantified the range of water and energy use that might be expected for a given irrigation method for each farm. Sensitivity analysis revealed the contribution of climatic (evapotranspiration and rainfall) and technical factors (irrigation system efficiency, pump efficiency, suction and discharge head) impacting the uncertainty and the model output and water-energy system performance in general. Flood irrigation systems were generally associated with greater uncertainty than pressurised systems. To enhance resilience at the farm level, the optimum situation envisaged an irrigation system that minimises water and energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Where surface water is used, well designed and managed flood irrigation systems will minimise the operating energy and carbon equivalent emissions. Where groundwater is the dominant use, the optimum system is a well designed and managed pressurised system operating at the lowest discharge pressure possible that will still allow for efficient irrigation. The findings might be useful for farm level risk mitigation strategies in surface and groundwater systems, and for aiding adaptation to climate change. 相似文献
4.
This study was conducted to determine the optimum irrigation water amounts for muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) in plastic greenhouse. The irrigation water amounts were determined based on the percentage of field water capacity. On the same basis of irrigation start-point of 60% (the percent to comparing to the field water capacity), there were four different irrigation water levels 100% (T100), 90% (T90), 80% (T80) and 70% (T70) as the four different treatments. The results showed that plant growth, fruit production and quality were significantly affected under different irrigation water amounts. Plant height and stem diameter decreased as well as fruit yield from treatment T100 to T70. Fruit quality was the best in the T90 treatment. The irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values found in this experiment showed that the lower the amount of irrigation water applied, the higher the irrigation water use efficiency obtained.Hence, based on the quality and quantity of muskmelon yield, the regime for 90% of field water capacity is the suitable soil irrigation treatment (T90) which can save irrigation water and improve the quality of fruit. Combined the crop yield, quality and pan evaporation inside greenhouse, obtained Kcp = 1.00 values can be recommended for the most appropriate irrigation scheduling, irrigation water amount is better between T100 and T90. Therefore, applying water by drip irrigation in relation to the amount of water evaporated from a standard 0.2 m diameter pan is a convenient, simple, easy, and low cost method inside a plastic greenhouse. 相似文献
5.
The effects of irrigation methods with effluent and irrigation scheduling on water use efficiency and corn yields in an arid region 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
A great challenge for the agricultural sector is to produce more food from less water, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions which suffer from water scarcity. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three irrigation methods, using effluent versus fresh water, on water savings, yields and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). The irrigation scheduling was based on soil moisture and rooting depth monitoring. The experimental design was a split plot with three main treatments, namely subsurface drip (SSD), surface drip (SD) and furrow irrigation (FI) and two sub-treatments effluent and fresh water, which were applied with three replications. The experiment was conducted at the Marvdasht city (Southern Iran) wastewater treatment plant during 2005 and 2006. The experimental results indicated that the average water applied in the irrigation treatments with monitoring was much less than that using the conventional irrigation method (using furrows but based on a constant irrigation interval, without moisture monitoring). The maximum water saving was obtained using SSD with 5907 m3 ha−1 water applied, and the minimum water saving was obtained using FI with 6822 m3 ha−1. The predicted irrigation water requirements using the Penman-Monteith equation (considering 85% irrigation efficiency for the FI method) was 10,743 m3 ha−1. The pressure irrigation systems (SSD and SD) led to a greater yield compared to the surface method (FI). The highest yield (12.11 × 103 kg ha−1) was obtained with SSD and the lowest was obtained with the FI method (9.75 × 103 kg ha−1). The irrigation methods indicated a highly significant difference in irrigation water use efficiency. The maximum IWUE was obtained with the SSD (2.12 kg m−3) and the minimum was obtained with the FI method (1.43 kg m−3). Irrigation with effluent led to a greater IWUE compared to fresh water, but the difference was not statistically significant. 相似文献
6.
喷灌条件下灌水量对建植初期紫花苜蓿产量与品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过圆形喷灌机条件下的大田试验,研究了华北地区紫花苜蓿需水规律以及灌水量对苜蓿产量与品质的影响。结果表明:建植1年刈割4次的苜蓿,年需水量为663.39mm,平均日需水强度为3.6mm/d,需水量最大时期为第二、三茬。灌水量对全年产量影响不显著,其中85%ETc处理下年产量最高。在第一、四茬中,灌水量对产量影响不显著,85%ETc处理下获得最高产量;第二、三茬中,随灌水量增加产量逐渐增加,适当减少灌水(85%ETc)不会使产量明显减少,而灌水量减少至70%ETc时产量下降明显。同时,结果表明随着灌水量增加灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE)逐渐降低,且灌水量对各茬苜蓿品质均无显著性影响。综合考虑产量、品质与节水效果,建议采用85%ETc作为最优灌水量。 相似文献
7.
8.
Field studies were done in 2003 and 2006 to evaluate the performance of water pillow (WP) irrigation as an alternative to furrow irrigation (FI) for soybean growth in semi-arid climatic conditions. There were four irrigation treatments: two of which (FI and WP1.0) were full irrigation, in that the water deficit in the soil profile (0.9 m) was brought to field capacity in 10-day intervals. The other two treatments (WP0.75 and WP0.50) were deficit irrigation treatments, and received 75% and 50% of WP1.0 irrigation amount. The highest seed yield was achieved with the WP1.0 treatment. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) were influenced significantly by the irrigation methods and levels (P ≤ 0.05). The highest values of WUE and IWUE were obtained by the WP0.75 and WP0.50 treatment, respectively, in both study years. However, the smallest irrigation amount resulted in lower total yield for the WP0.50 treatment, and is not recommended. In conclusion, the WP0.75 treatment is recommended for soybean production in order to attain higher values of IWUE and WUE, and to conserve water and maximize yield with the same volume of water. 相似文献
9.
K. Senthilkumar P.S. Bindraban N. de Ridder K.E. Giller 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(12):1851-1860
Efficient water use in rice cultivation is a prerequisite for sustaining food security for the rice consuming population of India. Novel rice production practices, including water-saving techniques, modifications in transplanting, spacing, weeding and nutrient management, have been developed and shown to be effective on farm, but adoption of these techniques by farmers has remained restricted. Potential constraints include technical difficulties with new practices, and labour and gender issues which differ between farms. On the basis of a rapid survey of 100 rice-based farms, four farm types were identified based on their socio-economic and biophysical characteristics. Detailed farm surveys were conducted on three representative farms of each farm type to evaluate land use patterns, use of inputs such as water, labour, nutrient, capital and machinery, income from crop and animal production and off-farm activities. Opportunities exist for one or more new rice cultivation techniques to be adopted in all the four farm types. For all farm types, however, the opportunities for use of water-saving irrigation were the least promising. In general, adoption of water-saving irrigation will not improve farmers’ livelihoods despite its importance in reducing water scarcity problems at regional scale. At farm scale, the potential for adoption of water-saving irrigation depends on the season, location of fields and the irrigation source. Changes in government policies such as rules and regulations, pricing, institution building and infrastructure development, as well as training and education of farmers are needed to improve the adoption of modified methods for rice cultivation. 相似文献
10.
分析生态农业投入对生态农业产出的区域差异对促进生态农业优化升级的投资具有指导价值。在测算生态农业三种投入对生态农业产出的区域差异上采用三阶段DEA方法，根据研究需要选取CCR、BCC、SBM三个模型，从技术效率、规模报酬和要素利用率三个维度来探索DEA方法在生态农业投入产出分析中的应用，梳理DEA方法在生态农业投入产出测算中的不足，并运用江苏省2021年7个地级市31个县(区)收集到的数据测算不同地域的7个地级市生态农业发展的区域差距。研究发现：江苏省的生态农业PTE分布相对集中，31个县(区)的均值为0.636，高于TE、SE的均值，此外，SE方差为0.047，高于TE方差，低于PET方差，由此可知江苏省生态农业的技术效度差异显著。据此，可将生态农业发展分为两极分化、一枝独秀和发展落后三类。从规模报酬来看，研究选取的31个县(区)中有27个县(区)规模报酬递增，说明江苏省的生态农业总体态势良好。从要素利用率来看，研究选取的31个县(区)生态农业从业人员利用率(UFW)的平均值为66.03%，土地资源利用率(UAA)平均值为54.28%，现代农机的利用率(UTP)平均值为39.02%，相比欧美国家的生态农业，江苏省的要素利用率并不高，需要地方政府制定相应的鼓励政策激励要素利用率的提高。 相似文献
11.
J.C. Poussin A. Imache R. Beji P. Le Grusse A. Benmihoub 《Agricultural Water Management》2008,95(8):973-983
Most methods used to predict irrigation water consumption at a regional scale are based on biophysical models and cropping patterns. Their aim is to provide accurate estimations of “water demand” that are useful for water resource management. However, in the case of free access to the water resource, for example pumping from a water table, it is only possible to prevent overexploitation by “managing” the demand for water, which thus needs to focus on farmers’ choices and behavior. In this paper, we propose a framework to represent agricultural activities using typologies of farms and production units aggregated at a regional scale. The framework can be used to estimate consumption of irrigation water and of other inputs, as well as the production of outputs. The framework can also be used to evaluate the effects of technical, economic or institutional changes on farm income, and to predict the consequences of changes for farmers’ choices at regional scale. We used this method in Central Tunisia to estimate irrigation water demand in 1999. We then simulated the changes that would occur if drip irrigation were adopted. The results of the simulation showed some savings in water and in labor, and, with fertigation, an increase in yields. Using drip irrigation would consequently enable farmers to extend the area of drip-irrigated land. We then simulated the widespread adoption of drip irrigation and the resulting extension of irrigated areas: the results showed no savings in water at the regional scale. These hypotheses were confirmed in 2005 using new typologies to estimate the new demand for irrigation water. We also simulated the effects of economic changes on farm incomes. A major increase in the cost of water affected a minority of farms, which consumed only 17% of total irrigation water, whereas a slight decrease in watermelon and melon prices affected a majority of farms, which consumed 78% of total irrigation water. Water demand management tools therefore need to focus on the effects of technical, economic, or institutional changes and on farmers’ choices. 相似文献
12.
The purposes of this research were to measure the technical efficiency of sample vegetable farms and subsequently to explore determinants of technical inefficiency in the Samsun province of Turkey. Stochastic Frontier Analysis was used to measure technical efficiency. Farm managers from 75 randomly selected farms were interviewed for farm level data in the 2002–2003 production periods. Research results revealed that the average output of vegetable farms in Samsun could increase by 18% under prevailing technology. The technical efficiency of the sample vegetable farms ranged from 0.56 to 0.95 (0.82 average). The variables of schooling, experience, credit use, participation by women and information score negatively affected technical inefficiency. However, age, family size, off-farm income and farm size showed a positive relationship with inefficiency. Therefore, this study proposes strategies such as providing better extension services and farmer training programs, integrating women into the training and extension programs, raising the educational level of farmers, and providing farmers with greater access to credit, to enhance technical efficiency. 相似文献
13.
Response of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to mulching practices under planted greenhouse condition
Yin-Li Liang Xing WuJuan-Juan Zhu Mao-Juan ZhouQiang Peng 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,99(1):111-120
Mulch is considered a desirable management technology for conserving soil moisture, improving soil temperature and soil quality. This study aimed to investigate soil conditions and hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) performance in terms of leaf photosynthetic capacity, fruit yield and quality, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under such practices in greenhouse condition. A field experiment across 3 years was carried out with four types of mulch (without mulch [CK], wheat straw mulch [SM], plastic film mulch [FM], and combined mulch with plastic film and wheat straw [CM]). Mulch could improve soil physical properties regardless of mulch materials. FM and CM treatments improved soil moistures status and soil temperature in comparison to CK control, while SM increased soil water content and decreased soil temperature. Mulch increased leaf net photosynthesis rate (PN), stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (E), but declined instant water use efficiency (WUEi). No significant effect of mulch application on chlorophyll fluorescence was existent for the entire growth season. Fruit yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) showed some increment under all the mulch conditions. Compared to CK, the yield was enhanced by 82.3%, 65.0%, and 111.5% in 2008; 38.1%, 17.4%, and 46.5% in 2009; and 14.3%, 6.5%, and 19.6% in 2010 under SM, FM, and CM conditions, respectively. Although FM produced better fruit quality than other treatments, CM is the recommended practice for hot pepper cultivation in greenhouse condition due to working well to facilitate soil condition (moisture and temperature), plant growth, and marketable yield. 相似文献
14.
为探明扶埂开沟膜下灌条件对作物土壤水分分布以及经济效益的影响,以温室番茄为研究对象,采用完全随机试验设计方法,通过时域反射仪进行水分观测,研究扶埂开沟膜下灌条件下土壤水分分布规律,以及该灌溉方式对温室番茄经济效益的影响.结果表明:扶埂开沟膜下灌,垄背的土壤剖面达到最大含水量时间迟于垄沟以及垄坡,垄背剖面观测点在灌水后184 h;在扶埂开沟膜下灌条件下,温室番茄在苗期内进行缺水灌溉的IWUE最大达到34.925 kg/(hm2·mm-1), 产量与商果率均较高,综合产生的净收入最高,经济效益达到最大值. 相似文献
15.
Ali Osman Demir Abdurrahim Tanju Göksoy Hakan Büyükcangaz Zeki Metin Turan Eyüp Selim Köksal 《Irrigation Science》2006,24(4):279-289
The response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to 14 irrigation treatments in a sub-humid environment (Bursa, Turkey) was studied in the field for two seasons. A rainfed (non-irrigated) treatment as the control and 13 irrigation treatments with full and 12 different deficit irrigations were applied to the hybrid Sanbro (Novartis Seed Company) planted on clay soil, at three critical development stages: heading (H), flowering (F) and milk ripening (M). The yield increased with irrigation water amount, and the highest seed yield (3.95 t ha−1) and oil yield (1.78 t ha−1) were obtained from the HFM treatment (full irrigation at three stages); 82.9 and 85.4% increases, respectively, compared to the control. Evapotranspiration (ET) increased with increased amounts of irrigation water supplied. The highest seasonal ET (average of 652 mm) was estimated at the HFM treatment. Additionally, yield response factor (k
y) was separately calculated for each, two and total growth stages, and k
y was found to be 0.8382, 0.9159 (the highest value) and 0.7708 (the lowest value) for the total growing season, heading, and flowering-milk ripening combination stages, respectively. It is concluded that HFM irrigation is the best choice for maximum yield under the local conditions, but these irrigation schemes must be re-considered in areas where water resources are more limited. In the case of more restricted irrigation, the limitation of irrigation water at the flowering period should be avoided; as the highest water use efficiency (WUE) (7.80 kg ha−1 mm−1) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) (10.19 kg ha−1 mm−1) were obtained from the F treatment. 相似文献
16.
《Agricultural Water Management》2001,46(3):253-266
In the Mesilla Valley of southern New Mexico, furrow irrigation is the primary source of water for growing onions. As the demand for water increases, there will be increasing competition for this limited resource. Water management will become an essential practice used by farmers. Irrigation efficiency (IE) is an important factor into improving water management but so is economic return. Therefore, our objectives were to determine the irrigation efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and water use efficiency (WUE), under sprinkler, furrow, and drip irrigated onions for different yield potential levels and to determine the IE associated with the amount of water application for a sprinkler and drip irrigation systems that had the highest economic return.Maximum IE (100%) and economic return were obtained with a sprinkler system at New Mexico State University’s Agriculture Science Center at Farmington, NM. This IE compared with the 54–80% obtained with the sprinkler irrigation used by the farmers. The IEs obtained for onion fields irrigated with subsurface drip irrigation methods ranged from 45 to 77%. The 45% represents the nonstressed treatments, in which an extra amount of irrigation above the evapotranspiration (Et) requirement was applied to keep the base of the onion plates wet. The irrigation water that was not used for Et went to deep drainage water. The return on the investment cost to install a drip system operated at a IE of 45 was 29%. Operating the drip system at a IE of 79% resulted in a yield similar to surface irrigated onions and consequently, it was not economical to install a drip system. The IEs at the furrow-irrigated onion fields ranged from 79 to 82%. However, the IEs at the furrow-irrigated onion fields were high because farmers have limited water resources. Consequently, they used the concept of deficit irrigation to irrigate their onion crops, resulting in lower yields. The maximum IWUE (0.084 t ha−1 mm−1 of water applied) was obtained using the sprinkler system, in which water applied to the field was limited to the amount needed to replace the onions’ Et requirements. The maximum IWUE values for onions using the subsurface drip was 0.059 and 0.046 t ha−1 mm−1 of water applied for furrow-irrigated onions. The lower IWUE values obtained under subsurface drip and furrow irrigation systems compared with sprinkler irrigation was due to excessive irrigation under subsurface drip and higher evaporation rates from fields using furrow irrigation. The maximum WUE for onions was 0.009 t ha−1 mm−1 of Et. In addition, WUE values are reduced by allowing the onions to suffer from water stress. 相似文献
17.
灌溉水利用效率的空间分布特征及等值线图研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
基于全国各行政区的现状灌溉水利用效率数据,采用地质统计学及空间自相关分析方法对灌溉水利用效率的空间分布特性进行分析。结果表明:空间自相关法得到现状灌溉水利用效率在1500 km范围内各方向上存在着较明显的自相关关系,总体上没有较显著的方向性,但在ES-WN方向上的自相关性起主要作用。灌溉水利用效率各向同性条件下变异函数可用指数模型描述,在1900 km空间范围内存在着显著的相关性,除ES-WN方向外,并未体现明显的各向异性,与空间自相关分析结论基本一致。理论变异参数的分析结果表明,灌溉水利用效率的空间变异主要是结构性因素起决定作用,结构性变异达到91%左右。对比灌溉水利用效率及代表影响指标的空间分布格局可知,ET0均值、年均降水量对于灌溉水利用效率的影响是间接的,灌溉水利用效率与节水灌溉工程面积比存在显著正相关关系。 相似文献
18.
Henry E. Igbadun Baanda A. Salim Andrew K. P. R. Tarimo Henry F. Mahoo 《Irrigation Science》2008,27(1):11-23
This paper presents the findings of the effect of some selected deficit irrigation scheduling practices on irrigated maize
crop in a sub-catchment in south western part of Tanzania. Field experiments, in which maize (TMV1-ST) variety was planted
under total irrigation, were conducted during the dry seasons of 2004 and 2005. Surface irrigation method was used and the
crop was planted in basins. The seasonal water applied ranged from 400 to 750 mm. Soil moisture content from both cropped
and bare soils, leaf area index, dry matter, and grain yields were measured. The dry matter yield ranged between 6,966 and
12,672 kg/ha, and grain yields obtained were between 1,625 and 4,349 kg/ha. The results showed that deficit irrigation at
any crop growth stage of the maize crop led to decrease in dry matter and grain yields, seasonal evapotranspiration and deep
percolation. Deficit irrigation in any one growth stage of the maize crop only seems to affect grain production and no significant
effect on biomass production, but deficit irrigation that spanned across two or more growth stages affect both biomass and
grain production drastically. Crop water use efficiency (WUE) and Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were strongly influenced
by the number of growth stages in which deficit irrigations were applied and how critical the growth stages were to moisture
stress rather than the amount of irrigation water applied. While maximum WUE was obtained under full irrigation, maximum IWUE
was obtained in the deficit irrigation treatment at vegetative growth stage, which suggest that IWUE may be improved upon
by practicing deficit irrigation at the vegetative growth stage of the maize crop. 相似文献
19.
20.
甘肃景泰提水灌区田间灌水技术评价与改进 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
通过田间灌溉试验和计算机模拟，对景泰提水灌区现行地面灌水技术进行了评价，研究对比了地面灌溉田间灌水效率的2种计算方法，用模拟地面灌水流运动的计算机模型模拟灌溉试验，得到平均灌水均匀度和田间灌水效率，并针对灌区田间灌水技术存在的问题，提出了改进建议。 相似文献